519
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nanomechanical Characteristics of Meat and Its Constituents Postmortem: A Review

&

REFERENCES

  • Akiyama , N. , Ohnuki , Y. , Kunioka , Y. , Saeki , Y. and Yamada , T. 2006 . Transverse stiffness of myofibrils of skeletal and cardiac muscles studied by atomic force microscopy . J. Physiol. Sci , 56 ( 2 ) : 145 – 151 .
  • AL-Khayat , H. A. , Morris , E. P. , Kensler , R. W. and Squire , J. M. 2006 . 3D structure of relaxed fish muscle myosin filaments by single particle analysis . J. Struct. Biol , 155 : 202 – 217 .
  • Alonso , V. , Campo , M. d. M. , Provincial , L. , Roncalés , P. and Beltrán , J. A. 2010 . Effect of protein level in commercial diets on pork meat quality . Meat Sci , 85 ( 1 ) : 7 – 14 .
  • Armero , E. , Barbosa , J. A. , Toldra , F. , Baselga , M. and Pla , M. 1999 . Effects of the terminal sire type and sex on pork muscle cathepsins (B, B+L and H), cysteine proteinase inhibitors and lipolytic enzyme activities . Meat Sci , 51 ( 2 ) : 185 – 189 .
  • Baron , C. P. , Jacobsen , S. and Purslow , P. P. 2004 . Cleavage of desmin by cysteine proteases: Calpains and cathepsin B . Meat Sci , 68 ( 3 ) : 447 – 456 .
  • Boehm , M. L. , Kendall , T. L. , Thompson , V. F. and Goll , D. E. 1998 . Changes in the calpains and calpastatin during postmortem storage of bovine muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 76 ( 9 ) : 2415
  • Bosselmann , A. , Moller , C. , Steinhart , H. , Kirchgessner , M. and Schwarz , F. J. 1995 . Pyridinoline cross-links in bovine muscle collagen . J. Food Sci , 60 : 953 – 958 .
  • Brooks , J. C. 2000 . Perimysium Thickness as an Indicator of Beef Tenderness , 66 Texas : Texas A&M University .
  • Buckow , R. , Truong , B. Q. and Versteeg , C. 2010 . Bovine cathepsin D activity under high pressure . Food Chem , 120 ( 2 ) : 474 – 481 .
  • Buehler , M. J. 2008 . Nanomechanics of collagen fibrils under varying cross-link densities: Atomistic and continuum studies . J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater , 1 ( 1 ) : 59 – 67 .
  • Bushell , G. R. , Cahill , C. , Clarke , F. M. , Gibson , C. T. , Myhra , S. and Watson , G. S. 1999 . Imaging and force-distance analysis of human fibroblasts in vitro by atomic force microscopy . Cytometry , 36 ( 3 ) : 254 – 264 .
  • Caine , W. R. , Aalhus , J. L. , Best , D. R. , Dugan , M. E. R. and Jeremiah , L. E. 2003 . Relationship of texture profile analysis and Warner-Bratzler shear force with sensory characteristics of beef rib steaks . Meat Sci , 64 ( 4 ) : 333 – 339 .
  • Calkins , C. R. and Seideman , S. C. 1988 . Relationships among calcium-dependent protease, cathepsins B and H, meat tenderness and the response of muscle to aging . J. Anim. Sci , 66 : 1186 – 1193 .
  • Camou , J. P. , Marchello , J. A. , Thompson , V. F. , Mares , S. W. and Goll , D. E. 2007a . Effect of postmortem storage on activity of {micro}-and m-calpain in five bovine muscles . J. Anim. Sci , 85 ( 10 ) : 2670 – 2681 .
  • Camou , J. P. , Mares , S. W. , Marchello , J. A. , Vazquez , R. , Taylor , M. , Thompson , V. F. and Goll , D. E. 2007b . Isolation and characterization of {micro}-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin from postmortem muscle. I. Initial steps . J. Anim. Sci. , 85 ( 12 ) : 3400 – 3414 .
  • Campo , M. M. , Santolaria , P. , Sañudo , C. , Lepetit , J. , Olleta , J. L. , Panea , B. and Albertí , P. 2000 . Assessment of breed type and ageing time effects on beef meat quality using two different texture devices . Meat Sci , 55 : 371 – 378 .
  • Cao , M. J. , Jiang , X. J. , Zhong , H. C. , Zhang , Z. J. and Su , W. J. 2006 . Degradation of myofibrillar proteins by a myofibril-bound serine proteinase in the skeletal muscle of crucian carp (Carasius auratus) . Food Chem , 94 ( 1 ) : 7 – 13 .
  • Carlin , K. R. , Huff-Lonergan , E. , Rowe , L. J. and Lonergan , S. M. 2006 . Effect of oxidation, pH, and ionic strength on calpastatin inhibition of {micro}-and m-calpain . J. Ani. Sci , 84 ( 4 ) : 925 – 937 .
  • Channon , H. A. , Kerr , M. G. and Walker , P. J. 2004 . Effect of Duroc content, sex and ageing period on meat and eating quality attributes of pork loin . Meat Sci , 66 ( 4 ) : 881 – 888 .
  • Chéret , R. , Delbarre-Ladrat , C. , Lamballerie-Anton , M. d. and Verrez-Bagnis , V. 2007 . Calpain and cathepsin activities in post mortem fish and meat muscles . Food Chem , 101 ( 4 ) : 1474 – 1479 .
  • Christensen , M. , Larsen , L. M. , Ertbjerg , P. and Purslow , P. P. 2004 . Effect of proteolytic enzyme activity and heating on the mechanical properties of bovine single muscle fibres . Meat Sci , 66 ( 2 ) : 361 – 369 .
