Health Effects of Probiotics on the Skin

REFERENCES

• Abrahamsson, T., Jakobsson, T., Bottcher, M., Fredrikson, M., Jenmalm, M. and Oldaeus, N.B. G. (2007). Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:1174–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebamowo, C.A., Spiegelman, D., Berkey, C.S., Danby, F.W., Rockett, H.H., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C. and Holmes, M.D. (2006). Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol. Online J. 12:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adebamowo, C.A., Spiegelman, D., Berkey, C.S., Danby, F.W., Rockett, H.H., Colditz, G.A.C. Willett, W.C. and Holmes, M.D. (2008). Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58:787–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebamowo, C.A., Spiegelman, D., Danby, F.W., Frazier, A.L., Willett, W.C. and Holmes, M.D. (2005). High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adkinson, N.F. J., Busse, W.W., Bochner, B.S., Holgate, S.T., Simons, F.E. R. and Lemanske, R.F. (2009). Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice, 7th ed., Mosby, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ghazzewi, F.H. and Tester, R.F. (2009). Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 32:139–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Ghazzewi, F.H. and Tester, R.F. (2010). Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 32:139–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alm, J.S. (2002). An anthroposophic lifestyle and intestinal microflora in infancy. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 3:402–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon. (1993). Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: The SCORAD index: Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 186:23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon. (2006). FAO/WHO. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food.
   Google Scholar
• Arck, P., Handjiski, B., Hagen, E., Pincus, M., Bruenahl, C., Bienenstock, J. and Paus, R. (2010). Is there a ‘gut-brain-skin axis’? Exp. Dermatol. 19:401–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arikawa, J., Ishibashi, M., Kawashima, M., Takagi, Y., Ichikawa, Y. and Imokawa, G. (2002). Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119:433–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslanoglu, S., Moro, G.E., Schmitt, J., Tandoi, L., Rizzardi, S. and Boehm, G. (2008). Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life. J. Nutr. 138:1091–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba, H., Masuyama, A. and Takano, T. (2006). Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk on the differentiation of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 89:2072–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard, S., Kroshinsky, D., Solomon, H. and Glick, S. (2008). A prospective randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of lactobacillus GG in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53:S620.
   Google Scholar
• Baur, M., Breton, L., Couzy, F. and Gueniche, A. (2003). Use of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria for Balancing the Skin's Immune System. 20040013706.
   Google Scholar
• Bernet-Camard, M.F., Lievin, V., Brassart, D., Neeser, J.R., Servin, A.L. and Hudault, H. (1997). The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2747–2753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E.F., Brown, D.B., Schwarz, M.D., Kaidbey, K. and Ksenzenko, S.M. (2004). The polyhydroxy acid gluconolactone protects against ultraviolet radiation in an in vitro model of cutaneous photoaging. Dermatol. Surg. 30:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockmühl, D., Jasoy, C., Nieveler, S., Scholtyssek, R., Wadle, A. and Waldmann-Laue, M. (2006). Prebiotic cosmetics: An alternative to antibacterial products. IFSSC Mag. 9:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bouilly-Gauthier, D., Jeannes, C., Maubert, Y., Duteil, L., Queille-Roussel, C., Piccardi, N., Montastier, C., Manissier, P., Pierard, G. and Ortonne, J.P. (2010). Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotic and carotenoids on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Br. J. Dermatol. 163:534–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowe, W.P., Filip, J.C., Dirienzo, J.M., Volgina, A. and Margolis, D.J. (2006). Inhibition of propionibacterium acnes by bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius. J. Drugs Dermatol. 5:868–870.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowe, W.P. and Logan, A.C. (2010). Clinical implications of lipid peroxidation in acne: Old wine in new bottles. Lipids Health Dis. 9:141–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowe, W.P. and Logan, A.C. (2011). Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis—back to the future? Gut Pathogens 3:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, R.J., Bath-Hextall, F.J., Leonardi-Bee, J. and Al., E. (2009). Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: A systematic review. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39:1117–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, R.J. and Tang, M.L. K. (2006). The role of probiotics in the management of allergic disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:568–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, M.L., Wolt-Plompen, S.A. and Dubois, A.E. (2006). No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunselmeyer, B. and Buddendick, K. (2010). Probiotics and prebiotics-prevention and therapy in atopic eczema. In: Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health: Probiotics and Prebiotics. Watson, R.R. and Preedy, V.R., Eds., Elsevier, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Caffarelli, C., Cavagni, G., Menzies, I.S., Bertolini, P. and Atherton, D.J. (1993). Elimination diet and intestinal permeability in atopic eczema: A preliminary study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 23:28–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramia, G., Atzei, A. and Fanos, V. (2008). Probiotics and the skin. Clin. Dermatol. 26:4–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, C.L., Balkrishnan, R., Feldman, S.R., Fleischer, A.B. J. and Manuel, J.C. (2005). The burden of atopic dermatitis: Impact on the patient, family, and society. Pediatr. Dermatol. 22:192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzola, M., Tompkins, T.A. and Matera, M.G. (2010). Immunomodulatory impact of a synbiotic in T(h)1 and T(h)2 models of infection. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 4:259–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapat, L., Chemin, K., Dubois, B., Bourdet-Sicard, R. and Kaiserlian, D. (2004). Lactobacillus casei reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated skin inflammation. Eur. J. Immunol. 34:2520–2528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman, C. and Williams, H. (2000). Outcome measures of disease severity in atopic eczema. Arch. Dermatol. 136:763–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba, K. (2007). Development of functional cosmetic ingredients using lactic acid bacteria in Japan. Jpn. J. Lactic Acid Bact. 18:105–112.
