Nanocellulose-Based Composites and Bioactive Agents for Food Packaging

REFERENCES

• Abe , K. , Iwamoto , S. and Yano , H. 2007 . Obtaining cellulose nanofibers with a uniform width of 15 nm from wood . Biomacromolecules , 8 : 3276 – 3278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aider , M. 2010 . Chitosan application for active bio-based films production and potential in the food industry: Review . LWT - Food Sci. Technol. , 43 : 837 – 842 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemdar , A. and Sain , M. 2008 . Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties . Compos. Sci. Technol. , 68 : 557 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appendini , P. and Hotchkiss , J. H. 2002 . Review of antimicrobial food packaging . Innovative Food Sci. Emerging. Technol. , 3 : 113 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Avella , M. , Vlieger , J. J. D. , Errico , M. E. , Fischer , S. , Vacca , P. and Volpe , M. G. 2005 . Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications . Food Chem. , 93 : 467 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averous , L. and Boquillon , N. 2004 . Biocomposites based on plasticized starch: Thermal and mechanical behaviors . Carbohydr. Polym. , 56 : 111 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeredo , H. M. , Mattoso , L. H. , Avena-Bustillos , R. J. A. , Filho , G. C. , Munford , M. L. , Wood , D. and Mchugh , T. H. 2010 . Nanocellulose reinforced chitosan composite films as affected by nanofiller loading and plasticizer content . J. Food Sci. , 75 ( 1 ) : N1 – N7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Candanedo , S. , Roman , M. and Gray , D. G. 2005 . Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions . Biomacromolecules , 6 ( 2 ) : 1048 – 1054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar , A. and Sain , M. 2005 . Processing of cellulose nano fiber reinforced composites . J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. , 24 : 1259 – 1268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledzki , A. K. and Gassan , J. 1999 . Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 24 : 221 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , D. M. , Hobson , R. N. , Farrent , J. W. and Hepworth , D. G. 2005 . High-performance composites from low-cost plant primary cell walls . Compos. Part A- Appl. Sci. Manufact. , 36 : 1486 – 1493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , X. , Chen , Y. , Chang , P. R. , Muir , A. D. and Falk , G. 2008 . Starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals . Polym. Lett. , 2 ( 7 ) : 502 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha , D. and Chinnan , M. 2004 . Biopolymer-based antimicrobial packaging: A review . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. , 44 ( 4 ) : 223 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra , R. and Rustgi , R. 1998 . Biodegradable polymers . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 23 : 1273 – 1335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X. G. , Zheng , L. , Wang , Z. , Lee , C. Y. and Park , H. J. 2002 . Molecular affinity and permeability of different molecular weight chitosan membranes . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 ( 21 ) : 5915 – 5918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coma , V. 2008 . Bioactive packaging technologies for extended shelf life of meat-based products . Meat Sci. , 78 : 90 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooksey , K. 2005 . Effectiveness of antimicrobial food packaging materials . Food Addit. Contam. , 22 : 980 – 987 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter , C. N. and Siragusa , G. R. 1997 . Growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta in ground beef following treatments with nisin in calcium alginate gels . Food Microbiol. , 14 : 425 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter , C. N. and Sumner , S. S. 2002 . “ Application of edible coatings on muscle foods ” . In Protein-Based Films and Coatings , Edited by: Gennadios , A. 467 – 484 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cutter , C. N. 2002 . Microbial control by packaging: A review . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. , 42 : 151 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter , C. N. 2006 . Opportunities for bio-based packaging technologies to improve the quality and safety of fresh and further processed muscle foods . Meat Sci. , 74 : 131 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darder , M. , Aranda , P. and Ruiz-Hitzky , E. 2007 . Bionanocomposites: A new concept of ecological, bioinspired, and functional hybrid materials . Adv Mater. , 19 : 1309 – 1319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlieghere , F. , Vermeiren , L. , Bockstal , A. and Debevere , J. 2000 . Study on antimicrobial activity of a food packaging material containing potassium sorbate . Acta Alimentaria , 29 : 137 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieter-Klemm , D. , Schumann , D. , Kramer , F. , Hessler , N. , Hornung , M. , Schmauder , H. P. and Marsch , S. 2006 . Nanocelluloses as innovative polymers in research and application . Adv. Polym. Sci. , 205 : 49 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieter-Klemm , D. , Schumann , D. , Kramer , F. , Hessler , N. , Koth , D. and Sultanova , B. 2009 . Nanocellulose materials: Different cellulose, different functionality . Macromol. Symp. , 280 : 60 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Ding , B. , Kimura , E. , Sato , T. , Fujita , S. and Shiratori , S. 2004 . Fabrication of blend biodegradable nanofibrous nonwoven mats via multi-jet electrospinning . Polym. , 45 : 1895 – 1902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufresne , A. 1997 . Mechanical behavior of films prepared from sugar beet cellulose microfibrils . J. Appl. Poly. Sci. , 64 ( 6 ) : 1185 – 1194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufresne , A. , Dupeyre , D. and Vignon , M. R. 2000 . Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: Processing and characterization of starch-cellulose microfibril composites . J Appl. Polym. Sci. , 76 : 2080 – 2092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufresne , A. and Vignon , M. R. 1998 . Improvement of starch film performances using cellulose microfibrils . Macromolecules , 31 : 2693 – 2696 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durango , A. M. , Soarres , N. F. F. , Benevides , S. , Teixeria , J. , Carvalho , M. , Wobeto , C. and Andrade , N. J. 2006 . Development and evaluation of an edible antimicrobial films based on yam starch and chitosan . Packag. Technol. Sci. , 19 : 55 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta , P. K. , Tripathi , S. , Mehrotra , G. K. and Dutta , J. 2009 . Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications . Food Chem. , 114 ( 4 ) : 1173 – 1182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle , R. D. and McKee , D. H. 1976 . US Patent 3991218, November 9
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , H. R. , Gielgens , L. H. and Koster , T. P. M. 1999 . Nanocomposites from polymers and layered minerals . Acta Polymerica , 50 : 122 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda , S. , Takahashi , M. , Yuyama , M. and Oka , N. 2001 . JP Patent 2001293033
   Google Scholar
• George , j. , Ramana , K. V. , Sabapathy , S. N. and Bawa , A. S. 2005 . Physicomechanical properties of chemically treated bacterial (Acetobacter xylinum) cellulose membrane . World J. Microb. Biot. , 21 : 1323 – 1327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , K. G. , Srivatsava , A. N. , Nirmala , N. and Sharma , T. R. 1977 . Development and application of fungistatic wrappers in food preservation. Part II. Wrappers made by coating process . J. Food Sci. Technol. , 14 : 261 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannelis , E. P. 1996 . Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites . Adv. Mat. , 8 ( 1 ) : 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindl , W. and Keckes , J. 2004 . Tensile properties of cellulose acetate butyrate composites reinforced with bacterial cellulose . Comp. Sci. Technol. , 64 ( 15 ) : 2407 – 2413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer , K. A. , Carson , C. F. and Riley , T. V. 1999 . Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts . J. Appl. Microb. , 86 : 985 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , J. H. and Floros , J. D. 1997 . Casting antimicrobial packaging films and measuring their physical properties and antimicrobial activity . J. Plast. Film Sheeting , 13 : 287 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitzky , E. R. , Darder , M. and Pilar , A. 2005 . Functional biopolymer nanocomposites based on layered solids . J. Mater. Chem. , 15 : 3650 – 3662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imran , M. , El-Fahmy , S. , Revol-Junelles , A. M. and Desobry , S. 2010 . Cellulose derivative based active coatings: Effects of nisin and plasticizer on physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films . Carbohydr. Polym. , 81 ( 2 ) : 219 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto , S. , Abe , K. and Yano , H. 2008 . The effect of hemicelluloses on wood pulp nanofibrillation and nanofiber network characteristics . Biomacromolecules , 9 : 1022 – 1026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto , S. , Nakagaito , A. N. , Yano , H. and Nogi , M. 2005 . Optically transparent composites reinforced with plant fiber-based nanofibers . Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. , 81 : 1109 – 1112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janjarasskul , T. and Krochta , J. M. 2010 . Edible packaging materials . Annual Rev. Food Sci. Technol. , 1 : 415 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin , T. and Zhang , H. 2008 . Biodegradable polylactic acid polymer with nisin for use in antimicrobial food packaging . J. Food Sci. , 73 ( 3 ) : M127 – M134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo , C. , Lee , J. W. , Lee , K. H. and Byun , M. W. 2001 . Quality properties of pork sausage prepared with water-soluble chitosan oligomer . Meat Sci. , 59 ( 4 ) : 369 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , M. J. and Thomas , S. 2008 . Biofibres and biocomposites . Carbohydr. Polym. , 71 : 343 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , A. , Huq , T. , Saha , M. , Khan , R. A. and Khan , M. A. 2010a . Surface modification of calcium alginate fibers with silane and methyl methacrylate monomers . J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. , 29 ( 20 ) : 3125 – 3132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , A. , Huq , T. , Saha , M. , Khan , R. A. , Khan , M. A. and Gofur , M. A. 2010b . Effect silane treatment on the mechanical and interfacial properties of calcium alginate fiber reinforced polypropylene composite . J. Comp. Mater. , 24 : 2875 – 2886 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , R. A. , Salmieri , S. , Dussault , D. , Calderon , J. U. , Kamal , M. R. , Safrany , A. and Lacroix , M. 2010c . Production and properties of nanocellulose reinforced methylcellulose-based biodegradable films . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 ( 13 ) : 7878 – 7885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm , D. , Philipp , B. , Heinze , T. , Heinze , U. and Wagenknecht , W. 1998 . Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry: Functionalization of Cellulose , Vol. 2 , 29 Weinheim , , Germany : Wiley–VCH Verlag . Ch. 4, Systematics of Cellulose Derivatization
   Google Scholar
• Kojima , Y. , Usuki , A. , Kawasumi , M. , Okada , A. , Fukushima , Y. , Kurauchi , T. and Kamigaito , O. 1993 . Mechanical properties of Nylon 6-clay hybrid . J. Mater. Res. , 8 ( 5 ) : 1185 – 1189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , V. 2002 . WO Patent 2002022172
   Google Scholar
• Kyomori , K. , Tadokoro , I. and Matsumura , T. 2005 . JP Patent 2005126867
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. Y. , Mohan , D. J. , Kang , I. A. , Doh , G. H. , Lee , S. and Han , S. O. 2009 . Nanocellulose reinforced PVA composite films: Effects of acid treatment and filler loading . Fibers. Polym. , 10 ( 1 ) : 77 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg , N. , Bonini , C. , Bortolussi , F. , Boisson , C. , Heux , L. and Cavaille , J. Y. 2005 . New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose whiskers in atactic polypropylene: Effect of surface and dispersion characteristics . Biomacromolecules , 6 : 2732 – 2739 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lönnberg , H. , Fogelström , L. , Said , M. A. , Samir , A. , Berglund , L. , Malmström , E. and Anders Hult , A. 2008 . Surface grafting of microfibrillated cellulose with poly(ϵ-caprolactone)—Synthesis and characterization . European Polym. J. , 44 : 2991 – 2997 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manias , E. , Touny , A. , Wu , L. , Strawhecker , K. , Lu , B. and Chung , T. C. 2001 . Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Review of the synthetic routes and materials properties . Chem. Mater. , 13 : 3516 – 3523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masa , S. , Alloin , F. and Dufresne , A. 2005 . Review of recent research into cellulosic whisker, their properties and their application in nanocomposite filed . Biomacromolecules , 6 : 612 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming , X. , Weber , G. H. , Ayres , J. W. and Sandine , W. E. 1997 . Bacteriocins applied to food packaging materials to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes on meats . J. Food Sci. , 62 ( 2 ) : 413 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagaito , A. N. and Yano , H. 2004 . The effect of morphological changes from pulp fiber towards nano-scale fibrillated cellulose on the mechanical properties of high-strength plant fiber based composites . Appl. Phys. A. , 78 : 547 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagaito , A. N. and Yano , H. 2005 . Novel high-strength biocomposites based on microfibrillated cellulose having nanoorder-unit web-like network structure . Appl. Phys. A. , 80 : 155 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino , T. , Matsuda , I. and Hirao , K. 2004 . All-cellulose composite . Macromolecules , 37 : 7683 – 7687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogi , M. , Abe , K. , Handa , K. , Nakatsubo , F. , Ifuku , S. and Yano , H. 2006a . Property enhancement of optically transparent bionanofiber composites by acetylation . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 89 ( 23 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogi , M. , Handa , K. , Nakagaito , A. N. and Yano , H. 2005 . Optically transparent bionanofiber composites with low sensitivity to refractive index of the polymer matrix . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 87 ( 24 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogi , M. , Ifuku , S. , Abe , K. , Handa , K. , Nakagaito , A. N. and Yano , H. 2006b . Fiber-content dependency of the optical transparency and thermal expansion of bacterial nano fiber reinforced composites . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 88 ( 13 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogi , M. and Yano , H. 2008 . Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry . Adv. Mater. , 20 : 1849 – 1852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogi , M. and Yano , H. 2009 . Optically transparent nanofiber sheets by deposition of transparent materials: A concept for rollto-roll processing . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 94 ( 23 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouattara , B. , Sabato , S. F. and Lacroix , M. 2001) . Combined effect of antimicrobial coating and gamma irradiation on shelf life extension of pre-cooked shrimp (Penaeus spp.) . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 68 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouattara , B. , Simard , R. E. , Piette , G. , Begin , A. and Holley , R. A. 2000 . Diffusion of acetic and propionic acids from chitosan-based antimicrobial packaging films . J. Food Sci. , 65 ( 5 ) : 768 – 773 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oussalah , M. , Caillet , S. , Salmieri , S. , Saucier , L. and Lacroix , M. 2007 . Antimicrobial effects of alginate-based films containing essential oils on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium present in bologna and ham . J. Food Protec. , 70 ( 4 ) : 901 – 908 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oussalah , M. , Caillet , S. , Salmieri , S. , Saucier , L. and Lacroix , M. 2004 . Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of milk protein-based film containing essential oils for the preservation of whole beef muscle. J. Agric . Food Chem. , 52 ( 18 ) : 5598 – 5605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir , M. and Floros , J. D. 2004 . Active food packaging technologies . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. , 44 : 185 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner , D. and Lagaly , G. 2001 . Influence of anions on the rheological properties of clay mineral dispersions . Appl. Clay Sci. , 19 ( 1–6 ) : 131 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda , M. , Amica , G. , Rácz , L. , Norma , E. and Marcovich , N. E. 2010 . Structure and properties of nanocomposite films based on sodium caseinate and nanocellulose fibers . J. Food Eng. , 103 ( 1 ) : 76 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , K. , Nielsen , P. V. , Bertelsen , G. , Lawther , M. , Olsen , M. B. , Nilsson , N. H. and Mortensen , G. 1999 . Potential of bio-based materials for food packaging . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 10 : 52 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintavalla , S. and Vicini , L. 2002 . Antimicrobial food packaging in meat industry . Meat Sci. , 62 ( 3 ) : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , S. S. and Okamoto , M. 2003 . Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: A review from reinforced with bacterial cellulose . Comp. Sci. Technol. , 64 : 2407 – 2413 .