  • Claeys , E. , De Smet , S. , Demeyer , D. , Geers , R. and Buys , N. 2001 . Effect of rate of pH decline on muscle enzyme activities in two pig lines . Meat Sci , 57 ( 3 ) : 257 – 263 .
  • Collinsworth , A. M. , Zhang , S. , Kraus , W. E. and Truskey , G. A. 2002 . Apparent elastic modulus and hysteresis of skeletal muscle cells throughout differentiation . Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol , 283 ( 4 ) : C1219 – C1227 .
  • Cross , H. R. , Smith , G. C. and Carpenter , Z. L. 1972 . Palatibility of individual muscles from ovine leg steaks as related to chemical and histological traits . J. Food Sci , 37 : 282 – 285 .
  • Culler , R. D. , Parrish , F. C. Jr , Smith , G. C. and Cross , H. R. 1978 . Relationship of myofibril fragmentation index to certain chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of bovine longissimus muscle . J. Food Sci , 43 ( 4 ) : 1177 – 1180 .
  • Damez , J. L. and Clerjon , S. 2008 . Meat quality assessment using biophysical methods related to meat structure . Meat Sci , 80 ( 1 ) : 132 – 149 .
  • Dayton , W. R. , Goll , D. E. , Zeece , M. G. , Robson , R. M. and Reville , W. J. 1976 . A Ca2+ ion-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Purification from porcine muscle . Biochemistry , 15 ( 10 ) : 2150 – 2158 .
  • Dayton , W. R. , Schollmeyer , J. V. , Lepley , R. A. and Cortés , L. R. 1981 . A calcium-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Isolation of a low-calcium-requiring form of the protease . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 659 ( 1 ) : 48 – 61 .
  • Defranchi , E. , Bonaccurso , E. , Tedesco , M. , Canato , M. , Pavan , E. , Raiteri , R. and Reggiani , C. 2005 . Imaging and elasticity measurements of the sarcolemma of fully differentiated skeletal muscle fibres . Microsc. Res. Tech , 67 ( 1 ) : 27 – 35 .
  • de Huidobro , F. R. , Miguel , E. , Blázquez , B. and Onega , E. 2005 . A comparison between two methods (Warner-Bratzler and texture profile analysis) for testing either raw meat or cooked meat . Meat Sci. , 69 ( 3 ) : 527 – 536 .
  • Delgado , E. F. , Geesink , G. H. , Marchello , J. A. , Goll , D. E. and Koohmaraie , M. 2001a . The calpain system in three muscles of normal and callipyge sheep . J. Anim. Sci , 79 : 398 – 412 .
  • Delgado , E. F. , Geesink , G. H. , Marchello , J. A. , Goll , D. E. and Koohmaraie , M. 2001b . Properties of myofibril-bound calpain activity in longissimus muscle of callipyge and normal sheep . J. Anim. Sci , 79 : 2097 – 2107 .
  • Dickinson , M. H. , Hyatt , C. J. , Lehmann , F. O. , Moore , J. R. , Reedy , M. C. , Simcox , A. , Tohtong , R. , Vigoreaux , J. O. , Yamashita , H. and Maughan , D. W. 1997 . Phosphorylation-dependent power output of transgenic flies: An integrated study . Biophys. J , 73 ( 6 ) : 3122 – 3134 .
  • Doumit , M. E. and Koohmaraie , M. 1999 . Immunoblot analysis of calpastatin degradation: Evidence for cleavage by calpain in postmortem muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 77 : 1467 – 1473 .
  • Dransfield , E. 1992 . Modeling post-mortem tenderization-III: Role of calpain I in conditioning . Meat Sci , 31 : 85 – 94 .
  • Dransfield , E. , Martin , J. F. , Bauchart , D. , Abouelkaram , S. , Lepetit , J. , Culioli , J. , Jurie , C. and Picard , B. 2003 . Meat quality and composition of three muscles of French cull cows and young bulls . Anim. Sci , 76 : 387 – 399 .
  • Dupont-Versteegden , E. E. 2005 . Apoptosis in muscle atrophy: Relevance to sarcopenia . Exp. Gerontol , 40 ( 6 ) : 473 – 481 .
  • Dutson , T. R. , Hostetler , R. L. and Carpenter , Z. L. 1976 . Effect of collagen levels and sarcomere shortening on muscle tenderness . J. Food Sci , 41 ( 4 ) : 863 – 866 .
  • Earnshaw , W. C. , Martins , L. M. and Kaufmann , S. H. 1999 . Mammalian caspases: Structure, activation, substrates, and functions during apoptosis . Annu. Rev. Biochem , 68 ( 1 ) : 383 – 424 .
  • Engler , A. J. , Griffin , M. A. , Sen , S. , Bonnemann , C. G. , Sweeney , H. L. and Discher , D. E. 2004 . Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness: Pathological implications for soft or stiff microenvironments . J. Cell Biol , 166 ( 6 ) : 877
  • Fernando , P. , Kelly , J. F. , Balazsi , K. , Slack , R. S. and Megeney , L. A. 2002 . Caspase 3 activity is required for skeletal muscle differentiation . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 99 ( 17 ) : 11025 – 11030 .
  • Finer , J. T. , Simmons , R. M. and Spudich , J. A. 1994 . Single myosin molecule mechanics: Piconewton forces and nanometre steps . Nature , 368 ( 6467 ) : 113 – 119 .
  • Fontanesi , L. , Speroni , C. , Buttazzoni , L. , Scotti , E. , Costa , L. N. , Davoli , R. and Russo , V. 2010 . Association between cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin S (CTSS) polymorphisms and meat production and carcass traits in Italian Large White pigs . Meat Sci , 85 ( 2 ) : 331 – 338 .
  • Franco , D. , Bispo , E. , González , L. , Vázquez , J. A. and Moreno , T. 2009 . Effect of finishing and ageing time on quality attributes of loin from the meat of Holstein-Fresian cull cows . Meat Sci , 83 ( 3 ) : 484 – 491 .
  • Fritz , J. D. , Mitchell , M. C. , Marsh , B. B. and Greaser , M. L. 1993 . Titin content of beef in relation to tenderness . Meat Sci , 33 ( 1 ) : 41 – 50 .
  • Fuentes-Prior , P. and Salvesen , G. S. 2004 . The protein structures that shape caspase activity, specificity, activation and inhibition . Biochem. J , 384 ( Pt 2 ) : 201 – 232 .
  • Garcia , T. I. , Oberhauser , A. F. and Braun , W. 2009 . Mechanical stability and differentially conserved physical-chemical properties of titin Ig-domains . Proteins , 75 ( 3 ) : 706 – 718 .
  • Geesink , G. H. and Koohmaraie , M. 1999a . Effect of calpastatin on degradation of myofibrillar proteins by mu-calpain under postmortem conditions . J. Anim. Sci , 77 ( 10 ) : 2685
  • Geesink , G. H. and Koohmaraie , M. 1999b . Postmortem proteolysis and calpain/calpastatin activity in callipyge and normal lamb biceps femoris during extended postmortem storage . J. Anim. Sci , 77 ( 6 ) : 1490 – 1501 .
  • Geesink , G. H. and Koohmaraie , M. 2000 . Ionic strength-induced inactivation of mu-calpain in postmortem muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 78 ( 9 ) : 2336 – 2343 .
  • Geesink , G. H. , Kuchay , S. , Chishti , A. H. and Koohmaraie , M. 2006 . {micro}-Calpain is essential for postmortem proteolysis of muscle proteins . J. Anim. Sci , 84 ( 10 ) : 2834 – 2840 .
  • Geesink , G. H. , Taylor , R. G. and Koohmaraie , M. 2005 . Calpain 3/p94 is not involved in postmortem proteolysis . J. Anim. Sci , 83 ( 7 ) : 1646
  • Gil , M. , Ramírez , J. A. , Pla , M. , Ariño , B. , Hernández , P. , Pascual , M. , Blasco , A. , Guerrero , L. , Hajós , G. , Szerdahelyi , E. N. and Oliver , M. Á. 2006 . Effect of selection for growth rate on the ageing of myofibrils, meat texture properties and the muscle proteolytic potential of m. longissimus in rabbits . Meat Sci , 72 ( 1 ) : 121 – 129 .
  • Goll , D. E. , Geesink , G. H. , Taylor , R. G. and Thompson , V. F. 1995 . “ Does proteolysis cause all postmortem tenderization, or are other changes in the actin/myosin interaction involved? ” . In Proceedings of the 41st International Congress of Meat Science and Technology 537 – 544 . San Antonio , , USA
  • Goll , D. E. , Henderson , D. W. and Kline , E. A. 1964 . Post-mortem changes in physical and chemical properties of bovine muscle . J. Food Sci , 29 : 590 – 596 .
  • Goll , D. E. , Thompson , V. F. , Li , H. , Wei , W. E. I. and Cong , J. 2003 . The calpain system . Physiol. Rev , 83 ( 3 ) : 731 – 801 .
  • Guo , W. H. , Frey , M. T. , Burnham , N. A. and Wang , Y. L. 2006 . Substrate rigidity regulates the formation and maintenance of tissues . Biophys. J , 90 : 2213 – 2220 .
  • Gustafsson , Å. and Gottlieb , R. A. 2003 . Mechanisms of apoptosis in the heart . J. Clin. Immunol , 23 ( 6 ) : 447 – 459 .
  • Hannesson , K. O. , Pederson , M. E. , Ofstad , R. and Kolset , S. O. 2003 . Breakdown of large proteoglycans in bovine intramuscular connective tissue early postmortem . J. Muscle Food , 14 : 301 – 318 .
  • Herrera-Mendez , C. H. , Becila , S. , Boudjellal , A. and Ouali , A. 2006 . Meat ageing: Reconsideration of the current concept . Trends Food Sci. Technol , 17 ( 8 ) : 394 – 405 .
  • Herring , H. K. , Cassens , R. G. and Briskey , E. J. 1967 . Factors affecting collagen solubility in bovine muscles . J. Food Sci , 32 : 534 – 538 .
  • Herring , H. K. , Cassens , R. G. and Rriskey , E. J. 1965 . Further studies on bovine muscle tenderness as influenced by carcass position, sarcomere length, and fiber diameter . J. Food Sci , 30 ( 6 ) : 1049 – 1054 .
  • Hill , F. 1966 . The solubility of intramuscular collagen in meat animals of various ages . J. Food Sci , 31 : 161 – 166 .
  • Ho , C. Y. , Stromer , M. H. and Robson , R. M. 1994 . Identification of the 30 kDa polypeptide in post mortem skeletal muscle as a degradation product of troponin-T . Biochimie , 76 ( 5 ) : 369 – 375 .
  • Ho , C. Y. , Stromer , M. H. and Robson , R. M. 1996 . Effect of electrical stimulation on postmortem titin, nebulin, desmin, and troponin-T degradation and ultrastructural changes in bovine longissimus muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 74 ( 7 ) : 1563 – 1575 .
  • Hopkins , D. L. and Geesink , G. H. 2009 . “ Protein degradation postmortem and tenderization ” . In Applied Muscle Biology and Meat Science , Edited by: Du , M. and McCormick , R. J. 149 – 173 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Hopkins , D. L. and Thompson , J. M. 2002 . The relationship between post-mortem calcium concentration or pH and indicators of proteolysis in ovine muscle . Meat Sci , 61 ( 4 ) : 411 – 414 .