   Google Scholar
• Cinque, B., Palumbo, P., La Torre, C., Melchiorre, E., Corridoni, D., Miconi, G., Di Marzio, L., Cifone, M.G. and Giuliani, M. (2010). Probiotics in aging skin. In: Textbook of Aging Skin, Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., and Maibach, H. I., eds. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Cinque, B., Torre, C., Melchiorre, E., Marchesani, G., Zoccali, G., Palumbo, P., Marzio, L.D., Masci, A., Mosca, L., Mastromarino, P., Giuliani, M. and Cifone, M.G. (2011). Use of probiotics for dermal applications. In: Probiotics, Microbiology Monographs. Liong, M.-T., Ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Coconnier, M.H., Lievin, V., Hemery, E. and Servin, A.L. (1998). Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4573–4580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogen, A.L., Nizet, V. and Gallo, R.L. (2008). Skin microbiota: A source of disease or defense? Br. J. Dermatol. 158:442–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosseau, C., Devine, D.A., Dullaghan, E., Gardy, J.L., Chikatamarla, A., Gellatly, S., Yu, L.L., Pistolic, J., Falsafi, R., Tagg, J. and Hancock, R.E. W. (2008). The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes hostmicrobe homeostasis. Infect. Immunol. 76:4163–4175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, M.L. (2002). Immunoregulation by probiotic lactobacilli: Pro-Th1 signals and their relevance to human health. Clin. Appl. Immunol. Rev. 3:115–125.
   Google Scholar
• De Simone, C. (2003). Use of Bacteria Endowed with Arginine Deiminase to Induce Apoptosis and/or Reduce an Inflammatory Reaction and Pharmaceutical or Dietetic Compositions Containing Such Bacteria.
   Google Scholar
• del Giudice Jr, M.M., De Luca, M.G. and Capristo, C. (2002). Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Digest. Liver Dis. 34:S68–S71.
   Google Scholar
• Della Riccia, D.N., Bizzini, F., Perilli, M.G., Polimeni, A., Trinchieri, V., Amicosante, G. and Cifone, M.G. (2007). Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Dis. 13:376–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzio, L., Centi, C., Cinque, B., Masci, S., Giuliani, M. and Arcieri, A. (2003). Effect of the lactic acid bacterium streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp. Dermatol. 12:615–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzio, L., Cinque, B., Cupelli, F., De Simone, C., Cifone, M.G. and Giuliani, M. (2008). Increase of skin-ceramide levels in aged subjects following a short-term topical application of bacterial sphingomyelinase from Streptococcus thermophilus. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 21:137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzio, L., Cinque, B., De Simone, C. and Cifone, M.G. (1999). Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo. J. Invest Dermatol. 113:98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzio, L., Russo, F.P., D’ALò, S., Biordi, L., Ulisse, S., Amicosante, G., De Simone, C. and Cifone, M.G. (2001). Apoptotic effects of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria on a human T leukemia cell line are associated with bacterial arginine deiminase and/or sphingomyelinase activities. Nutr. Cancer 40:185–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duramad, P., Harley, K. and Lipsett, M. (2006). Early environmental exposures and intracellular Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in 24-month-old children living in an agricultural area. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1916–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eady, E.A. and Ingham, E. (1994). Propionibacterium acnes-friend or foe? Rev. Med. Microbiol. 5:163–173.
   Google Scholar
• Elias, P.M. and Choi, E.H. (2005). Interactions among stratum cormeum defensive functions. Exp. Dermatol. 14:719–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euvrard, S., Kanitakis, J. and Claudy, A. (2003). Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:1681–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid, R., Ahanchian, H., Jabbari, F. and Moghiman, T. (2011). Effect of a new synbiotic mixture on atopic dermatitis in children: A randomized-controlled trial. Iran. J. Pediatr. 21:225–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, S. (2005). Topical Compositions Containing Probiotic Bacillus Bacteria, Spores, and Extracellular Products and Uses Thereof. 14 June 2005 patent application.
   Google Scholar
• Feingold, K.R. (2007). Thematic review series: Skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 48:2531–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feleszko, W., Jaworska, J., Rha, R.D., Steinhausen, S., Avagyan, A., Jaudszus, A., Ahrens, B., Groneberg, D.A., Wahn, U. and Hamelmann, E. (2007). Probioticinduced suppression of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation is associated with an increase of T regulatory-dependent mecha-nisms in a murine model of asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37:498–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, L.N. (2010). Induction of regulatory T cells by probiotics: Potential for treatment of allergy? Clinl. Exper. Allergy 40:5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinterman, A.E., Knol, E.F., van Ieperen-van Dijk, A.G., Timmerman, H.M., Knulst, A.C., Bruijnzeel-Koomen, C.A., Pasmans, S.G. and van Hoffen, E. (2007). Probiotics have a different immunomodulatory potential in vitro versus ex vivo upon oral administration in children with food allergy. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 143:237–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohr, C., Pascoe, D. and Williams, H.C. (2005). Atopic dermatitis and the ehygiene hypothesisf: Too clean to be true? Br. J. Dermatol. 152:202–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folster-Holst, R., Müller, F., Schnopp, N., Abeck, D., Kreiselmaier, I., Lenz, T., von Rüden, U., Schrezenmeir, J., Christophers, E. and Weichenthal, M. (2006). Prospective, randomized controlled trial on Lactobacillus rhamnosus in infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 155:1256–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Y.R., Yi, Z.J., Pei, J.L. and Guan, S. (2010). Effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum on adaptive immune senescence in aging mice. Microbiol. Immunol. 54:578–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima, Y., Kawata, Y., Mizumachi, K., Kurisaki, J. and Mitsuoka, T. (1999). Effect of bifidobacteria feeding on fecal flora and production of immunoglobulins in lactating mouse. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 46: 193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadimi, D., Fölster-Holst, R., de Vrese, M., Winkler, P., Heller, K.J. and Schrezenmeir, J. (2008). Effects of probiotic bacteria and their genomic DNA on TH1/TH2-cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy and allergic subjects. Immunobiology 213:677–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, H. and Prasad, J. (2008). Probiotics, immunomodulation, and health benefits. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 606:423–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillor, O., Etzion, A. and Riley, M.A. (2008). The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81:591–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice, E.A., Kong, H.H., Renaud, G., Young, A.C., Bouffard, G.G. and Blakesley, R.W. (2008). A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. Genome Res. 18:1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gromert, N. and Axelsson, I. (2009). Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and its effect on atopic eczema in childhood. In: Proceedings for the 42nd European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).
   Google Scholar
• Grüber, C., Wendt, M., Sulser, C., Lau, S., Kulig, M., Wahn, U., Werfel, T. and Niggemann, B. (2007). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Allergy 62:1270–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenche, A., Benyacoub, J., Buetler, T.M., Smola, H. and Blum, S. (2006). Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure. Eur. J. Dermatol. 16:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A. (2010a). Use of Probiotic Microorganisms to Limit Skin Irritation. US Patent, US20100226892.
   Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A., Bastien, P., Ovigne, J.M., Kermici, M., Courchay, G. and Chevalier, V. (2010b). Bifidobacterium longum lysate, a new ingredient for reactive skin. Exp. Dermatol. 19:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A., Benyacoub, J., Blum, S., Breton, L. and Castiel, I. (2009). Probiotics for skin benefits. In: Nutritional Cosmetics: Beauty from Within. Tabor, A. and Blair, R.M., Eds., William Andrew Applied Science Publishers/Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A., Benyacoub, J., Breton, L., Bastien, P., Bureau-Fanz, I., Blum, S. and Leclaire, J. (2007). A combination of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-2116 and Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 probiotic strains decreases skin reactivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102:S17.
   Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A., Benyacoub, J., Buetler, T.M., Smola, H. and Blum, S. (2006). Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure. Eur. J. Dermatol. 16:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueniche, A., Benyacoub, J., Philippe, D., Bastien, P., Kusy, N. and Breton, L. (2010a). Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-2116 (ST11) inhibits substance P-induced skin inflammation and accelerates skin barrier function recovery in vitro. Eur. J. Dermatol. 20:731–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacini-Rachinel, F., Gheit, H., Le Luduec, J.B., Dif, F., Nancey, S. and Kaiserlian, D. (2009). Oral probiotic control skin inflammation by acting on both effector and regulatory T cells. PLoS One 4:4903–4911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halken, S. (2004). Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 4–5:9–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halper, J., Leshin, L.S., Lewis, S.J. and Li, W.I. (2003). Wound healing and angiogenic properties of supernatants from Lactobacillus cultures. Exp. Biol. Med. 228:1329–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvarsson, K. and Lodén, M. (2007). Increasing quality of life by improving the quality of skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 29:69–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hancox, J.G., Sheridan, S.C., Feldman, S.R. and Fleischer, A.B. (2004). Seasonal variation of dermatologic disease in the USA: A study of office visits from 1990 to 1998. Int. J. Dermatol. 43:6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, J.E. and Jespersen, L.K. (2010). Wound or Tissue Dressing Comprising Lactic Acid Bacteria. 10 June 2010 patent application.
   Google Scholar
• Harmesen, H.J., Gibson, G.R., Elfferich, P., Raanags, G.C., Wildeboer-Veloo, A.C. and Argaiz, A. (2000). Comparison of viable ell counts and fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific rRNA-based probes for the quantification of human feel bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183:125–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori, K., Yamamoto, A. and Sasai, M. (2003). Effects of administration of bifidobacteria on fecal microflora and clinical symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. 52, 20–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hessle, C., Hanson, L.A. and Wold, A.E. (1999). Lactobacilli from human gastrointestinal mucosa are strong stimulators of IL-12 production. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 116:276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydari, S., Mortazavian, A.M., Ehsani, M.R., Mohammadifar, M.A., Ezzatpanah, H. and Sohrabvandi, S. (2011). Biochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of probiotic yougurt containing various prebiotic or fiber compounds. Ital. J. Food Sci. 23:153–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, K.T. and Bojar, R.A. (2002). Cosmetics. What is their influence on the skin microflora? Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 3:445–449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holma, R., Kekkonen, R.A., Hatakka, K.H., Poussa, T., Vaarala, O., Adlercreutz, H. and Korpela, R. (2011). Consumption of Galactooligosaccharides Together with Probiotics Stimulates the in vitro Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation and IFNγ Production in Healthy Men. ISRN Immunology, 2011: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, J.W., Yu, R.C. and Chou, C.C. (2000). Changes in some components of soymilk during fermentation with bifidobacteria. Food Res. Int. 33:393–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isolauri, E., Arvola, T. and Sutäs, Y. (2000). Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin. Exp. Allergy 30:1604–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isolauri, E., Pelto, L., Nuutila, J., Majamaa, H., Lilius, E.-M. and Salminen, S. (1997). Altered expression of IgG and complement receptors indicates a significant role of phagocytes in atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99: 707–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isolauri, E., Sutas, Y., Kankaanpaa, P., Arvilommi, H. and Salminen, S. (2001). Probiotics: Effects on immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:444S–450S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, G.E. (2009). Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic dermatitis. Forum. Nutr. 61:117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C.C., Ownby, D.R. and Alford, S.H. (2005). Antibiotic exposure in early infancy and risk for childhood atopy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:1218–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M.L., Ganopolsky, J.G., Labbe, A. and Prakash, S. (2010). A novel nitric oxide producing probiotic patch and its antimicrobial efficacy: Preparation and in vitro analysis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87:509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalliomäki, M., Salminen, S. and Arvilommi, H. (2001). Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357:1076–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalliomäki, M., Salminen, S. and Poussa, T. (2003). Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: R-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361:1869–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalliomäki, M., Salminen, S., Poussa, T. and Isolauri, E. (2007). Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: A cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:1019–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S.H., Kim, J.U., Imm, J.Y., Oh, S. and Kim, S.H. (2006). The effects of dairy processes and storage on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) content in milk and in model IGF-I-fortified dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 89:402–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, B.S., Seo, J.G., Lee, G.S., Kim, J.H., Kim, S.Y., Han, Y.W. and Al., E. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect. J. Microbiol. 47:101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankaanpaa, P., Sutas, Y., Arvilommi, H., Salminen, S. and Isolauri, E. (1998). Comparison of antiproliferative effects of probiotic cell extracts and glucocorticoids. Gastroenterol. Int. 11:S139–S146.
   Google Scholar
• Kankaanpaa, P.E., Yang, B., Kallio, H.P., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, S.J. (2002). Influence of probioticsupplementedinfant formulaon composition of plasma lipidsin atopicinfants. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13:364–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi, R., Mortazavian, A.M. and Amiri-Rigi, A. (2012). Selective enumeration of probiotic microorganisms in cheese. Food Microbiol. 29:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi, R., Mortazavian, A.M. and Cruz, A.G. (2011). Viability of probiotic microorganisms in cheese during production and storage: A review. Dairy Sci. Technol. 91:283–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, P. (2003). Th1/Th2 balance: The hypothesis, its limitations, and implications for health and disease. Altern. Med. Rev. 8: 223–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J., Ko, Y., Park, Y.K., Kim, N.I., Ha, W.K. and Cho, Y. (2010). Dietary effect of lactoferrinenriched fermented milk on skin surface lipid and clinical improvement of acne vulgaris. Nutr. Cancer 26:902–909.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J.Y., Kwon, J.H., Ahn, S.H., Lee, S.I., Han, Y.S., Choi, Y.O., Lee, S.Y., Ahn, K.M. and Ji, G.E. (2009). Effect of probiotic mix (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the primary prevention of eczema: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 21:e386–e393.
