1,328
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Rapid Detection of Chemical Hazards (Toxins, Dioxins, and PCBs) in Seafood

, &
Pages 1473-1528 | Received 26 Sep 2011, Accepted 12 Nov 2011, Published online: 28 Feb 2014

REFERENCES

  • Ahasan , H. A. M. N. , Mamun , A. A. , Karim , S. R. , Bakar , M. A. , Gazi , E. A. and Bala , C. S. 2004 . Paralytic Complications of Puffer Fish (Tetrodotoxin) Poisoning . Singapore Med. J. , 45 ( 2 ) : 73 – 74 .
  • Ahmed , F. E. 1991 . Naturally Occurring Seafood Toxins . J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. , 10 ( 3 ) : 263 – 287 .
  • Ahmed , F. E. 1992 . Review: Assessing and managing risk due to consumption of seafood contaminated with microorganisms, parasites, and natural toxins in the US . Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. , 27 : 243 – 260 .
  • Ahn , S. and Durst , R. A. 2008 . Detection of cholera toxin in seafood using a ganglioside-liposome immunoassay . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 391 : 473 – 478 .
  • Ahn-Yoon , S. , DeCory , T. R. and Durst , R. A. 2004 . Ganglioside–liposome immunoassay for the detection of botulinum toxin . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 378 : 68 – 75 .
  • Alfonso , A. , Vieytes , M. R. , Yasumoto , T. and Botana , L. M. 2004 . A rapid microplate fluorescence method to detect yessotoxins based on their capacity to activate phosphodiesterases . Anal. Biochem. , 326 : 93 – 99 .
  • Anderson , D. M. , Sullivan , J. J. and Reguera , B. 1989 . Paralytic shellfish poisoning in northwest Spain: the toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum . Toxicon , 27 ( 6 ) : 665 – 674 .
  • Australia New Zealand Food Authority . 2001 . Shellfish toxins in food . A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment , Available at: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/TR14.pdf. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • Bates , H. A. , Kostriken , R. and Rapoport , H. 1978 . The occurrence of saxitoxin and other toxins in verious dinoflagellates . Toxicon , 16 : 595 – 601 .
  • Bayen , S. , Koroleva , E. , Lee , H. K. and Obbard , J. P. 2005 . Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. , 68 : 151 – 166 .
  • Ben-Gigirey , B. and Villar-Gonzalez , A. 2008 . Chemical Analysis in Seafood freshwater toxins , Boca Raton , , US : Taylor & Francis .
  • Blanco , J. , de la Puente , M. B. , Arévalo , F. , Salgado , C. and Moroño , Á. 2002 . Depuration of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) contaminated with domoic acid . Aquat. Living Resour. , 15 : 53 – 60 .
  • Bordajandi , L. R. , Martin , I. , Abad , E. , Rivera , J. and Gonzalez , M. J. 2006 . Organochlorine compounds (PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) in seafish and seafood from the Spanish Atlantic Southwest Coast . Chemosphere , 64 : 1450 – 1457 .
  • Bouaicha , N. , Hennion , M. C. and Sandra , P. 1997 . Determination of okadaic acid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with ultraviolet detection . Toxicon , 35 ( 2 ) : 273 – 281 .
  • Bourdy , G. , Cabalionb , P. , Amade , P. and Laurenta , D. 1992 . Traditional remedies used in the Western Pacific for the treatment of ciguatera poisoning . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 36 : 163 – 114 .
  • Bowers , H. A. , Tengs , T. , Glasgow , H. B. , Burkholadder , J. M. , Rublee , P. A. and Oldach , D. W. 2000 . Development of real-time PCR assays for rapid detection of Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 ( 11 ) : 4641 – 4648 .
  • Buchholz , U. , Mouzin , E. , Dickey , R. , Moolenaar , R. , Sass , N. and Mascola , L. 2000 . Haff Disease: From the Baltic Sea to the U.S. Shore . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 6 ( 2 ) : 192 – 195 .
  • Burton , J. E. , Dorociak , I. R. , Schwedler , T. E. and Rice , C. D. 2002 . Circulating lysozyme and hepatic CYP1A activities during a chronic dietary exposure to tributyttin (TBT) and 3,3′,4,4′,5- pentachlorobbiphenyl (PCB-126) mixtures in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. , 65 : 589 – 602 .
  • Butera , R. , Prockop , L. D. , Buonocore , M. , Locatelli , C. , Gandini , C. and Mano , L. 2000 . Mild ciguatera poisoning: case reports with neurophysiological evaluations . Muscle Nerve , 23 : 1598 – 1603 .
  • Canadian guidelines for chemical contaminants and toxins in fish and fish products . 2007 . Canadian Food Inspection Agency . Available from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/fispoi/man/samnem/app3e.shtml. Accessed 21 September, 2011
  • Carvalho , C. M. L. , Matos , A. I. N. M. , Mateus , M. L. , Santos , A. P. M. and Batoréu , M. C. C. 2008 . High-Fish consumption and risk prevention: assessment of exposure to methylmercury in Portugal . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. , 71 : 1279 – 1288 .
  • Cembella , A. D. , Sullivan , J. J. , Boyer , G. L. , Taylor , F. J. R. and Andersen , R. J. 1987 . Variation in paralytic shellfish toxin composition within the Pmtogonyaulax tamarensislcatenella species complex; Red tide dinoflagellates . Biochem. Systematics and Ecology , 15 ( 2 ) : 171 – 188 .
  • Chan , H. M. , Chan , K. M. and Dickman , M. 1999 . Organochlorines in Hong Kong Fish . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 39 ( 1–12 ) : 346 – 351 .
  • Chen , H. C. , Kung , H. F. , Chen , W. C. , Lin , W. F. , Hwang , D. F. , Lee , Y. C. and Tsai , Y. H. 2008 . Determination of histamine and histamine-forming bacteria in tuna dumpling implicated in a food-borne poisoning . Food Chem. , 106 : 612 – 618 .
  • Ciminiello , P. , Dell’Aversano , C. , Fattorusso , E. , Forino , M. , Grauso , L. , Magno , S. G. , Poletti , R. and Tartaglione , L. 2007 . Desulfoyessotoxins from adriatic mussels: a new problem for seafood safety control . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 20 ( 1 ) : 95 – 98 .
  • Codd , G. A. , Bell , S. G. , Kaya , K. , Ward , C. J. , Beattie , K. A. and Metcalf , J. S. 1999 . Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and human health . Eur. J. Phycol. , 34 : 405 – 415 .
  • Codd , G. A. , Morrison , L. F. and Metcalf , J. S. 2005 . Cyanobacterial toxins: risk management for health protection . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 203 : 264 – 272 .
  • Croci , L. , Cozzi , L. , Stacchini , A. , Medici , D. and Toti , L. 1997 . A rapid tissue culture assay for the detection of okadaic acid and related compounds in mussels . Toxicon , 35 ( 2 ) : 223 – 230 .
  • De Haro , L. , Hayek-Lanthois , M. , Joossen , F. , Affaton , M. F. and Jouglard , J. 1997 . Mass ciguatera poisoning after eating barracuda in Mexico: prognostic and therapeutic implications . Trop. Med. , 57 ( 1 ) : 55 – 58 .
  • Dickey , R. W. , Fryxell , G. A. , Granade , H. R. and Roelke , D. 1992 . Detection of the marine toxins okadaic acid and domoic acid in shellfish and phytoplankton in the gulf of Mexico . Toxicon , 30 ( 3 ) : 355 – 359 .
  • Dickey , R. W. , Bobzin , S. C. , Fauikner , D. J. , Bencsath , A. and Andrzejewski , D. 1990 . Identification of okadaic acid from a caribbean Dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum concayum . Toxicon , 28 ( 4 ) : 371 – 377 .
  • Domingo , J. L. and Bocio , A. 2007 . Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: A literature review . Environ. Int. , 33 : 397 – 405 .
  • Doucette , G. J. , Margaret , M. L. , Ramsdell , J. S. and Van Dolah , F. M. 1997 . Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . Toxicon , 35 ( 5 ) : 625 – 636 .
  • Draisci , R. , Lucentini , L. , Giannetti , L. , Boria , P. and Poletti , R. 1996 . First report of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in algae (Dinophisis fortii) related to seafood poisoning in Europe . Toxicon , 34 ( 8 ) : 923 – 935 .
  • Draisci , R. , Lucentini , L. , Giannetti , L. , Boria , P. and Stacchini , A. 1995 . Detection of diarrhoetic shellfish toxins in mussels fromitaly by Iionspray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . Toxicon , 33 ( 12 ) : 1591 – 1603 .
  • Draisci , R. , Palleschi , L. , Giannetti , L. , Lucentini , L. , James , K. J. , Bishop , A. G. , Satake , M. and Yasumoto , T. 1999 . New approach to the direct detection of known and new diarrhoeic shellfish toxins in mussels and phytoplankton by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A. , 847 : 213 – 221 .
  • Emborg , J. and Dalgaard , P. 2006 . Formation of histamine and biogenic amines in cold-smoked tuna: An investigation of psychrotolerant bacteria from Samples implicated in cases of histamine fish poisoning . J. Food Prot. , 69 ( 4 ) : 897 – 906 .
  • Feldman , K. A. , Werner , S. B. , Cronan , S. , Hernandez , M. , Horvath , A. R. , Lea , C. S. , Au , A. M. and Vugia , D. J. 2004 . A large outbreak of scombroid fish poisoning associated with eating escolar fish (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) . Epidemiol. Infect. , 133 : 29 – 33 .
  • Foekema , E. M. , Deerenberg , C. M. and Murk , A. J. 2008 . Prolonged ELS test with the marine flatfish sole (Solea solea) shows delayed toxic effects of previous exposure to PCB 126 . Aquat. Toxicol. , 90 : 197 – 203 .
  • Foo , L. Y. 1975 . Scombroid-type poisoning induced by the ingestion of smoked kahawai . New Zeland Med. J. , 81 ( 540 ) : 476 – 477 .
  • Fremy , J. M. , Park , D. L. , Gleizes , E. , Mohapatra , S. K. , Goldsmith , C. H. and Sikorska , H. M. 1994 . Application of immunochemical methods for the detection of okadaic acid in mussels . J. Nat. Toxins , 3 : 95 – 105 .
  • Fremy , J. M. , Puech , L. , Krys , S. and Dragacci , S. 1999 . Recent advances in analytical procedures for the detection of diarrhetic phycotoxins: a review . J. Appl. Phycol. , 11 : 377 – 384 .
  • Furey , A. , Brana-Magdalena , A. , Lehane , M. , Moroney , C. , James , K. J. , Satake , M. and Yasumoto , T. 2002 . Determination of azaspiracids in shellfish using liquid chromatography/tandem electrospray mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , 16 : 238 – 242 .
  • Gago-Martinez , A. , Pineiro , N. , Aguete , E. C. , Vaquero , E. , Nogueiras , M. , Leão , J. M. , Rodriguez-Vàzquez , J. A. and Dabek-Zlotorzynska , E. 2003 . Further improvements in the application of high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography to the analysis of algal toxins in the aquatic environment . J. Chromatogr. A , 992 : 159 – 168 .
  • Garthwaite , I. 2000 . Keeping shellfish safe to eat: A brief review of shellfish toxins, and methods for their detection . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 11 : 235 – 244 .
  • Hahn , M. E. 2002 . Biomarkers and bioassays for detecting dioxin-like compounds in the marine environment . Sci. Total Environ. , 289 : 49 – 69 .
  • Hall , M. 2003 . Something fishy: Six patients with an unusual cause of food poisoning . Emerg. Med. , 15 : 293 – 295 .
  • Henny , C. J. , Kaiser , J. L. and Grove , R. A. 2009 . PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, OC pesticides and mercury in fish and osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon (1993, 2001 and 2006) with calculated biomagnification factors . Ecotoxicology , 18 : 151 – 173 .
  • Hermanussen , S. , Matthews , V. , Papke , O. , Limpus , C. J. and Gaus , C. 2008 . Flame retardants (PBDEs) in marine turtles, dugongs and seafood from Queensland, Australia . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 57 : 409 – 418 .
  • Hesp , B. R. , Harrison , J. C. , Selwood , AI. , Holland , P. T. and Kerr , D. S. 2005 . Detection of domoic acid in rat serum and brain by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) . Anal Bioanal Chem. , 383 : 783 – 786 .
  • Hess , P. , Morris , S. , Stobo , L. A. , Brown , N. A. , McEvoy , J. D. G. , Kennedy , G. , Young , P. B. , Slattery , D. , McGovern , E. , McMahon , T. and Gallacher , S. 2005 . LC-UV and LC-MS methods for the determination of domoic acid . Trends Anal. Chem. , 24 ( 4 ) : 358 – 365 .
  • Hinck , J. E. , Norstrom , R. J. , Orazio , C. E. , Schmitt , C. J. and Tillitt , D. E. 2009 . Persistence of organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Tombigbee River (Alabama, USA): Continuing risk to wildlife from a former DDT manufacturing facility . Environ. Poll. , 157 : 582 – 591 .
  • Hitzfeld , B. C. , Höger , S. J. and Dietrich , D. R. 1999 . Cyanobacterial toxins: Removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment . Environ. Toxicol. , 108 ( 1 ) : 113 – 122 .
  • Ho , J. A. , Wu , L. C. , Huang , M. R. , Lin , Y. J. , Baeumner , A. J. and Durst , R. A. 2008 . Application of ganglioside-sensitized liposomes in a flow injection immunoanalytical system for the determination of cholera toxin . Anal. Chem. , 79 ( 1 ) : 246 – 250 .
  • Hokama , Y. 1988 . Ciguatera Fish Poisoning . J. Clin. Lab. Anal. , 2 : 44 – 50 .
  • Hokama , Y. , Shirai , L. K. , Iwamoto , L. M. , Kobayashi , M. N. , Goto , C. S. and Nakagawa , L. K. 1987 . Assessment of a rapid enzyme immunoassay stick test for the detection of ciguatoxin and Rrelated polyether toxins in fish tissues . Biol. Bull. , 172 : 144 – 153 .
  • Honkanen , E. R. , Stapleton , J. D. , Bryan , D. E. and Abercrombie , J. 1996 . Development of a protein phosphahase-based assay for the detection of phosphatase inhibitors in crude whole cell and animal extracts . Toxicon , 34 ( 11/12 ) : 1385 – 1392 .
  • Hummert , C. , Reichelt , M. and Luckas , B. 1997 . Automatic HPLC-UV Determination of Domoic Acid in Mussels and Algae . Chromatographia , 45 : 284 – 288 .
  • Humpage , A. R. , Ledreux , A. , Fanok , S. , Bernard , C. , Briand , J-F. , Eaglesham , G. , Parageorgiou , J. , Nicholson , B. and Steffensen , D. 2007 . Appiicaion of the Neuroblastoma assay for paralytic Sshellfish poisons to neurotoxic freshwater Cyanobacteria: interlaboratory calibration and comparison with other methods of analysis . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 26 ( 7 ) : 1512 – 1519 .
  • Hung , Y. M. , Hung , S. Y. , Chou , K. J. , Huang , N. C. , Tung , C. N. , Hwang , D. F. and Chung , H. M. 2005 . Short report: Persistent bradycardia caused by ciguaoxin poisoning after barracuda fish eggs ingestion in southern Taiwan . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 73 ( 6 ) : 1026 – 1027 .
  • Hwang , D. F. , Chang , S. H. , Shisau , C. Y. and Cheng , C. C. 1995 . Biogenic amines in the flesh of sailfish (Istiophorus plafypferus) responsible for scorn broid poisoning . J. food Sci. , 60 ( 5 ) : 926 – 928 .
  • Iannuzzi , M. , D’Ignazio , N. , Bressy , L. and De Sio , A. 2007 . Severe scombroid fish poisoning syndrome requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation in the emergency department: two case reports . Minerva Anestesiol. , 73 ( 9 ) : 481 – 483 .
  • Ibelings , B. W. and Chorus , I. 2007 . Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health: A review . Environ. Poll. , 150 : 177 – 192 .
  • Inagaki , K. , Kuroiwa , T. , Narukawa , T. , Yarita , T. , Takatsu , A. , Okamoto , K. and Chiba , K. 2008 . Certification of methylmercury in cod fish tissue certified reference material by species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometric analysis . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 391 : 2047 – 2054 .
  • Indrasena , W. M. and Gill , T. A. 1998 . Fluorometric detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . Anal. Biochem. , 264 : 230 – 236 .
  • Inoue , M. and Hirama , M. 2004 . Evolution of a Practical Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin CTX3C . Acc. Chem. Res. , 37 ( 12 ) : 961 – 968 .