  • Houbak , M. B. , Ertbjerg , P. and Therkildsen , M. 2008 . In vitro study to evaluate the degradation of bovine muscle proteins post-mortem by proteasome and [mu]-calpain . Meat Sc , 79 ( 1 ) : 77 – 85 .
  • Huff-Lonergan , E. , Mitsuhashi , T. , Beekman , D. D. , Parrish , F. C. Jr , Olson , D. G. and Robson , R. M. 1996a . Proteolysis of specific muscle structural proteins by mu-calpain at low pH and temperature is similar to degradation in postmortem bovine muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 74 ( 5 ) : 993 – 1008 .
  • Huff-Lonergan , E. , Mitsuhashi , T. , Parrish , F. C. Jr and Robson , R. M. 1996b . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting comparisons of purified myofibrils and whole muscle preparations for evaluating titin and nebulin in postmortem bovine muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 74 ( 4 ) : 779 – 785 .
  • Huff-Lonergan , E. , Parrish , F. C. Jr and Robson , R. M. 1995 . Effects of postmortem aging time, animal age, and sex on degradation of titin and nebulin in bovine longissimus muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 73 ( 4 ) : 1064 – 1073 .
  • Huff Lonergan , E. , Zhang , W. and Lonergan , S. M. 2010 . Biochemistry of postmortem muscle – Lessons on mechanisms of meat tenderization . Meat Sci , 86 ( 1 ) : 184 – 195 .
  • Huidobro d. , F. R. , Miguel , E. , Blázquez , B. and Onega , E. 2005 . A comparison between two methods (Warner–Bratzler and texture profile analysis) for testing either raw meat or cooked meat . Meat Sci , 69 : 527 – 536 .
  • Hwang , I. H. , Devine , C. E. and Hopkins , D. L. 2003 . The biochemical and physical effects of electrical stimulation on beef and sheep meat tenderness . Meat Sci , 65 ( 2 ) : 677 – 691 .
  • Ilian , M. A. , Bekhit , A. E. D. A. and Bickerstaffe , R. 2004 . Does the newly discovered calpain 10 play a role in meat tenderization during post-mortem storage? . Meat Sci , 66 ( 2 ) : 317 – 327 .
  • Ishijima , A. , Harada , Y. , Kojima , H. , Funatsu , T. , Higuchi , H. and Yanagida , T. 1994 . Single-molecule analysis of the actomyosin motor using nano-manipulation . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , 199 ( 2 ) : 1057 – 1063 .
  • Ishijima , A. , Kojima , H. , Funatsu , T. , Tokunaga , M. , Higuchi , H. , Tanaka , H. and Yanagida , T. 1998 . Simultaneous observation of individual ATPase and mechanical events by a single myosin molecule during Iinteraction with actin . Cell , 92 ( 2 ) : 161 – 171 .
  • Jiang , S. T. 1998 . Contribution of muscle proteinases to meat tenderization . Porc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China B , 22 : 97 – 107 .
  • Johnson , M. H. , Calkins , C. R. , Huffman , R. D. , Johnson , D. D. and Hargrove , D. D. 1990 . Differences in cathepsin B + L and calcium dependent protease activity among breeds type and their relationship to beef tenderness . J. Anim. Sci , 68 : 2371 – 2379 .
  • Jung , S. , Ghoul , M. and de Lamballerie-Anton , M. 2000 . Changes in lysosomal enzyme activities and shear values of high pressure treated meat during ageing . Meat Sci , 56 ( 3 ) : 239 – 246 .
  • Kasas , S. , Thomson , N. H. , Smith , B. L. , Hansma , P. K. , Miklossy , J. and Hansma , H. G. 1997 . Biological applications of the AFM: From single molecules to organs . Int. J. Imag. Syst. Tech , 8 ( 2 ) : 151 – 161 .
  • Kayamori , T. , Miyake , N. , Akiyama , N. , Aimi , M. , Wakayama , J. , Kunioka , Y. and Yamada , T. 2006 . Mechanical strength of sarcomere structures of skeletal myofibrils studied by submicromanipulation . Cell Struct. Funct , 31 ( 2 ) : 135 – 143 .
  • Kellermayer , M. S. Z. , Smith , S. B. , Granzier , H. L. and Bustamante , C. 1997 . Folding-unfolding transitions in single titin molecules characterized with laser tweezers . Science , 276 ( 5315 ) : 1112 – 1116 .
  • Kemp , C. M. , Bardsley , R. G. and Parr , T. 2006a . Changes in caspase activity during the postmortem conditioning period and its relationship to shear force in porcine longissimus muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 84 ( 10 ) : 2841 – 2846 .
  • Kemp , C. M. , Parr , T. , Bardsley , R. G. and Buttery , P. J. 2006b . Comparison of the relative expression of caspase isoforms in different porcine skeletal muscles . Meat Sci , 73 ( 3 ) : 426 – 431 .
  • Kemp , C. M. , Sensky , P. L. , Bardsley , R. G. , Buttery , P. J. and Parr , T. 2010 . Tenderness - An enzymatic view . Meat Sci , 84 ( 2 ) : 248 – 256 .
  • Kendall , T. L. , Koohmaraie , M. , Arbona , J. R. , Williams , S. E. and Young , L. L. 1993 . Effect of pH and ionic strength on bovine m-calpain and calpastatin activity . J. Anim. Sci , 71 : 96 – 104 .
  • Kerr , J. F. , Wylie , A. H. and Currie , A. R. 1972 . Apoptosis, a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics . Brit. J. Cancer , 26 : 239 – 257 .
  • Kim , D. H. , Seong , P. N. , Cho , S. H. , Kim , J. H. , Lee , J. M. , Jo , C. and Lim , D. G. 2009 . Fatty acid composition and meat quality traits of organically reared Korean native black pigs . Livestock Sci , 120 ( 1–2 ) : 96 – 102 .
  • Kimura , S. , Matsuura , T. , Ohtsuka , S. , Nakauchi , Y. , Matsuno , A. and Maruyama , K. 1992 . Characterization and localization of -connectin (titin 1): An elastic protein isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle . J. Muscle Res. Cell M , 13 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
  • Kishino , A. and Yanagida , T. 1988 . Force measurements by micromanipulation of a single actin filament by glass needles . Nature , 334 : 74 – 76 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. 1990 . Inhibition of postmortem tenderization in ovine carcasses through infusion of zinc . J. Anim. Sci , 68 : 1476 – 1483 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. 1992a . Effect of pH, temperature, and inhibitors on autolysis and catalytic activity of bovine skeletal muscle mu-calpain . J. Anim. Sci , 70 : 3071 – 3080 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. 1992b . Ovine skeletal muscle multicatalytic proteinase complex (proteasome): Purification, characterization, and comparison of its effects on myofibrils with mu-calpains . J. Anim. Sci , 70 ( 12 ) : 3697
  • Koohmaraie , M. 1996 . Biochemical factors regulating the toughening and tenderization process of meat . Meat Sci , 43 : 193 – 201 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. , Doumit , M. E. and Wheeler , T. L. 1996 . Meat toughening does not occur when rigor shortening is prevented . J. Anim. Sci , 74 ( 12 ) : 2935 – 2942 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. and Geesink , G. H. 2006 . Contribution of postmortem muscle biochemistry to the delivery of consistent meat quality with particular focus on the calpain system . Meat Sci , 74 ( 1 ) : 34 – 43 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. and Whipple , G. 1991 . Degradation of myofibrillar proteins by extractable lysosomal enzymes and m-calpain, and the effects of zinc chloride . J. Anim. Sci , 69 : 4449 – 4460 .
  • Koohmaraie , M. , Whipple , G. , Kretchmar , D. H. , Crouse , J. D. and Mersmann , H. J. 1991 . Postmortem proteolysis in longissimus muscle from beef, lamb and pork carcasses . J. Anim. Sci , 69 ( 2 ) : 617 – 624 .
  • Kreplak , L. , Herrmann , H. and Aebi , U. 2008 . Tensile properties of single desmin intermediate filaments . Biophys. J , 94 ( 7 ) : 2790 – 2799 .
  • Lamare , M. , Taylor , R. G. , Farout , L. , Briand , Y. and Briand , M. 2002a . Changes in proteasome activity during postmortem aging of bovine muscle . Meat Sci , 61 : 199 – 204 .
  • Lamare , M. , Taylor , R. G. , Farout , L. , Briand , Y. and Briand , M. 2002b . Changes in proteasome activity during postmortem aging of bovine muscle . Meat Sci , 61 ( 2 ) : 199 – 204 .
  • Lavery , R. , Lebrun , A. , Allemand , J. F. , Bensimon , D. and Croquette , V. 2002 . Structure and mechanics of single biomolecules: Experiment and simulation . J. Phys. Condens. Matter , 14 : R383 – R414 .
  • Lawrie , R. A. and Ledward , D. A. 2006 . Lawrie's Meat Science , Cambridge : CRC Press .
  • Lepetit , J. 2007 . A theoretical approach of the relationship between collagen content, collagen cross-links and meat tenderness . Meat Sci , 76 : 147 – 159 .
  • Lepetit , J. 2008 . Collagen contribution to meat toughness: Theoretical aspects . Meat Sci , 80 : 960 – 967 .
  • Lewis , G. J. , Purslow , P. P. and Rice , A. E. 1991 . The effect of conditioning on the strength of perimysial connective tissue dissected from cooked meat . Meat Sci , 30 : 1 – 12 .
  • Li , H. , Linke , W. A. , Oberhauser , A. F. , Carrion-Vazquez , M. , Kerkvliet , J. G. , Lu , H. , Marszalek , P. E. and Fernandez , J. M. 2002 . Reverse engineering of the giant muscle protein titin . Nature , 418 ( 6901 ) : 998 – 1002 .
  • Liu , A. , Nishimura , T. and Takahashi , K. 1994 . Structural changes in endomysium and perimysium during postmortem ageing of chicken semitendinosus muscle-Contribution of intramuscular connective tissue to meat tenderisation . Meat Sci , 38 : 315 – 328 .
  • Liu , A. , Nishimura , T. and Takahashi , K. 1996 . Relationship between structural properties of intramuscular connective tissue and toughness of various chicken skeletal muscles . Meat Sci , 43 : 43 – 49 .
  • Maddock , K. R. , Huff Lonergan , E. , Rowe , L. J. and Lonergan , S. M. 2005 . Effect of pH and ionic strength on μ- and m-calpain inhibition by calpastatin . J. Anim. Sci , 83 : 1370 – 1376 .
  • Mahaffy , R. E. , Park , S. , Gerde , E. , Kas , J. and Shih , S. K. 2004 . Quantitative analysis of the viscoelastic properties of thin regions of fibroblasts using atomic force microscopy . Biophys. J , 86 : 1777 – 1793 .
  • Maribo , H. , Ertbjerg , P. , Andersson , M. , Barton-Gade , P. and Møller , A. J. 1999 . Electrical stimulation of pigs–effect on pH fall, meat quality and cathepsin B+L activity . Meat Sci , 52 ( 2 ) : 179 – 187 .
  • Marsh , B. B. and Leet , N. G. 1966 . Studies in meat tenderness. III. The effects of cold shortening on tenderness . J. Food Sci , 31 : 450 – 459 .
  • Mathur , A. B. , Collinsworth , A. M. , Reichert , W. M. , Kraus , W. E. and Truskey , G. A. 2001 . Endothelial, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle exhibit different viscous and elastic properties as determined by atomic force microscopy . J. Biomech , 34 ( 12 ) : 1545 – 1553 .
  • Mehta , A. D. , Rock , R. S. , Rief , M. , Spudich , J. A. , Mooseker , M. S. and Cheney , R. E. 1999 . Myosin-V is a processive actin-based motor . Nature , 400 ( 6744 ) : 590 – 596 .
  • Meyer , E. 1992 . Atomic force microscopy . Prog. Surf. Sci , 41 : 3 – 49 .
  • Minajeva , A. , Kulke , M. , Fernandez , J. M. and Linke , W. A. 2001 . Unfolding of titin domains explains the viscoelastic behavior of skeletal myofibrils . Biophys. J , 80 ( 3 ) : 1442 – 1451 .
  • Miyata , H. , Yasuda , R. and Kinosita , K. 1996 . Strength and lifetime of the bond between actin and skeletal muscle [alpha]-actinin studied with an optical trapping technique . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1290 ( 1 ) : 83 – 88 .
  • Moffitt , J. R. , Chemla , Y. R. , Smith , S. B. and Bustamante , C. 2008 . Recent advances in optical tweezers . Biochemistry , 77 ( 1 ) : 205
  • Mohanty , T. R. , Park , K. M. , Pramod , A. B. , Kim , J. H. , Choe , H. S. and Hwang , I. H. 2010 . Molecular and biological factors affecting skeletal muscle cells after slaughtering and their impact on meat quality: A mini review . J. Muscle Foods , 21 : 51 – 78 .
  • Nagaraj , N. S. , Anilakumar , K. R. and Santhanam , K. 2005 . Postmortem changes in myofibrillar proteins of goat skeletal muscles . J. Food Biochem , 29 ( 2 ) : 152 – 170 .
  • Nakagawa , T. , Zhu , H. , Morishima , N. , Li , E. , Xu , J. , Yankner , B. A. and Yuan , J. 2000 . Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid . Nature , 403 ( 6765 ) : 98 – 103 .
  • Neagoe , C. , Opitz , C. A. , Makarenko , I. and Linke , W. A. 2003 . Gigantic variety: Expression patterns of titin isoforms in striated muscles and consequences for myofibrillar passive stiffness . J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil , 24 ( 2 ) : 175 – 189 .
  • Nishimura , T. , Fang , S. , Ito , T. , Wakamatsu , J. and Takahashi , K. 2008 . Structural weakening of intramuscular connective tissue during postmortem aging of pork . Anim. Sci. J , 79 : 716 – 721 .
  • Nishimura , T. , Liu , A. , Hattori , A. and Takahashi , K. 1998 . Changes in mechanical strength of intramuscular connective tissue during postmortem aging of beef . J. Anim. Sci , 76 ( 2 ) : 528 – 532 .
  • Nishizaka , T. , Miyata , H. , Yoshikawa , H. , Ishiwata , S. and Kinosita , K. Jr . 1995 . Unbinding force of a single motor molecule of muscle measured using optical tweezers . Nature , 377 ( 6546 ) : 251 – 254 .
  • Nishizaka , T. , Seo , R. , Tadakuma , H. , Kinosita , K. and Ishiwata , S. 2000 . Characterization of single actomyosin rigor bonds: Load dependence of lifetime and mechanical properties . Biophys. J , 79 ( 2 ) : 962 – 974 .
  • Northcutt , J. K. , Pringle , T. D. , Dickens , J. A. , Buhr , R. J. and Young , L. L. 1998 . Effects of age and tissue type on the calpain proteolytic system in turkey skeletal muscle . Poultry Sci. , 77 ( 2 ) : 367
  • Nyland , L. R. and Maughan , D. W. 2000 . Morphology and transverse stiffness of drosophila myofibrils measured by atomic force microscopy . Biophys. J , 78 ( 3 ) : 1490 – 1497 .
  • Offer , G. , Knight , P. , Jeacocke , P. , Almond , R. , Cousins , T. , Elsey , J. , Parsons , N. , Sharp , A. , Starr , R. and Purslow , P. P. 1989 . The structural basis of the water-holding, appearance and toughness of meat and meat-products . Food Microstruct , 8 : 151 – 170 .
  • Ogneva , I. V. , Lebedev , D. V. and Shenkman , B. S. 2009 . Lateral mechanics of muscle fibers and its role in signaling . Biophysics , 54 ( 3 ) : 365 – 369 .
  • Ogneva , I. V. , Ponomareva , E. V. , Kartashkina , N. L. , Altaeva , E. G. , Fokina , N. M. , Kurushin , V. A. , Kozlovskaya , I. B. and Shenkman , B. S. 2010 . Decrease of contractile properties and transversal stiffness of single fibers in human soleus after 7-day “dry” immersion . Acta Astronautica , 68 ( 9–10 ) : 1478 – 1485 .
  • Olson , D. G. , Parrish , F. C. Jr , Dayton , W. R. and Goll , D. E. 1977 . Effect of postmortem storage and calcium activated factor on the myofibrillar proteins of bovine skeletal muscle . J. Food Sci , 42 ( 1 ) : 117 – 124 .
  • Ouali , A. , Herrera-Mendez , C. H. , Coulis , G. , Becila , S. , Boudjellal , A. , Aubry , L. and Sentandreu , M. A. 2006 . Revisiting the conversion of muscle into meat and the underlying mechanisms . Meat Sci , 74 ( 1 ) : 44 – 58 .
  • Parr , T. , Sensky , P. L. , Scothern , G. P. , Bardsley , R. G. , Buttery , P. J. , Wood , J. D. and Warkup , C. 1999 . Relationship between skeletal muscle-specific calpain and tenderness of conditioned porcine longissimus muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 77 : 661 – 668 .
  • Pelling , A. E. , Veraitch , F. S. , Chu , C. P. K. , Mason , C. and Horton , M. A. 2009 . Mechanical dynamics of single cells during early apoptosis . Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton , 66 ( 7 ) : 409 – 422 .
  • Ramírez , J. A. , Oliver , M. À. , Pla , M. , Guerrero , L. , Ariño , B. , Blasco , A. , Pascual , M. and Gil , M. 2004 . Effect of selection for growth rate on biochemical, quality and texture characteristics of meat from rabbits . Meat Sci , 67 ( 4 ) : 617 – 624 .
  • Riley , D. G. , Johnson , D. D. , Chase , C. C. J. , West , R. L. , Coleman , S. W. , Olson , T. A. and Hammond , A. C. 2005 . Factors influencing tenderness in steaks from Brahman cattle . Meat Sci , 70 : 347 – 356 .
  • Robert , N. , Briand , M. , Taylor , R. and Briand , Y. 1999 . The effect of proteasome on myofibrillar structures in bovine skeletal muscle . Meat Sci , 51 ( 2 ) : 149 – 153 .
  • Robson , R. M. , Huff-Lonergan , E. , Parrish , F. C. , Ho , C.-T. , Stromer , M. H. , Huiatt , T. W. , Bellin , R. M. and Sernett , S. W. 1995 . “ Postmortem changes in the myofibrillar and other cytoskeletal proteins in muscle ” . In 50th Annual Recipriocal Meat Conference , Vol. 50 , 43 – 52 . Iowa : USA American Meat Science Association .
  • Rotsch , C. , Jacobson , K. and Radmacher , R. 1999 . Dimensional and mechanical dynamics of active and stable edges in motile fibroblasts investigated by using atomic force microscopy . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 96 : 921 – 926 .
  • Rotsch , C. and Manfred , R. 2000 . Drug-induced changes of cytoskeletal structure and mechanics in fibroblasts: An atomic force microscopy study . Biophys. J , 78 : 520 – 536 .
  • Rowe , L. J. , Maddock , K. R. , Lonergan , S. M. and Huff Lonergan , E. 2004 . Oxidative environments decrease tenderization of beef steaks through inactivation of μ-calpain . J. Anim. Sci , 82 : 3254 – 3266 .
  • Rubio , L. M. S. , Méndez , M. R. D. and Huerta-Leidenz , N. 2007 . Characterization of beef semimembranosus and adductor muscles from US and Mexican origin . Meat Sci , 76 ( 3 ) : 438 – 443 .
  • Miguel , E. , Onega , E. and Blázquez , B. 2003 . Changes in meat quality characteristics of bovine meat during the first 6 days post mortem . Meat Sci , 65 ( 4 ) : 1439 – 1446 . Ruiz, d. H. F.
  • Sandri , M. , El Meslemani , A. H. , Sandri , C. , Schjerling , P. , Vissing , K. , Andersen , J. L. , Rossini , K. , Carraro , U. and Angelini , C. 2001 . Caspase 3 expression correlates with skeletal muscle apoptosis in Duchenne and facioscapulo human muscular dystrophy. A potential target for pharmacological treatment? . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol , 60 ( 3 ) : 302 – 312 .
  • Sangorrín , M. P. , Martone , C. B. and Sánchez , J. J. 2002 . Myofibril-bound serine protease and its endogenous inhibitor in mouse: Extraction, partial characterization and effect on myofibrils . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol , 131 ( 4 ) : 713 – 723 .
  • Sase , I. , Miyata , H. , Ishiwata , S. and Kinosita , J. K. 1997 . Axial rotation of sliding actin filaments revealed by single-fluorophore imaging . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci , 94 : 5646 – 5650 .
  • Scott , J. E. and Thomlinson , A. M. 1998 . The structure of interfibrillar proteoglycan bridge (‘shape modules’) in extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissues and their stability in various chemical environments . J. Anat , 192 : 391 – 405 .
  • Seideman , S. C. , Koohmaraie , M. and Crouse , J. D. 1987 . Factors associated with tenderness in young beef . Meat Sci , 20 ( 4 ) : 281 – 291 .
  • Sentandreu , M. A. , Coulis , G. and Ouali , A. 2002 . Role of muscle endopeptidases and their inhibitors in meat tenderness . Trends Food Sci. Technol , 13 ( 12 ) : 400 – 421 .
  • Serra , X. , Guerrero , L. , Guàrdia , M. D. , Gil , M. , Sañudo , C. , Panea , B. , Campo , M. M. , Olleta , J. L. , García-Cachán , M. D. , Piedrafita , J. and Oliver , M. A. 2008 . Eating quality of young bulls from three Spanish beef breed-production systems and its relationships with chemical and instrumental meat quality . Meat Sci , 79 : 98 – 104 .
  • Smith , B. A. 2004 . “ Cellular biomechanics investigated by atomic force microscopy ” . In Department of Physics , 260 Montreal : Mcgill University . PhD
  • Strasberg , G. , Xiong , Y. L. and Chiang , W. 2007 . “ Physiology and chemistry of edible muscle tissue ” . In Fennema's Food Chemistry , Edited by: Damodaran , S. , Parkin , K. L. and Fennema , O. R. 924 – 968 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Swartz , D. R. , Greaser , M. L. and Cantino , M. E. 2009 . “ Muscle structure and function ” . In Applied Muscle Biology and Meat Science , Edited by: Du , M. and McCormick , R. J. 1 – 195 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Takahashi , K. 1996 . Structural weakening of skeletal muscle tissue during postmortem ageing of meat: The non-enzymatic mechanism of meat tenderization . Meat Sci , 43 : 67 – 80 .
  • Taylor , R. G. , Geesink , G. H. , Thompson , V. F. , Koohmaraie , M. and Goll , D. E. 1995a . Is Z-disk degradation responsible for postmortem tenderization? . J. Anim. Sci , 73 ( 5 ) : 1351 – 1367 .
  • Taylor , R. G. and Koohmaraie , M. 1998 . Effects of postmortem storage on the ultrastructure of the endomysium and myofibrils in normal and callipyge longissimus . J. Anim. Sci , 76 ( 11 ) : 2811 – 2817 .
  • Taylor , R. G. , Tassy , C. , Briand , M. , Robert , N. , Briand , Y. and Ouali , A. 1995b . Proteolytic activity of proteasome on myofibrillar structures . Mol. Biol. Rep , 21 ( 1 ) : 71 – 73 .
  • Tornberg , E. 1996 . Biophysical aspects of meat tenderness . Meat Sci , 43 : 175 – 191 .
  • Tschirhart-Hoelscher , T. E. , Baird , B. E. , King , D. A. , McKenna , D. R. and Savell , J. W. 2006 . Physical, chemical, and histological characteristics of 18 lambs muscles . Meat Sci , 73 : 48 – 54 .
  • Underwood , K. R. , Means , W. J. and Du , M. 2008 . Caspase 3 is not likely involved in the postmortem tenderization of beef muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 86 ( 4 ) : 960 – 966 .
  • Uytterhaegen , L. , Claeys , E. and Demeyer , D. 1994 . Effects of exogenous protease effectors on beef tenderness development and myofibrillar degradation and solubility . J. Anim. Sci , 72 ( 5 ) : 1209 – 1223 .
  • Veiseth , E. , Shackelford , S. D. , Wheeler , T. L. and Koohmaraie , M. 2001 . Effect of postmortem storage on mu-calpain and m-calpain in ovine skeletal muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 70 : 1502 – 1508 .
  • Wakayama , J. , Yoshikawa , Y. , Yasuike , T. and Yamada , T. 2000 . Atomic force microscopic evidence for Z-band as a rigid disc fixing the sarcomere structure of skeletal muscle . Cell Struct. Funct , 25 ( 6 ) : 361 – 365 .
  • Watanabe , A. , Daly , C. C. and Devine , C. E. 1996 . The effects of the ultimate pH of meat on tenderness changes during aging . Meat Sci , 42 ( 1 ) : 67 – 78 .
  • Wheeler , T. L. , Crouse , J. D. and Koohmaraie , M. 1992 . The effect of postmortem time of injection and freezing on the effectiveness of calcium chloride for improving beef tenderness . J. Anim. Sci , 70 : 3451 – 3457 .
  • Wheeler , T. L. and Koohmaraie , M. 1994 . Prerigor and postrigor changes in tenderness of ovine longissimus muscle . J. Anim. Sci , 72 ( 5 ) : 1232 – 1238 .
  • Wheeler , T. L. and Koohmaraie , M. 1999 . The extent of proteolysis is independent of sarcomere length in lamb longissimus and psoas major . J. Anim. Sci , 77 ( 9 ) : 2444 – 2451 .
  • Wheeler , T. L. , Savell , J. W. , Cross , H. R. , Lunt , D. K. and Smith , S. B. 1990 . Mechanisms association with the variation in tenderness of meat from Braman and Herford cattle . J. Anat , 68 : 4206 – 4220 .
  • Whipple , G. , Koohmaraie , M. , Dikeman , M. E. , Crouse , J. D. , Hunt , M. C. and Klemm , R. D. 1990 . Evaluation of attributes that affect longissimus muscle tenderness in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle . J. Anim. Sci , 68 ( 9 ) : 2716 – 2728 .
  • Wohlfart , B. , Grimm , A. F. and Edman , K. A. P. 1977 . Relationship between sarcomere length and active force in rabbit papillary muscle . Acta Physiol. Scand , 101 ( 2 ) : 155 – 164 .
  • Wu , H. W. , Kuhn , T. and Moy , V. N. 1998 . Mechanical properties of L929 fibroblasts measured by atomic force microscopy: Effects of anticytoskeletal drugs and membrane crosslinking . Scanning , 20 ( 5 ) : 389 – 397 .
  • Yadavalli , V. K. , Forbes , J. G. and Wang , K. 2009 . Nanomechanics of full-length nebulin: An elastic strain gauge in the skeletal muscle sarcomere . Langmuir , 25 ( 13 ) : 7496 – 7505 .
  • Yamada , T. , Kunioka , Y. , Jun’ichi Wakayama , M. A. , Noguchi , Y. , Akiyama , N. and Kayamori , T. 2003 . “ Molecular organizations of myofibrils of skeletal muscle studied by atomic force microscopy ” . In Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Muscle Contraction , Edited by: Sugi , H. 285 – 294 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher .
  • Yoshikawa , Y. , Yasuike , T. , Yagi , A. and Yamada , T. 1999 . Transverse elasticity of myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle studied by atomic force microscopy . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , 256 ( 1 ) : 13 – 19 .
  • Zhang , S. , Kraus , W. E. and Truskey , G. A. 2004 . Stretch-induced nitric oxide modulates mechanical properties of skeletal muscle cells . Am. J. Physiol , 287 : C292 – C299 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.