   Google Scholar
• Rhim , J. W. 2007 . Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 47 ( 4 ) : 411 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhim , J. W. and Hong , S. I. 2006 . Preparation and characterization of chitosan nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 ( 16 ) : 5814 – 5822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanguansri , P. and Augustin , M. A. 2006 . Nanoscale materials development—A food industry perspective . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 17 ( 10 ) : 547 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell , A. G. M. , Hill , C. , Ross , R. P. , Marx , S. , Hartmeier , W. and Arendt , K. E. 2000 . Development of bioactive food packaging materials using immobilized bacteriocins Lacticin 3147 and Nisaplin . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 60 : 241 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seydibeyoglu , M. O. and Oksman , K. 2008 . Novel nanocomposites based on polyurethane and microfibrillated cellulose . Compos. Sci. Technol. , 68 : 908 – 914 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siro , I. and Plackett , D. 2010 . Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: A review . Cellulose , 17 : 459 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Palmer , A. , Stewart , J. and Fyfe , L. 1998 . Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens . Letters Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 118 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrentino , A. and Gorrasi , G. 2007 . Potential perspectives of bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 18 ( 2 ) : 84 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soykeabkaew , N. , Arimoto , N. , Nishino , T. and Peijs , T. 2008 . All-cellulose composites by surface selective dissolution of aligned ligno-cellulosic fibres . Compos. Sci. Technol. , 68 : 2201 – 2207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strawhecker , K. E. and Manias , E. 2000 . Structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Na+montmorillonite nanocomposites . Chem. Mater. , 12 : 2943 – 2949 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , M. and Hattori , Y. 2004 . WO Patent 2004009902
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , N. , Okubo , K. and Fujii , T. 2005 . Development of green composite using microfibrillated cellulose extracted from bamboo . Bamboo J. , 22 : 81 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Tischer , P. C. S. F. , Sierakowski , M. R. , Westfahl , H. Jr. and Cesar Augusto Tischer , C. A. 2011 . Nanostructural reorganization of bacterial cellulose by ultrasonic treatment . Biomacromolecules , 11 : 1217 – 1224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turbak , A. F. , Snyder , F. W. and Sandberg , K. R. 1983 . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. , 37 : 815 – 827 .
   Google Scholar
• Vartiainen , J. , Motion , R. , Kulonen , K. , Ratto , M. , Skytta , E. and Advenainen , R. 2004 . Chitosan-coated paper: Effects of nisin and different acids on the antimicrobial activity . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 94 : 986 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva , M. P. , Cabedo , L. , Feijoo , J. L. , Lagaron , J. M. and Gimenez , E. 2006 . Optimization of biodegradable nanocomposites based on a PLA/PCL blends for food packaging applications . Macromolecular Sympos. , 233 : 191 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Wan , W. K. , Hutter , J. L. , Millon , L. E. and Guhados , G. 2006 . “ Bacterial cellulose and its nanocomposites for biomedical applications ” . In Cellulose nanocomposites. Processing Characterization, and Properties , Edited by: Oksman , K. and Sain , M. 221 – 241 . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , C. J. , Haugaard , V. , Festersen , R. and Bertelsen , G. 2002 . Production and applications of biobased packaging materials for the food industry . Food Addit. Contam. , 19 : 172 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng , Y. M. , Chen , M. J. and Chen , W. 1999 . Antimicrobial food packaging materials from poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) . Food Sci. Technol. , 32 ( 4 ) : 191 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhoit , D. L. 1996 . Film and method for surface treatment of foodstuffs with antimicrobial compositions . US Patent 557379
   Google Scholar
• Wilhoit , D. L. 1997 . Antimicrobial compositions, film and method for surface treatment of foodstuffs . EU Patent No. EP0 750 853 A2
   Google Scholar
• Yamanaka , S. , Ishihara , M. and Sugiyama , J. 2000 . Structural modification of bacterial cellulose . Cellulose , 7 : 213 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann , T. , Pohler , E. and Geiger , T. 2004 . Cellulose fibrils for polymer reinforcement . Adv. Eng. Mater. , 6 : 754 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar