2,054
Views
66
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Impact of Probiotics on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases. A Review

, , , , , & show all

REFERENCES

  • Agerholm-Larsen , L. , Bell , L. , Grunwald , G. and Astrup , A. 2000 . The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: A meta-analysis of short-term intervention studies . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 856 – 860 .
  • Agrawal , A. , Houghton , L. A. , Morris , J. , Guyonnet , D. , Goupil Feuillerat , N. , Schlumberger , A. , Jakob , S. and Whorwell , P. J. 2008 . Fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis, DN-173 010 (FM) improves abdominal distension, bloating and transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) . Gastroenterology. , 134 ( 4 ) : A – 546 .
  • Aihara , K. , Kajimoto , O. , Hirata , H. , Takahashi , R. and Nakamura , Y. 2005 . Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 24 ( 4 ) : 257 – 265 .
  • Ait-Belgnaoui , A. , Han , W. , Lamine , F. , Eutamene , H. , Fioramonti , J. , Bueno , L. and Theodorou , V. 2006 . Lactobacillus farciminis treatment suppresses stress induced visceral hypersensitivity: A possible action through interaction with epithelial cell cytoskeleton contraction . Gut. , 55 ( 8 ) : 1090 – 1094 .
  • Akalin , A. S. , Tokusoglu , O. , Gonc , S. and Aycan , S. 2007 . Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic yoghurts supplemented with fructooligosaccharide . Int. Dairy J. , 17 ( 9 ) : 1089 – 1095 .
  • Ali , A. A. , Velasquez , M. T. , Hansen , C. T. , Mohamed , A. I. and Bhathena , S. J. 2004 . Effects of soybean isoflavones, probiotics, and their interactions on lipid metabolism and endocrine system in an animal model of obesity and diabetes . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 15 ( 10 ) : 583 – 590 .
  • Andrade , S. and Borges , N. 2009 . Effect of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum on plasma lipids of women with normal or moderately elevated cholesterol . J. Dairy Res. , 76 ( 04 ) : 469 – 474 .
  • Ataie-Jafari , A. , Larijani , B. , Majd , H. A. and Tahbaz , F. 2009 . Cholesterol-lowering effect of probiotic yogurt in comparison with ordinary yogurt in mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 54 : 22 – 27 .
  • Bäckhed , F. , Ding , H. , Wang , T. , Hooper , L. V. , Koh , G. Y. , Nagy , A. , Semenkovich , C. F. and Gordon , J. I. 2004 . The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 101 ( 44 ) : 15718 – 15723 .
  • Bäckhed , F. , Ley , R. E. , Sonnenburg , J. L. , Peterson , D. A. and Gordon , J. I. 2005 . Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine . Science. , 307 ( 5717 ) : 1915 – 1920 .
  • Baker , H. and Day , B. 2008 . Probiotics: Where are they going next? New and emerging areas of research . Nutr. Bull. , 33 ( 4 ) : 359 – 363 .
  • Banday , A. A. and Lokhandwala , M. F. 2011 . Oxidative stress causes renal angiotensin II Type 1 receptor upregulation, Na+/H+ exchanger 3 overstimulation, and hypertension . Hypertension. , 57 ( 3 ) : 452 – 459 .
  • Bean , H. , Radu , F. , De , E. , Schuler , C. , Leggett , R. and Levin , R. 2009a . Comparative evaluation of antioxidant reactivity within obstructed and control rabbit urinary bladder tissue using FRAP and CUPRAC assays . Mol. Cell Biochem. , 323 ( 1 ) : 139 – 142 .
  • Bean , H. , Schuler , C. , Leggett , R. and Levin , R. 2009b . Antioxidant levels of common fruits, vegetables, and juices versus protective activity against in vitro ischemia/reperfusion . Int. Urol. Nephrol. , 42 ( 2 ) : 409 – 415 .
  • Begley , M. , Gahan , C. G. M. and Hill , C. 2005 . The interaction between bacteria and bile . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. , 29 ( 4 ) : 625 – 651 .
  • Bermudez-Humaran , L. G. , Nouaille , S. , Zilberfarb , V. , Corthier , G. , Gruss , A. , Langella , P. and Issad , T. 2007 . Effects of intranasal administration of a leptin-secreting Lactococcus lactis recombinant on food intake, body weight, and immune response of mice . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 73 ( 16 ) : 5300 – 5307 .
  • Besnard , P. , Poirier , H. , Niot , I. and Guerre-Millo , M. 2005 . CLA, new nutrients? . Med. Nutr. , 41 ( 2 ) : 63 – 68 .
  • Betoret , N. , Puente , L. , Díaz , M. J. , Pagán , M. J. , García , M. J. , Gras , M. L. , Martínez-Monzó , J. and Fito , P. 2003 . Development of probiotic-enriched dried fruits by vacuum impregnation . J. Food Eng. , 56 ( 2–3 ) : 273 – 277 .
  • Burnier , M. and Zanchi , A. 2006 . Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: A key therapeutic strategy to reduce renal and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes . J. Hypertens. , 24 ( 1 ) : 11 – 25 .
  • Cani , P. D. and Delzenne , N. M. 2009 . Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: New insights into the gut microbiota . Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. , 9 ( 6 ) : 737 – 743 .
  • Cani , P. D. and Delzenne , N. M. (2011) . The gut microbiome as therapeutic target . Pharmacol. Ther. , 130 ( 2 ) : 202 – 212 .
  • Cani , P. , Neyrinck , A. , Fava , F. , Knauf , C. , Burcelin , R. , Tuohy , K. , Gibson , G. and Delzenne , N. 2007 . Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia . Diabetologia. , 50 ( 11 ) : 2374 – 2383 .