  • James , K. J. , Bishop , A. G. , Gillman , M. , Kelly , S. S. , Roden , C. , Draisci , R. , Lucentini , L. , Giannetti , L. and Boria , P. 1997 . Liquid chromatography with fluorimetric, mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric detection for the investigastion of the seafood-toxin-producing phytoplankton, Dinophysis acuta . J. Chromatogra. A. , 777 : 213 – 221 .
  • James , K. J. , Furey , A. , Lehane , M. , Ramstad , H. , Aune , T. , Hovgaard , P. , Morris , S. , Higman , W. , Satake , M. and Yasumoto , T. 2002 . First evidence of an extensive northern European distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish . Toxicon , 40 : 909 – 915 .
  • James , K. J. , Gillman , M. , Lehane , M. and Gago-Martinez , A. 2000 . New fluorimetric method of liquid chromatography for the determination of the neurotoxin domoic acid in seafood and marine phytoplankton . J. Chromatogr. A , 871 : 1 – 6 .
  • Jellett , J. F. , Roberts , R. L. , Laycock , M. V. , Quilliam , M. A. and Barrett , R. E. 2002 . Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST Alerte, a new rapid test, in parallel with the regulatory AOAC® mouse bioassay . Toxicon , 40 : 1407 – 1425 .
  • Jinneman , K. C. , Yoshitomi , K. J. and Weagant , S. D. 2003 . Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method To Identify Shiga Toxin Genes stx1 and stx2 and Escherichia coli O157:H7/H−Serotype . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 ( 10 ) : 6327 – 6333 .
  • Jørgensen , K. and Jensen , L. B. 2004 . Distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in consignments of blue mussel . Food Addit. Contam. , 21 ( 4 ) : 341 – 347 .
  • Jørgensen , K. , Scanlon , S. and Jensen , L. B. 2005 . Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin esters in Danish blue mussels and surf clams . Food Addit. Contam. , 22 ( 8 ) : 743 – 751 .
  • Kalamaki , M. , Price , R. J. and Fung , D. Y. C. 1997 . Rapid methods for identifying seafood microbial pathogens and toxins . J. Rapid Methods Automat Microbiol , 5 : 87 – 137 .
  • Kania , M. , Kreuzer , M. , Moore , E. , Pravda , M. , Hock , B. and Guilbault , G. 2003 . Development of polyclonal antibodies against domoic acid for their use in electrochemical biosensors . Anal. Lett. , 36 ( 9 ) : 1851 – 1863 .
  • Kawatsu , K. and Hamano , Y. 2000 . Determination of domoic acid in japanese mussels by enzyme immunoassay . J. AOAC Int. , 83 ( 6 ) : 1384 – 1386 .
  • Kerr , D. S. , Briggs , D. M. and Saba , H. I. 1999 . A neurophysiological method of rapid detection and analysis of marine algal toxins . Toxicon , 37 : 1803 – 1825 .
  • Kerr , M. , Lawicki , P. , Aguirre , S. and Rayner , C. 2002 . Effect of Storage Conditions on Histamine Formation in Fresh and Canned Tuna . Victorian Government Department of Human Services , Edition 1. Available at: http://portal.organic-edunet.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7425&catid=1&Itemid=103. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • Kimura , B. , Kawasaki , S. , Nakano , H. and Fujii , T. 2001 . Rapid, Quantitative PCR Monitoring of Growth of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Modified-Atmosphere-Packaged Fish . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 ( 1 ) : 206 – 216 .
  • Kreuzer , M. P. , Pravda , M. , O’Sullivan , C. K. and Guilbault , G. G. 2002 . Novel electrochemical immunosensors for seafood toxin analysis . Toxicon , 40 : 1267 – 1274 .
  • Krock , B. , Tillmann , U. , John , U. and Cembella , A. 2008 . LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 392 : 797 – 803 .
  • Kuballa , T. , Leonhardt , E. , Schoeberl , K. and Lachenmeier , D. W. 2009 . Determination of methylmercury in fish and seafood using optimized digestion and derivatization followed by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 228 : 425 – 431 .
  • Kumar , H. S. , Karunasagar , I. , Karunasagar , I. , Teizou , T. , Shima , K. and Yamasaki , S. 2004 . Characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from seafood and beef . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 233 : 173 – 178 .
  • Kumar , H. S. , Otta , S. K. , Karunasagar , I. and Karunasagar , I. 2001 . Detection of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in fresh seafood and meat marketed in Mangalore, India by PCR . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 33 : 334 – 338 .
  • Lana , R. , Vavrova , M. , Caslavsk , J. , Skoumalova , M. , Bilkova , A. and Sucman , E. 2008 . PCBs in Samples from the Environment of the Southern Moravia Region, Czech Republic . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 81 : 574 – 77 .
  • Lassus , P. , Fremy , J. M. , Ledoux , M. , Bardouil , M. and Bohec , M. 1989 . Patterns of Experimental contamination by protogonyauiax tamarensis in some frence commercial shellfish . Toxicon , 27 ( 12 ) : 1313 – 1321 .
  • Laurent , D. , Kerbrat , A. S. , Darius , H. T. , Girard , E. , Golubic , S. , Benoit , E. , Sauviat , M. P. , Chinain , M. , Molgo , J. and Pauillac , S. 2008 . Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-like outbreaks in New Caledonia? . Harmful Algae. , 7 : 827 – 838 .
  • Lawrence , J. F. , Cleroux , C. and Truelove , J. F. 1994 . Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography with radioimmunoassay for the determination of domoic acid in biological samples . J. Chromarogr. A. , 662 : 173 – 177 .
  • Lawrence , I. F. and Scott , P. M. 2000 . HPLC methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins . Tech. Instrum. Anal. Chem. , 21 : 413 – 456 .
  • Lechuga-Deveze , C. H. and Sierra-Beltran , A. P. 1995 . Documented case of ciguatera on the Mexican Pacific coast . Nat. Toxins. , 3 ( 6 ) : 415 – 418 .
  • Lehane , L. and Lewis , R. J. 2000 . Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 61 : 91 – 125 .
  • Lehane , L. and Olley , J. 2000 . Histamine fish poisoning revisited . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 58 : 1 – 37 .
  • Lehane , L. 2001 . Paralytic shellfish poisoning: A potential public health problem . Med. J. Australia , 1 : 29 – 31 .
  • Lipps , B. V. 2002 . In vitro assay of biological and chemical toxins using antibodies against lethal toxin neutralizing factor . J. Venomous Animals and Toxins. , Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104–79302002000200003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • López-Rivera , A. , Suárez-Isla , B. A. , Beaudry , P. P. E. C. G. , Hall , S. , Furey , M. F. A. A. and James , K. J. 2005 . Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of domoic acid and analogues in shellfish: Effect of pH . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 381 : 1540 – 1545 .
  • Louzao , M. C. , Vieytes , M. R. , Baptista de Sousa , J. M. V. , Leira , F. and Botana , L. M. 2001 . A fluorimetric method based on changes in membrane potential for screening paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels . Anal. Biochem. , 289 : 246 – 250 .
  • Lozano-León , A. , Torres , J. , Osorio , C. R. and Martínez-Urtaza , J. 2003 . Identification of tdh-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus from an outbreak associated with raw oyster consumption in Spain . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 226 ( 2 ) : 281 – 284 .
  • Luckas , B. 1992 . Phycotoxins in seafood-toxicological and chromatographic aspects . J. Chromatogr. , 624 : 439 – 456 .
  • Lyon , W. J. 2001 . TaqMan PCR for Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, Non-O1, and Non-O139 in Pure Cultures, Raw Oysters, and Synthetic Seawater . Applied and Environ. Microbiol. , 67 ( 10 ) : 4685 – 4693 .
  • Mackay , D. and Fraser , A. 2000 . Bioaccumulation of persistent organic chemicals: mechanisms and models . Environ. Poll. , 110 ( 3 ) : 375 – 391 .
  • Mackintosh , F. H. , Gallacher , S. , Shanks , A. M. and Smith , E. A. 2002 . Assessment of MIST AlertTM, a commercial qualitative assay for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs . J. AOAC Int. , 85 ( 3 ) : 632 – 641 .
  • Mafra , L. L. Jr , Bricalj , V. M. and Fennel , K. 2010 . Domoic acid uptake and elimination kinetics in oysters and mussels in relation to body size and anatomical distribution of toxin . Aquat. Toxicol. , 100 : 17 – 29 .
  • Maire , R. , Dreiding , K. and Wyss , P. A. 1992 . Incidence and clinical aspects of scombroid fish poisoning . Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. , 122 ( 50 ) : 1933 – 5 .
  • Manger , R. L. , Leja , L. S. , Lee , S. Y. and Hungerford , J. M. 2003 . Detection of paralytic shellfish poison by rapid cell bioassay: Antagonism of voltage-gated sodium channel active toxins in vitro . J. AOAC Int. , 86 ( 3 ) : 540 – 543 .
  • Mankiewicz , J. , Tarczymska , M. , Walter , Z. and Zalewski , M. 2003 . Natural toxins from Cyanobacteria . Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica. , 45 ( 2 ) : 9 – 20 .
  • Melinek , R. , Rein , K. S. , Schultz , D. R. and Baden , D. G. 1994 . Brevetoxin PbTx-2 immunology: Differential epitope recognition by antibodies from two goats . Toxicon , 32 ( 8 ) : 883 – 890 .
  • Micheli , L. , Radoi , A. , Guarrina , R. , Massaud , R. , Bala , C. , Moscone , D. and Palleschi , G. 2004 . Disposable immunosensor for the determination of domoic acid in shellfish . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 20 : 190 – 196 .
  • Mines , D. , Stahmer , S. and Shepherd , S. M. 1997 . Poisonings: food, fish, shellfish . Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. , 15 : 157 – 77 .
  • MMWR . 2006 . Ciguatera fish poisoning-Texas, 1998, and South Carolina, 2004 . Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5534a2.htm. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • Moon , H. B. and Ok , G. 2006 . Dietary intake of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of various marine organisms from Korea . Chemosphere , 62 : 1142 – 1152 .
  • Moon , H. , B. and Choi , H. G. 2008 . Human exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs associated with seafood consumption in Korea from 2005 to 2007 . Environ. Int. , 35 : 279 – 284 .
  • Moore , C. J. 2000 . A Review Of Mercury In The Environment (Its Occurrence In Marine Fish). Office of Environmental Management Marine Resources Division South Carilina Department of Natural Resources . Available from: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/img/mm_paper.pdf. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • Morris , P. D. , Campbell , D. S. and Freeman , J. I. 1990 . Ciguatera fish poisoning: An outbreak associated with fish caught from North Carolina coastal waters . South. Med. J. , 83 ( 4 ) : 379 – 382 .
  • Muller , G. J. , Lamprecht , J. H. , Barnes , J. M. , De Villiers , R. V. P. , Honeth , B. R. and Hoffman , B. A. 1992 . Scombroid poisoning. Case series of 10 incidents involving 22 patients . S. Afr. Med. J. , 81 ( 8 ) : 427 – 430 .
  • Naar , J. , Bourdelais , A. , Tomas , C. , Kubanek , J. , Whitney , P. L. , Flewelling , L. , Steidinger , K. , Lancaster , J. and Baden , D. G. 2002 . A competitive ELISA to detect brevetoxins from karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish and mammalian body fluid . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 110 ( 2 ) : 179 – 185 .
  • Nakamura , M. , Oshima , Y. and Yasumoto , T. 1984 . Occurrence of Saxitoxin in puffer fish . Toxicon , 22 ( 3 ) : 381 – 385 .
  • Nicholson , R. A. , Li , G. H. , Buenaventura , E. and Graham , D. 2002 . A rapid and sensitive assay for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) toxins using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes . Toxicon , 40 : 831 – 838 .
  • Nijjar , M. S. , MacKenzie , P. M. and Brown , J. A. 1992 . A procedure for large-scale purification of domoic acid from toxic blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) . Mol. Cell. Biochem. , 115 : 213 – 217 .
  • Noone , J. 1996 . A case of ciguatera fish poisoning . Emerg. Nurs. Assoc. , 22 : 101 – 104 .
  • Oguri , H. , Hirama , M. , Tsumuraya , T. , Fujii , I. , Maruyama , M. , Uehara , H. and Nagumo , Y. 2003 . Synthesis-based approach toward direct sandwich immunoassay for ciguatoxin CTX3C . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 7608 – 7612 .
  • Ohnuma , S. , Higa , M. , Hamanaka , S. , Matsushima , K. and Yamamuro , W. 2001 . Int. Med. , 40 : 833 – 835 .
  • Okumura , M. , Tsuzuki , H. and Tomita , B-I. 2005 . A rapid detection method for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by cell bioassay . Toxicon , 46 : 93 – 98 .
  • Opa , J. L. , Stephenson , L. , Goggin , D. , Lalara , E. , Hansen-Kanrhoi , M. , Fairley , M. and Krause , V. 2006 . Reporting of ciguatera food poisoning . The Northern Territory Dis. Control Bull. , 13 ( 3 ) : 1 – 2 .
  • Opheim , J. 2004 . Environmental toxins , CEO of Nordic Naturals . Available at: http://www.onlynaturalpet.com/images/nntoxins.pdf. Accessed 21 September 2011
  • Osborne , N. J. T. , Webb , P. M. and Shaw , G. R. 2001 . The toxins of Lyngbya majuscula and their human and ecological health effects . Environ. Int. , 27 : 381 – 392 .
  • Palafox , N. A. and Buenconsejo-Lum , L. E. 2001 . Ciguatera fish poisoning: review of clinical manifestations . J. Toxicol.–Toxin Rev. , 20 ( 2 ) : 141 – 160 .
  • Palleschi , G. , Moscone , D. and Micheli , L. 2000 . “ The rapid detection of toxins in food: A case study ” . In Rapid and on-line instrumentation for food quality assurance , Edited by: Tothill , I. E. 116 – 135 . Cambridge , , England : Woodhead Publishing in Food Science and Technology .
  • Pérez-Arellano , J. L. , Luzardo , O. P. , Brito , A. P. , Cabrera , M. H. , Zumbado , M. , Carranza , C. , Angel-Moreno , A. , Dickey , R. W. and Boada , L. D. 2005 . Ciguatera fish poisoning, Canary Islands . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 11 ( 12 ) : 1981 – 1982 .
  • Pierce , R. H. and Kirkpattrick , G. J. 2001 . Innovative Techniques for harmful algal toxin analyses . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 20 ( 1 ) : 107 – 114 .
  • Pleasance , S. , Quilliam , M. A. , De Freitas , A. W. S. , Marr , J. C. and Cembella , A. D. 1990 . Ion-spray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. II. Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in plankton by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , 4 : 206 – 213 .
  • Pleasance , S. , Thibault , P. and Kelly , J. 1992 . Comparison of liquid-junction and coaxial interforces for capillary elctrophoresis-mass spectrometry with application to compounds of concern to the aquaculture industry . J. Chromatogr. , 591 : 325 – 339 .
  • Pommepuy , M. and Guyader , F. 1998 . Molecular approaches to measuring microbial marine pollution . Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , 9 : 292 – 299 .
  • Pottier , I. , Vernoux , J. P. and Lewis , R. J. 2001 . Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean islands and Western Atlantic . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 168 : 99 – 141 .
  • Powell , C. L. and Doucette , J. G. 1999 . A receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: recent advances and applications . Nat. Toxins. , 7 : 393 – 400 .
  • Puente , P. F. , Saez , M. J. F. , Hamilton , B. , Lehane , M. , Ramstad , H. , Furey , A. and James , K. J. 2004 . Rapid determination of polyether marine toxins using liquid chromatography-multiple tandem mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A. , 1056 : 77 – 82 .
  • Quilliam , M. A. 1995 . Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorometric and mass spectrometric detection . J. AOAC Int. , 78 ( 2 ) : 555 – 569 .
  • Quilliam , M. A. , Sim , P. G. , McCulloch , A. W. and McInnes , A. G. 1989 . High-performance liquid chromatography of domoic acid, a marine neurotoxin, with application to shellfish and plankton . Int. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 36 : 139 – 154 .
  • Quilliam , M. A. , Thomas , K. and Wright , J. L. C. 1998 . Analysis of domoic acid in shellfish by thin-layer chromatography . Nat. Toxins , 6 : 147 – 152 .
  • Quod , J. P. and Turquet , J. 1996 . Ciguatera in reunion island (Swindian ocean): Epidemiology and clinical patterns . Toxicon , 34 ( 7 ) : 779 – 785 .
  • 2004 . Report of the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO ad hoc Expert Consultation on Biotoxins in Bivalve Molluscs. Advance pre-publication copy . Available from: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/biotoxin_report_en.pdf. Accessed 21 September, 2011
  • Reyes , L. H. , Rahman , G. M. M. , Fahrenholz , T. and Kingston , H. M. S. 2008 . Comparison of methods with respect to efficiencies, recoveries and quantitation of mercury species interconversions in food demonstrated using tuna fish . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 390 : 2123 – 2132 .
  • Rivera , I. G. , Chowdhury , M. A. R. , Sanchez , P. S. , Sato , M. I. , Huq , A. , Colwell , R. R. and Martins , M. T. 1995 . Detection of cholera (cfx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae 01, 0139 and non-01 strains . World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 11 : 572 – 577 .
  • Rossini , G. P. 2005 . Functional assays in marine biotoxin detection . Toxicology , 207 : 451 – 462 .
  • Russell , F. E. and Egen , N. B. 1991 . Ciguateric Fishes, Ciguatoxin (CTX) and Ciguatera Poisoning . J. Toxicol.–Toxin Rev. , 10 ( 1 ) : 37 – 62 .
  • Selwood , A. I. , Ginkel , R. , Wilkins , A. L. , Munday , R. , Ramsdell , J. S. , Jensen , D. J. , Cooney , J. M. and Miles , C. O. 2008 . Semisynthesis of s-desoxybrevetoxin-B2 and brevetoxin-B2, and assessment of their acute toxicities . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 21 : 944 – 950 .
  • Shimojo , R. Y. and Iwaoka , W. T. 2000 . A rapid hemolysis assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific marine toxins . Toxicology , 154 : 1 – 7 .
  • Shumway , S. E. 1990 . A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture . J. World Aquaculture Soc. , 21 ( 2 ) : 65 – 103 .
  • Sigmundsdóttir , G. , Magnússon , S. , Ingólfsson , R. , Thorvaldsdóttir , I. R. , Haraldsdóttir , V. and Gíslason , D . 2005 . Scombroid poisoning at an Icelandic restaurant . Laeknabladid , 91 ( 3 ) : 251 – 253 .
  • Simidu , U. , Noguchi , T. , Hwang , D. F. , Shida , Y. and Hashimoto , K. 1987 . Marine bacteria which produce tetrodotoxin . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 53 ( 7 ) : 1714 – 1715 .
  • Smart , D. R. 1992 . Scombroid poisoning. A report of seven cases involving the Western Australian salmon, Arripis truttaceus. . Med. J. , 157 ( 11–12 ) : 748 – 51 .
  • Smith , W. and Hokama , Y. 1998 . Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-Texas, 1997 . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 280 ( 16 ) : 1394 – 1395 .
  • Sobel , J. and Painter , J. 2005 . Illnesses caused by marine toxins . Clin. Infect. Dis. , 41 : 1290 – 1296 .
  • Stell , I. M. 1997 . Trouble with tuna: two cases of scombrotoxin poisoning . J. Accid. Emerg. Med. , 14 : 110 – 117 .
  • Stobo , L. A. , Lacaze , J-P. C. L. , Scott , C. A. , Gallacher , S. and Smith , E. A. 2005 . Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry- detection of lipophilic shellfish toxins . J. AOAC Int. , 88 ( 5 ) : 1371 – 1382 .
  • Streftaris , N. and Zenetos , A. 2006 . Alien marine species in the Mediterranean- the 100 ‘Worst Invasives’ and their impact . Mediterr. Mar. Sci. , 7 ( 1 ) : 87 – 118 .
  • Sullivan , J. J. , Simon , M. G. and Iwaoka , W. T. 1983 . Comparison of HPLC and mouse bioassay methods for determining PSP toxins in shellfish . J. Food Sci. , 48 : 1312 – 1314 .
  • Sullivan , J. J. , Wekell , M. M. and Kentala , L. L. 1985 . Application of HPLC for the determination of PSP toxins in shellfish . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 26 – 29 .
  • Swaddiwundhipong , W. , Kunasol , P. , Sangwanloy , O. and Srisomporn , D. 1989 . Foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical etiology in Thailand, 1981–1987 . Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. , 20 ( 1 ) : 125 – 132 .
  • Takai , A. , Sasaki , K. , Nagai , H. , Mieskes , G. , Isobe , M. , Isono , K. and Yasumoto , T. 1995 . Affinity of okadaic acid to type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases is markedly reduced by oxidation of 27-hydroxyl group . Biochem. J. , 306 : 657 – 666 .
  • Takai , S. , Sawada , T. and Isobe , M. 2003 . Convergent synthesis of the E’FGH ring fragment of ciguatoxin 1B via an acetylene cobalt complex strategy . J. Org. Chem. , 68 ( 8 ) : 3225 – 3231 .
  • Taylor , S. L. , Guhertz , L. S. , Leatherwood , M. and Lieber , E. R. 1979 . Histamine Production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an Incident of Scombroid Fish Poisoningt . Appl Environ Microbiol. , 37 : 274 – 278 .
  • Taylor , S. L. and Speckhard , M. W. 1983 . Isolation of histamine-producing bacteria from frozen tuna . Mar. Fisheries Rev. , 45 ( 4–6 ) : 35 – 39 .
  • Terao , K. , Ito , E. , Yanagi , T. and Yasumoto , T. 1986 . Histopathological studies on experimental marine toxin poisoning. I. Ultrastructural changes in the smallintestine and liver of suckling mice induced by dinophysistoxin-1 and pectenotoxin-1 . Toxicon , 24 ( 11–12 ) : 1141 – 1151 .
  • Thibault , P. , Pleasance , S. and Laycock , M. V. 1991 . Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisons by capillary electrophoresis . J. Chromatogr. , 542 : 483 – 501 .
  • Tsai , Y. H. , Hsieh , H. S. , Chen , H. C. , Cheng , S. H. , Chai , T. and Hwang , D. F. 2007 . Histamine level and species identification of billfish meats implicated in two food-borne poisonings . Food Chem. , 104 : 1366 – 1371 .
  • Tsai , Y. H. , Kung , H. F. , Lee , T. M. , Chen , H. C. , Chou , S. S. , Wei , C. and Hwang , D. F. 2005 . Determination of histamine in canned mackerel implicated in a food borne poisoning . Food Control. , 16 : 579 – 585 .
  • Usleber , E. , Dietrich , R. , Burk , C. , Schneider , E. and Martibauer , E. 2001 . Immunoassay methods for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . J. AOAC Int. , 84 ( 5 ) : 1649 – 1656 .
  • Usleber , E. , Schneid , E. and Terpla , G. 1991 . Direct enzyme immunoassay in microtitration plate and test strip format for the detection of saxitoxin in shellfish . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 13 : 275 – 277 .
  • Verhoef , P. A. , Kertesy , S. B. , Estacion , M. , Schilling , W. P. and Dubyak , G. R. 2004 . Maitotoxin induces biphasic interleukin-1β secretion and membrane blebbing in murine macrophages . Am. Soc. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. Mol. Pharmacol. , 66 : 909 – 920 .
  • Wallace , B. J. , Guzewich , J. J. , Cambridge , M. , Altekruse , S. and Morse , D. L. 1999 . Seafood-associated disease outbreaks in New York, 1980–1994 . Am. J. Prev. Med. , 17 ( 1 ) : 48 – 54 .
  • Watkins , S. M. , Reich , A. , Fleming , L. E. and Hammond , R. 2008 . Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning . Mar. Drugs. , 6 : 431 – 455 .
  • Watters , M. R. 1995 . Organic neurotoxins in seafoods . Clin Neurol Neurosurg. , 97 : 119 – 124 .
  • Wictome , M. , Newton , K. A. , Jameson , K. , Dunnigan , P. , Clarke , S. , Gaze , J. , Tauk , A. , Foster , K. A. and Shone , C. C. 1999 . Development of in vitro assays for the detection of botulinum toxins in foods . FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , 24 : 319 – 323 .
  • Wills , R. B. H. , Silalahi , J. and Wootton , M. 1987 . Simultaneous determination of food-related amines by high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Liquid Chromatogr. , 10 ( 14 ) : 3183 – 3191 .
  • Whittle , K. and Gallache , S. 2000 . Marine toxins . Br. Med. Bull. , 56 ( 1 ) : 236 – 253 .
  • Wong , C. K. , Hung , P. , Lee , K. L. H. and Kam , K. M. 2005 . Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong . Toxicon , 46 : 563 – 571 .
  • Wong , P. C. K. 1996 . Detection of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin by monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay . J. Rapid Methods and Automation Microbiol. , 4 : 191 – 206 .
  • Wu , S. F. and Chen , W. 2003 . An outbreak of scombroid fish poisoning in a kindergarten . Acta Paediatr. Taiwan. , 44 ( 5 ) : 297 – 9 .
  • Wu , J. P. , Luo , X. J. , Zhang , Y. , Luo , Y. , Chen , S. J. , Mai , B. X. and Yang , Z. Y. 2008 . Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild aquatic species from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site in South China . Environ. Int. , 34 : 1109 – 1113 .
  • Wu , M. L. , Yang , C. C. , Yang , G. Y. , Ger , J. and Deng , J. F. 1997 . Scombroid fish poisoning: An overlooked marine food poisoning . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 39 ( 4 ) : 236 – 41 .
  • Wu , J. Y. , Zheng , L. and Wang , J. H. 2005 . Contamination of shellfish from Shanghai seafood markets with paralytic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins determined by mouse bioassay and HPLC . Food Addit. Contam. , 22 ( 7 ) : 647 – 651 .
  • Wright , J. L. C. 1995 . Dealing with seafood toxins: present approaches and future options . Food Res. Int. , 28 ( 4 ) : 341 – 358 .
  • Yang , N. , Matsuda , M. , Kawano , M. and Wakimoto , T. 2006 . PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish and shellfish from China . Chemosphere , 63 : 1342 – 1352 .
  • Yasumoto , T. , Murata , M. , Oshima , Y. and Sano , M. 1985 . Diarrheic shellfish toxins . Tetrahedron , 41 ( 6 ) : 10l9 – 1025 .
  • Yen , G. C. and Hsieh , C. L. 1991 . Simultaneous Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Canned Fish by HPLC . J. Food Sci. , 56 ( 1 ) : 158 – 160 .
  • Yin , Y. , Liu , G. , He , B. , Shi , J. and Jiang , G. 2008 . Simple interface of high-performance liquid chromatography–atomic fluorescence spectrometry hyphenated system for speciation of mercury based on photo-induced chemical vapour generation with formic acid in mobile phase as reaction reagent . J. Chromatogr. A. , 1181 : 77 – 82 .
  • Yu , F. Y. , Liu , B. H. , Wu , T. S. , Chi , T. F. and Su , M. C. 2004 . Development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of domoic acid in shellfish . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 5334 – 5339 .
  • Zhao , J. Y. , Thibault , P. and Quilliam , M. A. 1997 . Analysis of domoic acid and isomers in seafood by capillary electrophoresis . Electrophoresis , 18 : 268 – 216 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.