  • Cardona , M. E. , de , V. V. V. , Midtvedt , T. and Norin , K. E. 2000 . Probiotics in gnotobiotic mice conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol in vitro and in vivo and bile acid deconjugation in vitro . Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. , 12 : 219 – 224 .
  • Caropreso , M. , Lenta , S. , Passaretti , M. , Colicchio , P. , Mandato , C. , Capuano , G. , Franzese , A. , Spagnuolo , M. I. and Vajro , P. 2006 . Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment: A promising tool for improving hypertransaminasemia of obese children . Digest. Liver Dis. , 38 ( 10 ) : A89
  • Castellani , R. J. , Lee , H. G. , Zhu , X. , Perry , G. and Smith , M. A. 2008 . Alzheimer disease pathology as a host response . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , 67 ( 6 ) : 523 – 31 .
  • Chiu , C. H. , Lu , T. Y. , Tseng , Y. Y. and Pan , T. M. 2006 . The effects of Lactobacillus-fermented milk on lipid metabolism in hamsters fed on high-cholesterol diet . Appl. Microbiol. Biot. , 71 ( 2 ) : 238 – 245 .
  • Collado , M. , Grześkowiak , Ł. and Salminen , S. 2007 . Probiotic strains and their combination inhibit in vitro adhesion of pathogens to pig intestinal mucosa . Curr. Microbiol. , 55 ( 3 ) : 260 – 265 .
  • Corr , S. a. C. , Li , Y. , Riedel , C. U. , O’Toole , P. W. , Hill , C. and Gahan , C. G. M. 2007 . Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the antiinfective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 104 ( 18 ) : 7617 – 7621 .
  • Corthesy , B. , Gaskins , H. R. and Mercenier , A. 2007 . Cross-talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system . J. Nutr. , 137 ( 3 ) : 781S – 790S .
  • Crittenden , R. G. , Martinez , N. R. and Playne , M. J. 2003 . Synthesis and utilisation of folate by yoghurt starter cultures and probiotic bacteria . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 80 ( 3 ) : 217 – 222 .
  • Dacosta , Y. 2001 . Probiotiques et Prébiotiques en Alimentation Humaine. Le Point sur les Connaissances Actuelles , Lavoisier , Paris : Tec & Doc Diffusion .
  • Dave , R. I. and Shah , N. P. 1997 . Effectiveness of ascorbic acid as an oxygen scavenger in improving viability of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts made with commercial starter cultures . Int. Dairy J. , 7 ( 6–7 ) : 435 – 443 .
  • Delzenne , N. and Reid , G. 2009 . No causal link between obesity and probiotics . Nat. Rev. Micro. , 7 ( 12 ) : 901 – 901 .
  • de Vrese , M. , Stegelmann , A. , Richter , B. , Fenselau , S. , Laue , C. and Schrezenmeir , J. 2001 . Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 73 ( 2 ) : 421S – 429S .
  • DiBaise , J. K. , Zhang , H. , Crowell , M. D. , Krajmalnik-Brown , R. , Decker , G. A. and Rittmann , B. E. 2008 . Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity . Mayo. Clin. Proc. , 83 ( 4 ) : 460 – 469 .
  • Dinavahi , R. and Falkner , B. 2004 . Relationship of homocysteine with cardiovascular disease and blood pressure . J. Clin. Hypertens. , 6 ( 9 ) : 494 – 498 .
  • Dominguez-Bello , M. G. and Blaser , M. J. 2008 . Do you have a probiotic in your future? . Microbes. Infect. , 10 ( 9 ) : 1072 – 1076 .
  • Donkor , O. N. , Henriksson , A. , Singh , T. K. , Vasiljevic , T. and Shah , N. P. 2007 . ACE-inhibitory activity of probiotic yoghurt . Int. Dairy J. , 17 ( 11 ) : 1321 – 1331 .
  • Drouault , S. , Juste , C. , Marteau , P. , Renault , P. and Corthier , G. 2002 . Oral treatment with Lactococcus lactis expressing Staphylococcus hyicus lipase enhances lipid digestion in pigs with induced pancreatic insufficiency . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 68 ( 6 ) : 3166 – 3168 .
  • Durrington , P. 2003 . Dyslipidaemia . Lancet. , 362 ( 9385 ) : 717 – 731 .
  • D’Souza , A. , Fordjour , L. , Ahmad , A. , Cai , C. , Kumar , D. , Valencia , G. , Aranda , J. V. and Beharry , K. D. 2010 . Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on messenger RNA expression of Caveolin-1, NOS, and genes regulating oxidative stress in the terminal ileum of formula-fed neonatal rats . Pediatr. Res. , 67 ( 5 ) : 526 – 531 .
  • Eckburg , P. B. , Bik , E. M. , Bernstein , C. N. , Purdom , E. , Dethlefsen , L. , Sargent , M. , Gill , S. R. , Nelson , K. E. and Relman , D. A. 2005 . Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora . Science. , 308 ( 5728 ) : 1635 – 1638 .
  • Eckel , R. H. , Grundy , S. M. and Zimmet , P. Z. 2005 . The metabolic syndrome . Lancet. , 365 ( 9468 ) : 1415 – 1428 .
  • Erkkilä , S. , Petäjä , E. , Eerola , S. , Lilleberg , L. , Mattila-Sandholm , T. and Suihko , M. L. 2001 . Flavour profiles of dry sausages fermented by selected novel meat starter cultures . Meat Sci. , 58 ( 2 ) : 111 – 116 .
  • Fabian , E. and Elmadfa , I. 2007 . The effect of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on oxidant and anti-oxidant parameters in plasma of young healthy women . Int. J. Vitamin Nutr. Res. , 77 ( 2 ) : 79 – 88 .
  • Fabian , E. , Majchrzak , D. , Dieminger , B. , Meyer , E. and Elmadfa , I. 2008 . Influence of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the status of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in young healthy women . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 52 ( 1 ) : 29 – 36 .
  • FAO/WHO . 2002 . “ Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food in Report of a Joint FAO/WHO ” . In Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food , Edited by: Ontario , C. London, Ontario , , Canada : Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization .
  • Flambard , B. 2002 . Role of bacterial cell wall proteinase in antihypertension . Sci Aliment. , 22 ( 1 ) : 209 – 222 .
  • Flier , J. S. and Mekalanos , J. J. 2009 . Gut check: Testing a role for the intestinal microbiome in human obesity . Sci. Transl. Med. , 1 ( 6 ) : 6ps7
  • Fridovich , I. 1998 . Oxygen toxicity: A radical explanation . J. Exp. Biol. , 201 ( 8 ) : 1203 – 1209 .
  • Fukushima , M. and Nakano , M. 1996 . Effects of a mixture of organisms, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Streptococcus faecalis on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed on a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet . Br. J. Nutr. , 76 ( 6 ) : 857 – 867 .
  • Fuller , R. 1991 . Probiotics in human medicine . Gut. , 32 ( 4 ) : 439 – 442 .
  • Gainer , J. V. , Morrow , J. D. , Loveland , A. , King , D. J. and Brown , N. J. 1998 . Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects . N Engl. J. Med. , 339 ( 18 ) : 1285 – 1292 .
  • Gardiner , G. , Ross , R. P. , Collins , J. K. , Fitzgerald , G. and Stanton , C. 1998 . Development of a probiotic cheddar cheese containing human-derived Lactobacillus paracasei strains . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 ( 6 ) : 2192 – 2199 .
  • Gerard , P. , Lepercq , P. , Leclerc , M. , Gavini , F. , Raibaud , P. and Juste , C. 2007 . Bacteroides sp. strain D8, the first cholesterol-reducing bacterium isolated from human feces . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 73 ( 18 ) : 5742 – 5749 .
  • Gilliland , S. E. and Walker , D. K. 1990 . Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans . J. Dairy Sci. , 73 ( 4 ) : 905 – 911 .
  • Girard , S. A. , Bah , T. M. , Kaloustian , S. , Lada-Moldovan , L. , Rondeau , I. , Tompkins , T. A. , Godbout , R. and Rousseau , G. 2009 . Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum taken in combination reduce the apoptosis propensity in the limbic system after myocardial infarction in a rat model . Br. J. Nutr. , 102 ( 10 ) : 1420 – 1425 .
  • Gordon , D. J. , Probstfield , J. L. , Garrison , R. J. , Neaton , J. D. , Castelli , W. P. , Knoke , J. D. , Jacobs , D. R. , Bangdiwala , S. and Tyroler , H. A. 1989 . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies . Circulation. , 79 ( 1 ) : 8 – 15 .
  • Griendling , K. K. and FitzGerald , G. A. 2003a . Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: Basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS . Circulation. , 108 ( 16 ) : 1912 – 1916 .
  • Griendling , K. K. and FitzGerald , G. A. 2003b . Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: Animal and human studies . Circulation. , 108 ( 17 ) : 2034 – 2040 .
  • Grundy , S. M. , Brewer , H. B. Jr. , Cleeman , J. I. , Smith , S. C. Jr. , Lenfant , C. and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; AmericanHeartAssociation . 2004 . Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition . Circulation. , 109 ( 3 ) : 433 – 438 .
  • Guslandi , M. , Mezzi , G. , Sorghi , M. and Testoni , P. A. 2000 . Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease . Dig Dis Sci. , 45 : 1462 – 1464 .
  • Han , W. and Fioramonti , J. 2008 . Anti-inflammatory properties of lactic acid bacteria producing superoxide dismutase . Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. , 294 ( 1 ) : G353
  • Han , W. , Mercenier , A. , Ait-Belgnaoui , A. , Pavan , S. , Lamine , F. , van Swam , I. I. , Kleerebezem , M. , Salvador-Cartier , C. , Hisbergues , M. , Bueno , L. , Theodorou , V. and Fioramonti , J. 2006 . Improvement of an experimental colitis in rats by lactic acid bacteria producing superoxide dismutase . Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. , 12 ( 11 ) : 1044 – 1052 .
  • Harisa , G. I. , Taha , E. I. , Khalil , A. F. and Salem , M. M. 2009 . Oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus restores nitric oxide level in diabetic rats . Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. , 3 ( 3 ) : 2963 – 2969 .
  • Harrison , D. , Griendling , K. K. , Landmesser , U. , Hornig , B. and Drexler , H. 2003 . Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis . Am. J. Cardiol. , 91 ( 3 Suppl. 1 ) : 7 – 11 .
  • Heilbronn , L. K. and Campbell , L. V. 2008 . Adipose tissue macrophages, low grade inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity . Curr. Pharm. Design. , 14 : 1225 – 1230 .
  • Higashi , Y. , Noma , K. , Yoshizumi , M. and Kihara , Y. 2009 . Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases . Circ. J. , 73 ( 3 ) : 411 – 418 .
  • Hill , A. M. , Fleming , J. A. and Kris-Etherton , P. M. 2009 . The role of diet and nutritional supplements in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease . Curr. Opin. Cardiol. , 24 ( 5 ) : 433 – 441 .
  • Hlivak , P. , Odraska , J. , Ferencik , M. , Ebringer , L. , Jahnova , E. and Mikes , Z. 2005 . One-year application of probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium M-74 decreases serum cholesterol levels . Bratisl. Lek. Listy. , 106 ( 2 ) : 67 – 72 .
  • Hofmann , M. A. , Lalla , E. , Lu , Y. , Gleason , M. R. , Wolf , B. M. , Tanji , N. , Ferran , L. J. , Kohl , B. , Rao , V. , Kisiel , W. , Stern , D. M. and Schmidt , A. M. 2001 . Hyperhomocysteinemia enhances vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in a murine model . J. Clin. Invest. , 107 ( 6 ) : 675 – 683 .
  • Hooper , L. V. , Midtvedt , T. and Gordon , J. I. 2002 . How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 22 ( 1 ) : 283 – 307 .
  • Hou , J. W. , Yu , R. C. and Chou , C. C. 2000 . Changes in some components of soymilk during fermentation with bifidobacteria . Food Res. Int. , 33 ( 5 ) : 393 – 397 .
  • Hugenholtz , J. , Hunik , J. , Santos , H. and Smid , E. J. 2002 . Nutraceutical production by propionibacteria . Lait. , 82 ( 1 ) : 103 – 112 .
  • Ishikawa , H. , Akedo , I. , Umesaki , Y. , Tanaka , R. , Imaoka , A. and Otani , T. 2003 . Randomized controlled trial of the effect of Bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 22 ( 1 ) : 56 – 63 .
  • Isolauri , E. , Rautanen , T. , Juntunen , M. , Sillanaukee , P. and Koivula , T. 1991 . A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children . Pediatrics. , 88 ( 1 ) : 90 – 97 .
  • Jarvenpaa , S. , Tahvonen , R. L. , Ouwehand , A. C. , Sandell , M. , Jarvenpaa , E. and Salminen , S. 2007 . A probiotic, Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3, has antioxidative capacity in soft cheese spreads with different fats . J. Dairy Sci. , 90 ( 7 ) : 3171 – 3177 .
  • Kalliomaki , M. , Collado , M. C. , Salminen , S. and Isolauri , E. 2008 . Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 87 ( 3 ) : 534 – 538 .
  • Kaur , I. P. , Chopra , K. and Saini , A. 2002 . Probiotics: Potential pharmaceutical applications . Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
  • Kawase , M. , Hashimoto , H. , Hosoda , M. , Morita , H. and Hosono , A. 2000 . Effect of administration of fermented milk containing whey protein concentrate to rats and healthy men on serum lipids and blood pressure . J. Dairy Sci. , 83 ( 2 ) : 255 – 263 .
  • Kelly , D. , Campbell , J. I. , King , T. P. , Grant , G. , Jansson , E. A. , Coutts , A. G. P. , Pettersson , S. and Conway , S. 2004 . Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-[gamma] and RelA . Nat. Immunol. , 5 ( 1 ) : 104 – 112 .
  • Korhonen , R. , Korpela , R. , Saxelin , M. , Maki , M. , Kankaanranta , H. and Moilanen , E. 2001 . Induction of nitric oxide synthesis by probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in J774 macrophages and human T84 intestinal epithelial cells . Inflammation. , 25 ( 4 ) : 223 – 232 .
  • Kruis , W. , Fric , P. , Pokrotnieks , J. , Lukas , M. , Fixa , B. , Kascak , M. , Kamm , M. A. , Weismueller , J. , Beglinger , C. , Stolte , M. , Wolff , C. and Schulze , J. 2004 . Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine . Gut. , 53 ( 11 ) : 1617 – 1623 .
  • Kullisaar , T. , Songisepp , E. , Mikelsaar , M. , Zilmer , K. , Vihalemm , T. and Zilmer , M. 2003 . Antioxidative probiotic fermented goats’ milk decreases oxidative stress-mediated atherogenicity in human subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 90 : 449 – 456 .
  • Kullisaar , T. , Zilmer , M. , Mikelsaar , M. , Vihalemm , T. , Annuk , H. , Kairane , C. and Kilk , A. 2002 . Two antioxidative lactobacilli strains as promising probiotics . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 72 ( 3 ) : 215 – 224 .
  • LeBlanc , J. G. , del Carmen , S. , Miyoshi , A. , Azevedo , V. , Sesma , F. , Langella , P. , Bermúdez-Humarán , L. G. , Watterlot , L. , Perdigon , G. and de Moreno de LeBlanc , A. 2011 . Use of superoxide dismutase and catalase producing lactic acid bacteria in TNBS induced Crohn's disease in mice . J. Biotechnol. , 151 ( 3 ) : 287 – 293 .
  • Lee , H. Y. , Park , J. H. , Seok , S. H. , Baek , M. W. , Kim , D. J. , Lee , K. E. , Paek , K. S. , Lee , Y. and Park , J. H. 2006 . Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice . BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. L. , 1761 ( 7 ) : 736 – 744 .
  • Ley , R. E. , Bäckhed , F. , Turnbaugh , P. , Lozupone , C. A. , Knight , R. D. and Gordon , J. I. 2005 . Obesity alters gut microbial ecology . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 102 ( 31 ) : 11070 – 11075 .
  • Ley , R. E. , Turnbaugh , P. J. , Klein , S. and Gordon , J. I. 2006 . Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity . Nature. , 444 ( 7122 ) : 1022 – 1023 .
  • Lin , M. Y. and Chang , F. J. 2000 . Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 . Dig. Dis. Sci. , 45 ( 8 ) : 1617 – 1622 .
  • Lin , M. Y. and Yen , C. L. 1999 . Reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation product-scavenging ability of yogurt organisms . J. Dairy Sci. , 82 ( 8 ) : 1629 – 1634 .
  • Lin , T. Y. , Lin , C. W. and Wang , Y. J. 2003 . Production of conjugated linoleic acid by enzyme extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus CCRC 14079 . Food Chem. , 83 ( 1 ) : 27 – 31 .
  • Liong , M. T. and Shah , N. P. 2005 . Acid and bile tolerance and cholesterol removal ability of lactobacilli strains . J. Dairy Sci. , 88 ( 1 ) : 55 – 66 .
  • Liu , A. H. and Leung , D. Y. M. 2006 . Renaissance of the hygiene hypothesis . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 117 ( 5 ) : 1063 – 1066 .
  • Lund , B. , Adamsson , I. and Edlund , C. 2002 . Gastrointestinal transit survival of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic strain administered with or without vancomycin . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 109 – 115 .
  • Macouzet , M. , Lee , B. H. and Robert , N. 2009 . Production of conjugated linoleic acid by probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 106 ( 6 ) : 1886 – 1891 .
  • Martin , F. P. J. , Wang , Y. , Sprenger , N. , Yap , I. K. S. , Lundstedt , T. , Lek , P. , Rezzi , S. , Ramadan , Z. , van Bladeren , P. , Fay , L. B. , Kochhar , S. , Lindon , J. C. , Holmes , E. and Nicholson , J. K. 2008 . Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model . Mol. Syst. Biol. , 4 : 157
  • Mater , D. D. G. , Langella , P. , Corthier , G. and Flores , M. J. 2005 . Evidence of vancomycin resistance gene transfer between enterococci of human origin in the gut of mice harbouring human microbiota . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 56 ( 5 ) : 975 – 978 .
  • Matsuzaki , T. , Nagata , Y. , Kado , S. , Uchida , K. , Hashimoto , S. and Yokokura , T. 1997a . Effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice . Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. , 105 ( 7–12 ) : 637 – 642 .
  • Matsuzaki , T. , Nagata , Y. , Kado , S. , Uchida , K. , Kato , I. , Hashimoto , S. and Yokokura , T. 1997b . Prevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei . Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. , 105 ( 7–12 ) : 643 – 649 .
  • Matsuzaki , T. , Yamazaki , R. , Hashimoto , S. and Yokokura , T. 1997c . Antidiabetic effects of an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model using KK-Ay mice . Endocr. J. , 44 ( 3 ) : 357 – 365 .
  • McFarland , L. V. , Surawicz , C. M. , Greenberg , R. N. , Fekety , R. , Elmer , G. W. , Moyer , K. A. , Melcher , S. A. , Bowen , K. E. , Cox , J. L. , Noorani , Z. , Harrington , G. , Rubin , M. and Greenwald , D. 1994 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease . JAMA. , 271 ( 24 ) : 1913 – 1918 .
  • Meng , X. C. , Stanton , C. , Fitzgerald , G. F. , Daly , C. and Ross , R. P. 2008 . Anhydrobiotics: The challenges of drying probiotic cultures . Food Chem. , 106 ( 4 ) : 1406 – 1416 .
  • Metchnikoff , E. 1907 . The Prolongation of Life , London : William Heinemann .
  • Meyer , D. and Stasse-Wolthuis , M. 2009 . The bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose and its consequences for gut health . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 63 ( 11 ) : 1277 – 1289 .
  • Mikelsaar , M. and Zilmer , M. 2009 . Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3—an antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic . Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 .
  • Mille , Y. , Obert , J. P. , Beney , L. and Gervais , P. 2004 . New drying process for lactic bacteria based on their dehydration behavior in liquid medium . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 88 ( 1 ) : 71 – 76 .
  • Mohammad , M. A. , Molloy , A. , Scott , J. and Hussein , L. 2006 . Plasma cobalamin and folate and their metabolic markers methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine among Egyptian children before and after nutritional supplementation with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus in yoghurt matrix . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 57 ( 7–8 ) : 470 – 480 .
  • Molina , V. C. , Médici , M. , Taranto , M. P. and De Valdez , G. F. 2009 . Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 prevents side effects produced by a nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 106 ( 2 ) : 467 – 473 .
  • Morishita , T. , Tamura , N. , Makino , T. and Kudo , S. 1999 . Production of menaquinones by lactic acid bacteria . J. Dairy Sci. , 82 ( 9 ) : 1897 – 1903 .
  • Morita , H. , Toh , H. , Fukuda , S. , Horikawa , H. , Oshima , K. , Suzuki , T. , Murakami , M. , Hisamatsu , S. , Kato , Y. , Takizawa , T. , Fukuoka , H. , Yoshimura , T. , Itoh , K. , O’Sullivan , D. J. , McKay , L. L. , Ohno , H. , Kikuchi , J. , Masaoka , T. and Hattori , M. 2008 . Comparative genome analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum reveal a genomic island for reuterin and cobalamin production . DNA Res. , 15 ( 3 ) : 151 – 161 .
  • Naruszewicz , M. , Johansson , M. L. , Zapolska-Downar , D. and Bukowska , H. 2002 . Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 76 ( 6 ) : 1249 – 1255 .
  • Nielsen , M. S. , Martinussen , T. , Flambard , B. , Sørensen , K. I. and Otte , J. 2009 . Peptide profiles and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of fermented milk products: Effect of bacterial strain, fermentation pH, and storage time . Int. Dairy J. , 19 ( 3 ) : 155 – 165 .
  • Nishitani , Y. , Tanoue , T. , Yamada , K. , Ishida , T. , Yoshida , M. , Azuma , T. and Mizuno , M. 2009 . Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC alleviates symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice . Int. Immunopharmacol. , 9 ( 12 ) : 1444 – 1451 .
  • Nista , E. C. , Candelli , M. , Cremonini , F. , Cazzato , I. A. , Zocco , M. A. , Franceschi , F. , Cammarota , G. , Gasbarrini , G. and Gasbarrini , A. 2004 . Bacillus clausii therapy to reduce side-effects of anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial . Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. , 20 ( 10 ) : 1181 – 1188 .
  • Noh , D. O. , Kim , S. H. and Gilliland , S. E. 1997 . Incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 . J. Dairy Sci. , 80 ( 12 ) : 3107 – 3113 .
  • Olson , R. E. 1984 . The function and metabolism of vitamin K . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 4 ( 1 ) : 281 – 337 .
  • Ouwehand , A. C. , Kurvinen , T. and Rissanen , P. 2004 . Use of a probiotic Bifidobacterium in a dry food matrix, an in vivo study . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 95 ( 1 ) : 103 – 106 .
  • Pawan , R. and Bhatia , A. 2007 . Systemic immunomodulation and hypocholesteraemia by dietary probiotics: A clinical study . J. Clin. Diag. Res. , 1 ( 6 ) : 467 – 475 .
  • Pompei , A. , Cordisco , L. , Amaretti , A. , Zanoni , S. , Matteuzzi , D. and Rossi , M. 2007 . Folate production by bifidobacteria as a potential probiotic property . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 73 ( 1 ) : 179 – 185 .
  • Pompei , A. , Cordisco , L. , Amaretti , A. , Zanoni , S. , Raimondi , S. , Matteuzzi , D. and Rossi , M. 2007 . Administration of folate-producing bifidobacteria enhances folate status in Wistar rats . J. Nutr. , 137 ( 12 ) : 2742 – 2746 .
  • Power , D. , Burton , J. , Chilcott , C. , Dawes , P. and Tagg , J. 2008 . Preliminary investigations of the colonisation of upper respiratory tract tissues of infants using a paediatric formulation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 . Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. , 27 ( 12 ) : 1261 – 1263 .
  • Qin , J. , Li , R. , Raes , J. , Arumugam , M. , Burgdorf , K. S. , Manichanh , C. , Nielsen , T. , Pons , N. , Levenez , F. , Yamada , T. , Mende , D. R. , Li , J. , Xu , J. , Li , S. , Li , D. , Cao , J. , Wang , B. , Liang , H. , Zheng , H. , Xie , Y. , Tap , J. , Lepage , P. , Bertalan , M. , Batto , J. M. , Hansen , T. , Le Paslier , D. , Linneberg , A. , Nielsen , H. B. , Pelletier , E. , Renault , P. , Sicheritz-Ponten , T. , Turner , K. , Zhu , H. , Yu , C. , Li , S. , Jian , M. , Zhou , Y. , Li , Y. , Zhang , X. , Li , S. , Qin , N. , Yang , H. , Wang , J. , Brunak , S. , Dore , J. , Guarner , F. , Kristiansen , K. , Pedersen , O. , Parkhill , J. , Weissenbach , J. , Bork , P. , Ehrlich , S. D. and Wang , J. 2010 . A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing . Nature. , 464 ( 7285 ) : 59 – 65 .
  • Raoult , D. 2009 . Probiotics and obesity: A link? . Nat. Rev. Micro. , 7 ( 9 ) : 616 – 616 .
  • Reinhardt , C. , Reigstad , C. S. and Bäckhed , F. 2009 . Intestinal microbiota during infancy and its implications for obesity . J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr. , 48 ( 3 ) : 249 – 256 .
  • Rochat , T. , Bermudez-Humaran , L. , Gratadoux , J. J. , Fourage , C. , Hoebler , C. , Corthier , G. and Langella , P. 2007 . Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus casei BL23 producing or not a manganese-dependant catalase on DSS-induced colitis in mice . Microb. Cell Fact. , 6 ( 1 ) : 22 – 32 .
  • Rochat , T. , Gratadoux , J.-J. , Gruss , A. , Corthier , G. , Maguin , E. , Langella , P. and van de Guchte , M. 2006 . Production of a heterologous nonheme catalase by Lactobacillus casei: An efficient tool for removal of H2O2 and protection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus from oxidative stress in milk . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 72 ( 8 ) : 5143 – 5149 .
  • Rosamond , W. , Flegal , K. , Furie , K. , Go , A. , Greenlund , K. , Haase , N. , Hailpern , S. M. , Ho , M. , Howard , V. , Kissela , B. , Kittner , S. , Lloyd-Jones , D. , McDermott , M. , Meigs , J. , Moy , C. , Nichol , G. , O’Donnell , C. , Roger , V. , Sorlie , P. , Steinberger , J. , Thom , T. , Wilson , M. and Hong , Y. 2008 . Heart disease and stroke statistics–2008 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee . Circulation. , 117 ( 4 ) : e25 – e146 .
  • Rossi , M. , Amaretti , A. and Raimondi , S. 2011 . Folate production by probiotic bacteria . Nutrients. , 3 ( 1 ) : 118 – 134 .
  • Round , J. L. and Mazmanian , S. K. 2009 . The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease . Nat. Rev. Immunol. , 9 ( 5 ) : 313 – 323 .
  • Sacks , F. M. , Svetkey , L. P. , Vollmer , W. M. , Appel , L. J. , Bray , G. A. , Harsha , D. , Obarzanek , E. , Conlin , P. R. , Miller , E. R. , Simons-Morton , D. G. , Karanja , N. , Lin , P.-H. and DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group . 2001 . Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet . N. Engl. J. Med. , 344 ( 1 ) : 3 – 10 .
  • Sane , D. C. , Anton , L. and Brosnihan , K. B. 2004 . Angiogenic growth factors and hypertension . Angiogenesis. , 7 ( 3 ) : 193 – 201 .
  • Schultz , M. , Strauch , U. G. , Linde , H.-J. , Watzl , S. , Obermeier , F. , Gottl , C. , Dunger , N. , Grunwald , N. , Scholmerich , J. and Rath , H. C. 2004 . Preventive effects of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 on acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in two different murine models of colitis . Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. , 11 ( 2 ) : 372 – 378 .
  • Şengül , N. , Aslím , B. , Uçar , G. , Yücel , N. , Işık , S. , Bozkurt , H. , Sakaoğullarí , Z. and Atalay , F. 2006 . Effects of exopolysaccharide-producing probiotic strains on experimental colitis in rats . Dis. Colon Rectum. , 49 ( 2 ) : 250 – 258 .
  • Seppo , L. , Jauhiainen , T. , Poussa , T. and Korpela , R. 2003 . A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 77 ( 2 ) : 326 – 330 .
  • Simons , L. A. , Amansec , S. G. and Conway , P. 2006 . Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on serum lipids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol . Nutr. Metab. Cardiovas. , 16 ( 8 ) : 531 – 535 .
  • Sleator , R. D. and Hill , C. 2008 . New frontiers in probiotic research . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 46 ( 2 ) : 143 – 147 .
  • Sobko , T. , Huang , L. , Midtvedt , T. , Norin , E. , Gustafsson , L. E. , Norman , M. , Jansson , E. A. and Lundberg , J. O. 2006 . Generation of NO by probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 41 ( 6 ) : 985 – 991 .
  • Sokol , H. , Arnaud-Pigneur , B. , Watterlot , L. , Lakhdari , O. , Blottiere , H. M. , Grangette , C. , Trugnan , G. , Dore , J. M. , Thomas , G. , Marteau , P. R. , Seksik , P. and Langella , P. 2008 . Counterbalancing dysbiosis in Crohn's disease: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a major commensal bacterium, exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects . Gastroenterology. , 134 ( 4 Suppl. 1 ) : A – 359 .
  • Songisepp , E. , Kals , J. , Kullisaar , T. , Mandar , R. , Hutt , P. , Zilmer , M. and Mikelsaar , M. 2005 . Evaluation of the functional efficacy of an antioxidative probiotic in healthy volunteers . Nutr. J. , 4 ( 1 ) : 22
  • Songisepp , E. , Kullisaar , T. , Hutt , P. , Elias , P. , Brilene , T. , Zilmer , M. and Mikelsaar , M. 2004 . A new probiotic cheese with antioxidative and antimicrobial activity . J. Dairy Sci. , 87 ( 7 ) : 2017 – 2023 .
  • Storz , G. and Imlay , J. A. 1999 . Oxidative stress . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , 2 ( 2 ) : 188 – 194 .
  • Strachan , D. P. 1989 . Hay fever, hygiene, and household size . Brit. Med. J. , 299 ( 6710 ) : 1259 – 1260 .
  • Strain , J. J. , Dowey , L. , Ward , M. , Pentieva , K. and McNulty , H. 2004 . B-vitamins, homocysteine metabolism and CVD . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 63 ( 04 ) : 597 – 603 .
  • Strozzi , G. P. and Mogna , L. 2008 . Quantification of folic acid in human feces after administration of Bifidobacterium probiotic strains . J. Clin. Gastroenterol. , 42 : S179 – S184 .
  • Sun , T. , Zhao , S. , Wang , H. , Cai , C. , Chen , Y. and Zhang , H. 2009 . ACE-inhibitory activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid content of fermented skim milk by Lactobacillus helveticus isolated from Xinjiang koumiss in China . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 228 ( 4 ) : 607 – 612 .
  • Suzuki , M. , Kamei , M. , Itabe , H. , Yoneda , K. , Bando , H. , Kume , N. and Tano , Y. 2007 . Oxidized phospholipids in the macula increase with age and in eyes with age-related macular degeneration . Mol. Vis. , 13 : 772 – 778 .
  • Sybesma , W. , Burgess , C. , Starrenburg , M. , Sinderen , D. V. and Hugenholtz , J. 2004 . Multivitamin production in Lactococcus lactis using metabolic engineering . Metab. Eng. , 6 ( 2 ) : 109 – 115 .
  • Szajewska , H. , Ruszczyn'ski , M. and Radzikowski , A. 2006 . Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . J. Pediatr. , 149 ( 3 ) : 367 – 372 .
  • Tabuchi , M. , Ozaki , M. , Tamura , A. , Yamada , N. , Ishida , T. , Hosoda , M. and Hosono , A. 2003 . Antidiabetic effect of Lactobacillus GG in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats . Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. , 67 ( 6 ) : 1421 – 1424 .
  • Taki , K. , Takayama , F. and Niwa , T. 2005 . Beneficial effects of bifidobacteria in a gastroresistant seamless capsule on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients . J. Ren. Nutr. , 15 ( 1 ) : 77 – 80 .
  • Tanida , M. , Yamano , T. , Maeda , K. , Okumura , N. , Fukushima , Y. and Nagai , K. 2005 . Effects of intraduodenal injection of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in urethane-anesthetized rats . Neurosci. Lett. , 389 ( 2 ) : 109 – 114 .
  • Taranto , M. P. , Vera , J. L. , Hugenholtz , J. , De Valdez , G. F. and Sesma , F. 2003 . Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 produces cobalamin . J. Bacteriol. , 185 ( 18 ) : 5643 – 5647 .
  • Teemu , H. , Seppo , S. , Jussi , M. , Raija , T. and Kalle , L. 2008 . Reversible surface binding of cadmium and lead by lactic acid and bifidobacteria . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 125 ( 2 ) : 170 – 175 .
  • Terpstra , A. H. 2004 . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 ( 3 ) : 352 – 361 .
  • Tilg , H. , Moschen , A. R. and Kaser , A. 2009 . Obesity and the microbiota . Gastroenterology. , 136 ( 5 ) : 1476 – 1483 .
  • Torres , M. A. , Jones , J. D. G. and Dangl , J. L. 2006 . Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens . Plant Physiol. , 141 ( 2 ) : 373 – 378 .
  • Turnbaugh , P. J. , Ley , R. E. , Hamady , M. , Fraser-Liggett , C. M. , Knight , R. and Gordon , J. I. 2007 . The Human Microbiome Project . Nature. , 449 ( 7164 ) : 804 – 810 .
  • Turnbaugh , P. J. , Ley , R. E. , Mahowald , M. A. , Magrini , V. , Mardis , E. R. and Gordon , J. I. 2006 . An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest . Nature. , 444 ( 7122 ) : 1027 – 1031 .
  • Veiga , P. , Juste , C. , Lepercq , P. , Saunier , K. , Beguet , F. and Gerard , P. 2005 . Correlation between faecal microbial community structure and cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion in the human gut . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 242 ( 1 ) : 81 – 86 .
  • Victor , V. , Rocha , M. , Sola , E. , Banuls , C. , Garcia-Malpartida , K. and Hernandez-Mijares , A. 2009 . Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis . Curr. Pharm. Design. , 15 : 2988 – 3002 .
  • Vijay-Kumar , M. , Aitken , J. D. , Carvalho , F. A. , Cullender , T. C. , Mwangi , S. , Srinivasan , S. , Sitaraman , S. V. , Knight , R. , Ley , R. E. and Gewirtz , A. T. 2010 . Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking toll-like receptor 5 . Science. , 328 ( 5975 ) : 228 – 231 .
  • Vincent , H. K. , Innes , K. E. and Vincent , K. R. 2007 . Oxidative stress and potential interventions to reduce oxidative stress in overweight and obesity . Diabetes Obes. Metab. , 9 ( 6 ) : 813 – 839 .
  • Vinod , S. , Kiran , S. , Sarika , A. , Desh Deepak , S. , Parul , T. , Ganda , L. S. and Hariom , Y. 2009 . Innate and specific gut-associated immunity and microbial interference . FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , 55 ( 1 ) : 6 – 12 .
  • Wang , K. Y. , Li , S. N. , Liu , C. S. , Perng , D. S. , Su , Y. C. , Wu , D. C. , Jan , C. M. , Lai , C. H. , Wang , T. N. and Wang , W. M. 2004 . Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 ( 3 ) : 737 – 741 .
  • Wang , L. , Manson , J. E. , Buring , J. E. , Lee , I. M. and Sesso , H. D. 2008 . Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women . Hypertension. , 51 ( 4 ) : 1073 – 1079 .
  • Wang , Y. , Xu , N. , Xi , A. , Ahmed , Z. , Zhang , B. and Bai , X. 2009 . Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet . Appl. Microbiol. Biot. , 84 ( 2 ) : 341 – 347 .
  • Wang , Y. C. , Yu , R. C. and Chou , C. C. 2006 . Antioxidative activities of soymilk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria . Food Microbiol. , 23 ( 2 ) : 128 – 135 .
  • Wang , Y. W. and Jones , P. J. H. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: Efficacy and mechanisms . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 28 ( 8 ) : 941 – 955 .
  • Watterlot , L. , Rochat , T. , Sokol , H. , Cherbuy , C. , Bouloufa , I. , Lefèvre , F. , Gratadoux , J.-J. , Honvo-Hueto , E. , Chilmonczyk , S. , Blugeon , S. , Corthier , G. , Langella , P. and Bermúdez-Humarán , L. G. 2010 . Intragastric administration of a superoxide dismutase-producing recombinant Lactobacillus casei BL23 strain attenuates DSS colitis in mice . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 144 ( 1 ) : 35 – 41 .
  • Wellen , K. E. and Hotamisligil , G. S. 2003 . Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue . J. Clin. Invest. , 112 ( 12 ) : 1785 – 1788 .
  • Wellen , K. E. and Hotamisligil , G. S. 2005 . Inflammation, stress, and diabetes . J. Clin. Invest. , 115 ( 5 ) : 1111 – 1119 .
  • Wen , L. , Ley , R. E. , Volchkov , P. Y. , Stranges , P. B. , Avanesyan , L. , Stonebraker , A. C. , Hu , C. , Wong , F. S. , Szot , G. L. , Bluestone , J. A. , Gordon , J. I. and Chervonsky , A. V. 2008 . Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes . Nature. , 455 ( 7216 ) : 1109 – 1113 .
  • West , D. B. , Delany , J. P. , Camet , P. M. , Blohm , F. , Truett , A. A. and Scimeca , J. 1998 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse . Am. J. Physiol. , 275 ( 3 ) : R667 – R672 .
  • WHO . 1999 . Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications , Geneva : Report of a World Health Organization consultation. World Health Organization .
  • WHO . 2000 . Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic , Geneva : World Health Organization Technical Report Series 894 . World Health Organization
  • Witztum , J. L. 1994 . The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis . Lancet. , 344 ( 8925 ) : 793 – 795 .
  • Xiao , J. Z. , Kondo , S. , Takahashi , N. , Miyaji , K. , Oshida , K. , Hiramatsu , A. , Iwatsuki , K. , Kokubo , S. and Hosono , A. 2003 . Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers . J. Dairy Sci. , 86 ( 7 ) : 2452 – 2461 .
  • Yadav , H. , Jain , S. and Sinha , P. R. 2007a . Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats . Nutrition. , 23 ( 1 ) : 62 – 68 .
  • Yadav , H. , Jain , S. and Sinha , P. R. 2007b . Production of free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei during fermentation and storage . Int. Dairy J. , 17 ( 8 ) : 1006 – 1010 .
  • Yamano , T. , Tanida , M. , Niijima , A. , Maeda , K. , Okumura , N. , Fukushima , Y. and Nagai , K. 2006 . Effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 on autonomic nerves and blood glucose in rats . Life Sci. , 79 ( 20 ) : 1963 – 1967 .
  • Yea Ping , L. , Carolyn , H. T. , Jeremy , A. P. , George , D. F. and James , V. 2008 . Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppress proinflammatory cytokines via c-Jun . Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. , 14 ( 8 ) : 1068 – 1083 .
  • Yoon , J. W. and Jun , H. S. 2005 . Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells . Am. J. Ther. , 12 ( 6 ) : 580 – 591 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.