   Google Scholar
• Kirjavainen, P.V., Arvola, T., Salminen, S.J. and Isolauri, E. (2002). Aberrant composition of gut microbiota of allergic infants. a target of bifidobacterial therapy at weaning? Gut 51, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirjavainen, P.V., Apostolou, E., Salminen, S.J. and Isolauri, E. (1999). New aspects of probiotics - a novel approach in the management of food allergy. Allergy 54:909–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirjavainen, P.V., Salminen, S.J. and Isolauri, E. (2003). Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: Underscoring the importance of viability. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 36:223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliegman, R.M., Behrman, R.E., Jenson, H.B. and Stanton, B.F. (2007). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Saunders, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Kodali, V.P. and Sen, R. (2008). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium. Biotechnol. J. 3:245–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kopp, M., Hennemuth, I., Heinzmann, A. and Urrbanek, R. (2008). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for primary prevention: No clinical effects of Lactobacillus GG supplementation. Pediatrics 121:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp, M.V. and Salfeld, P. (2009). Probiotics and prevention of allergic disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 12:298–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korbekandi, H., Mortazavian, A.M. and Iravani, S. (2011). Technology and stability of probiotic in fermented milks. In: Probiotic and Prebiotic Foods: Technology, Stability and Benefits to the Human Health. Shah, N.P., Ed., Nova Science Publishers, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kruisselbrink, A., Bak-Glashouwer, M.J. H. D., Havenith, C.E., Thole, J.E. and Janssen, R. (2001). Recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits house dust mite-specific T-cell responses. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 126:2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krutmann, J. (2009). Pre- and probiotics for human skin. J. Dermatol. Sci. 54:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuitunen, M., Kukkonen, K., Juntunen-Backman, K., Korpela, R., Poussa, T., Tuure, T., Haahtela, T. and Savilahti, E. (2009). Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukkonen, K., Savilahti, E. and Haahtela, T. (2008). Long-term safety and impact on infection rates of postnatal probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotic) treatment: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 122:8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukkonen, K., Savilahti, E., Haahtela, T., Juntunen-Backman, K., Korpela, R., Poussa, T., Tuure, T. and Kuitunen, M. (2007). Probiotics and prebiotics galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummeling, I., Stelma, F.F. and Dagnelie, P.C. (2007). Early life exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent development of eczema, wheeze, and allergic sensitization in the first 2 years of life: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Pediatrics 119:225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, B., Oranje, A.P. and Labreze, L. (1997). Clinical validation and guidelines for the SCORAD index: Consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 195:9–10.
   Google Scholar
• Lakshini, A.V. (1998). Riboflavin metabolism-relevance to human nutrition. Ind. J. Med. Res. 108:182–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammers, K.M., Brigidi, P. and Vitali, B. (2003). Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria DNA: Il-1 and IL-10 response in human peripheral blood mononucelar cells. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 38:165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers, H., Piessens, S., Bloem, A., Pronk, H. and Finkel, P. (2006). Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 28:359–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laughter, D., Istvan, J.A., Tofte, S.J. and Hanifin, J.M.. (2000). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Oregon schoolchildren. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43:649–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W.J., Jung, H.D., Lee, H.J., Kim, B.S., Lee, S.J. and Kim Do, W. (2008b). Influence of substance-P on cultured sebocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 300:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T.T., Morisset, M., Astier, C., Moneret-Vautrin, D.A., Cordebar, V., Beaudouin, E., Codreanu, F., Bihain, B.E. and Kanny, G. (2007). Contamination of probiotic preparations with milk allergens can cause anaphylaxis in children with cow's milk allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:746–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Seto, D. and Bielory, L. (2008a). Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121:116–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyden, J.J., Mcginley, K.J. and Bowels, B. (1998). Propionibacterium acnes colonization in acne and nonacne. Dermatology 196:55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyden, J.J., Mcginley, K.J., Nordstrom, K.M. and Webster, G.F. (1987). Skin microflora. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88:65s–72s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M.Y. and Chang, F.J. (2000). Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Dig. Dis. Sci. 45:1617–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, E.M., Smith, T., Nguyen, X.D., Pridgeon, C., Dallman, M. and Arbery, J. (2004). Relation of CD41CD251 regulatory T-cell suppression of allergendriven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease. Lancet 363:608–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly, N.P., Litonjua, A., Gold, D.R. and Celedón, J.C. (2011). Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127:1087–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D., Forsythe, P. and Bienenstock, J. (2004). Live Lactobacillus reuteri is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced Interleukin-8 expression. Infect. Immunol. 72:5308–5314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macpherson, A.J. and Harris, N.L. (2004). Opinion: Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:478–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majamaa, H. and Isolauri, E. (1997). Probiotics: A novel approach in the management of food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti, F., Capizzi, R. and Tulli, A. (1987). Efficacy of regulators of the intestinal bacterial flora in the therapy of acne vulgaris. Clin. Ter. 122:339–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauro, T. (2006). SC pH: Measurement, origins, and functions. In: Skin Barrier. Elias, P. and Feingold, K., Eds., Taylor & Francis, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Melnik, B.C. and Schmitz, G. (2009). Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Exp. Dermatol. 18:833–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metze, D., Kerssten, A., Jurecka, W. and Gebhart, W. (1991). Immunoglobulins coat microorganisms of skin surface: A comparative immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of cutaneous and oral microbial symbionts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96:439–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michail, S. (2009). The role of Probiotics in allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 5:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Michail, S., Onady, G., Stolfi, A. and Johnson, T. (2008). Efficacy of probiotics in treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 101:508–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen, M., Matikainen, S., Vuopio-Varkila, J., Pirhonen, J., Varkila, K., Kurimoto, M. and Julkunen, I. (1998). Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect. Immunol. 66:6058–6062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikelsaar, M. and Zilmer, M. (2009). Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 - an antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 21:1–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miraglia, D.G. M. and De Luca, M.G. (2004). The role of probiotics in the clinical management of food allergy and atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38:S84–S85.
   Google Scholar
• Miyazaki, K. (2003). Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hylauronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16:108–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyazaki, K. (2004). Topical application of Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract containing genistein and daidzein improves rheological and physiological properties of skin. J. Cosmet. Sci. 55:473–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, R. and Mortazavian, A.M. (2010). Technological aspects of prebiotics in probiotic fermented milks. Food Rev. Int. 27:192–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro, G., Arslanoglu, S. and Stahl, B. (2006). A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age. Arch. Dis. Child. 91:814–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyal, D. and Fourtanier, A. (2004). Acute and chronic effects of UV on skin. In: Photoaging. Rigel, D.S., Weiss, R.A., Lim, H.W. and Dover, J.S., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Mucid, D. and Salek-Ardekani, S.H. (2009). Regulation of TH17 cells in the mucosal surfaces. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negoro, T., Orihara, K. and Irahara, T. (2006). Influence of SNPs in cytokine-related genes on the severity of food allergy and atopic eczema in children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 17:583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea, M.G., Van der Meer, J.W. and Kullberg, B.J. (2004). Toll-like receptors as an escape mechanism from the host defense. Trends Microbiol. 12:484–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niers, L., Martín, R., Rijkers, G., Sengers, F., Timmerman, H., van Uden, N., Smidt, H., Kimpen, J. and Hoekstra, M. (2009). The effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of eczema (the PandA study). Allergy 64:1349–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niers, L., Timmerman, H., Rijkers, G., Van Bleek, G., van Uden, N. and Knol, E. (2005). Identification of strong interleukin-10 inducing lactic acid bacteria which down-regulate T helper type 2 cytokines. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35:1481–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noverr, M.C., Falkowski, N. and Mcdonald, R.A. (2005). Development of allergic airway disease in mice following antibiotic therapy and fungal microbiota increase: Role of host genetics, antigen, and interleukin-13. Infect. Immunol. 73:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noverr, M.C. and Huffnagle, G.B. (2004). Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut? Trends Microbiol. 12:562–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noverr, M.C. and Huffnagle, G.B. (2005). The ‘‘microflora hypothesis’’ of allergic diseases. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35:1511–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, N.S. and Bielory, L. (2005). Probiotics: A complementary approach in the treatment and prevention of pediatric atopic disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5:179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, S., Kim, S.H., Ko, Y., Sim, J.H., Kim, K.S., Lee, S.H., Park, S. and Kim, Y.J. (2006). Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44:552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, D. and Sinn, J. (2007). Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity [review]. Cochr. Database Syst. Rev. CD006474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand, A.C. (2007). Antiallergic effects of probiotics. J. Nutr. 137: 794S–797S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand, A.C., Båtsman, A. and Salminen, S. (2003). Probiotics for the skin: A new area of potential application? Letters Appl. Microbiol. 36:327–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand, A.C., Salminen, S. and Isolauri, E. (2002). Probiotics: An overview of beneficial effects. Antonie van Leuwenhoek 82:279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganelli, R., Ciuffreda, S., Verna, N., Cavallucci, E., Paolini, F., Ramondo, S. and Di Gioacchino, M. (2002). Probiotics and food-allergic diseases. Allergy 57:97–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passeron, T. and Lacour, J. (2005). Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 20:171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Passeron, T., Lacour, J.P. and Fontas, E. (2006). Prebiotics and synbiotics: Two promising approaches for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children above 2 years. Allergy 61:431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavicic, T., Wollenweber, U., Farwick, M. and Korting, H.C. (2007). Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: An in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris. Int. J. Cosmet Sci. 29:181–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peguet-Navarro, J., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Buetler, T.M., Leclaire, J., Smola, H., Blum, S., Bastien, P., Breton, L. and Gueniche, A. (2008). Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria protects human cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure-double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Eur. J. Dermatol. 18:504–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelto, L., Isolauri, E., Lilius, E.-M., Nuutila, J. and Salminen, S. (1998). Probiotic bacteria downregulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28:1474–1479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peňa, J., Rogers, A., Ge, Z., Ng, V., Li, S., Fox, J. and Versalovic, J. (2005). Probiotic Lactobacillus spp diminish Helicobacter hepaticus-induced inflammatory bowel disease in Interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect. Immunol. 73:912–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penders, J., Stobberingh, E.E., Thijs, C., Adams, H., Vink, C., van Ree, R. and van den Brandt, P.A. (2006). Molecular finger printing of the intestinal microbiota of infants in whom atopic eczema was or was not developing. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:1602–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peral, M.C., Martinez, M.A. and Valdez, J.C. (2009a). Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus plantarum in burns. Int. Wound J. 6:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peral, M.C., Rachid, M.M., Gobbato, N.M., Martinez, M.A. H. and Valdez, J.C. (2009b). Interleukin-8 production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with chronic infected leg ulcers treated with Lactobacillus plantarum. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16:281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peran, L., Camuesco, D., Comalada, M., Nieto, A., Concha, A., Adrio, J.L., Olivares, M., Xaus, J.Z. A. and Galvez, J. (2006). Lactobacillus fermentum, a probiotic capable to release glutathione, prevents colonic inflammation in the TNBS model of rat colitis. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 21:737–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, M.G., Heddle, R.J., Boulton, P., Turner, M.W. and Atherton, D.J. (1986). Increased intestinal permeability in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:101–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai, S., Oresajo, C. and Hayward, J. (2005). Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: Role of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation induced: A review. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 27:17–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohjavuori, E., Viljanen, M. and Korpela, R. (2004). Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow's milk allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 114:131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott, S. and Bjorksten, B. (2007). Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120:255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott, S.L., Dunstan, J.A. and Hale, J. (2005). Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon-gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35:1557–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucci, N., Novembre, E., Cammarata, M.G., Bernardini, R., Monaco, M.G., Calogero, C. and Vierucci, A. (2005). Scoring atopic dermatitis in infants and young children: Distinctive features of the SCORAD index. Allergy 60:113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puch, F., Samson-Villeger, S., Guyonnet, D., Blachon, J.L., Rawlings, A.V. and Lassel, T. (2008). The consumption of functional fermented milk containing borage oil, green tea and vitamin E enhances skin barrier function. Exp. Dermatol. 7:668–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quadros, E., Landzert, N.M., Leroy, S., Gasparini, F. and Worosila, G. (1994). Colonic absorption of insulin-like growth factor I in vitro. Pharm. Res. 11:226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautava, S., Kalliomäki, M. and Isolauri, E. (2002). Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. JACI, 109–121.
   Google Scholar
• Rautava, S., Kalliomaki, M. and Isolauri, E. (2005). New therapeutic strategy for combating the increasing burden of allergic disease: Probiotics-A nutrition, allergy, mucosal immunology and intestinal microbiota (NAMI) research group report. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 116:31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijken, F., Kiekens, R.C. M. and Bruijnzeel, P.L. B. (2005). Skin-infiltrating neutrophils following exposure to solar-simulated radiation could play an important role in photoageing of human skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 152:321–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittié, L. and Fisher, G.J. (2002). UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 1:705–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G.R., Hoyles, L., Mccartney, A.L., Rastall, R. and Rowland, I. (2010). Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits. Br. J. Nutr. 104:S1–S63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, K.L., Caputo, L.R. G., Carvalho, J.C. T., Evangelista, J. and Schneedorf, J.M. (2005). Antimicrobial and healing activity of kefir and kefiran extract. Int. J. Antimicrobial. Agents. 25:404–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani, S. (1996). Thiand Th2 in human diseases. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 80:225–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen, L.D. and Breuner, C.C. (2007). Primary care from infancy to adolescence. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 54:837–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeldt, V., Benfeldt, E. and Nielsen, S.D. (2003). Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeldt, V., Benfeldt, E., Valerius, N.H., Pærregaard, A. and Michaelsen, K.F. (2004). Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J. Pediatr. 145:612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salminen, S.J., Gueimonde, M. and Isolauri, E. (2005). Probiotics that modify disease risk. J. Nutr. 135:1294–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, A., Hashiguchi, M., Toda, E., Iwasaki, A., Hachimura, S. and Kaminogawa, S. (2003). CD11b+ Peyer's patch dendritic cells secrete IL-6 and induce IgA secretion from naive B cells. J. Immunol. 171:3684–3690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin, E.J., Thomas, D.R., Kumar, V.B., Brown, C., Hager, C. and Van't Hof, M.A. (2007). Systemic inflammatory markers in older persons: The effect of oral nutritional supplementation with prebiotics. J. Nutr. Health. Aging 11:475–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, W.P. (2004). Model of the epidemic of childhood atopy. Med. Sci. Monit. 10:5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz-Larsen, F.H. J. (2002). Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 22:1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, S. and Watzl, B. (2007). Inulin and oligofructose: Review of experimental data on immune modulation. J. Nutr. 137:2563–2567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Q., Zhang, B., Xu, R., Wang, Y., Ding, X. and Li, P. (2010). Antioxidant activity in vitro of the selenium-contained protein from the Se-enriched Bifidobacterium animalis 01. Anaerobe 16:380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shida, K., Makino, K. and Morishita, A. (1998). Lactobacillus casei inhibits antigeninduced IgE secretion through regulation of cytokine production in murine splenocyte cultures. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 115:278–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicherer, S.H. and Sampson, H.A. (1999). Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:S114–S122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmering, R. and Breves, R. (2009). Pre- and probiotic cosmetics. Hautarzt 60:809–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sistek, D., Kelly, R., Wickens, K., Stanley, T., Fitzharris, P. and Crane, J. (2006). Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:629–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits, H.H., Engering, A. and van der Kleij, D. (2005). Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:1260–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soter, N.A. (1990). Acute effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Semin. Dermatol. 9:11–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan, M., Schnittger, S.F., Mammone, T. and Goyarts, E.C. (2009). Skin Treatment Method with Lactobacillus Extract. US Patent, US7510734B2.
   Google Scholar
• Tannis, A. (2008). The Future of Probiotics: Superbugs, Asthma, Oral Health and More. Wiley, Mississauga, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Tannock, G.W. (1995). Normal Microflora. An Introduction to Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, A.L., Hale, J., Wiltschut, J., Lehmann, H., Dunstan, J.A. and Prescott, S.L. (2006). Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life on allergen-and vaccine-specific immune responses. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36:1227–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A., Dunstan, J. and Prescott, S. (2007). Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: A randomized controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:184–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodorescu, R. (1999). A Natural Eubiotic Product for Maintenance and Treatment of Teguments. WIPO Patent, WO1999007332.
   Google Scholar
• Trautmann, A., Akdis, M., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., Disch, R., Bröocker, E.B., Blaser, K. and Akdis, C.A. (2001). Targeting keratinocyte apoptosis in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:839–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaarala, O. (2003). Immunological effects of probiotics with special reference to lactobacilli. Clin. Exp. Allergy 33:1634–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdéz, J.C., Peral, M.C., Rachid, M., Santana, M. and Perdigón, G. (2005). Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: The potential use of probiotics in wound treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11:472–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Aa, L.B., Heymans, H.S., van Aalderen, W.M. and Al., E. (2010). The Synbad Study Group. Effect of a new synbiotic mixture on atopic dermatitis in infants: A randomized-controlled trial. Clin. Exp. Allergy 40:795–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veckman, V., Miettinen, M., Pirhonen, J., Siren, J., Matikainen, S. and Julkunen, I. (2004). Streptococcus pyogenes and Lactobacillus rhamnosus differentially induce maturation and production of Th1-type cytokines and chemokines in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75:764–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viljanen, M., Savilahti, E. and Haahtela, T. (2005). Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: A double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Allergy 60:494–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkova, L.A., Khalif, I.L. and Kabanova, I.N. (2001). Impact of the impaired intestinal microflora on the course of acne vulgaris. Klin. Med. 79:39–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Hertzen, L.C., Savolainen, J., Hannuksela, M., Klaukka, T., Lauerma, A., Mäkelä, M.J., Pekkanen, J., Pietinalho, A., Vaarala, O., Valovirta, E., Vartiainen, E. and Haahtela, T. (2009). Scientific rationale for the finnish allergy programme 2008–2018: Emphasis on prevention and endorsing tolerance. Allergy 64:678–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, S., Halbert, A. and Richmond, P. (2005). Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: A randomised controlled trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 90:892–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, K., Black, P.N., Stanley, T.V., Mitchell, E., Fitzharris, P., Tannock, G.W., Purdie, G. and Crane, J. (2008). A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: A double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 122:788–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, P., Ghadimi, D., Schrezenmeir, J. and Kraehenbuhl, J.P. (2007). Molecular and cellular basis of microflorahost interactions. J. Nutr. 137:756S–772S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, G.M., Malley, R.C. and Muller, H.K. (2005). The skin immune system and the challenge of tumour immunosurveillance. Eur. J. Dermatol. 15:63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y. and Fisher, G.J. (2005). Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation induced signal transduction in skin photoaging. J. Dermatol. Sci. 1:S1–S8.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, A., Takenouchi, K. and Ito, M. (1995). Impaired water barrier function in acne vulgaris. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287:214–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, A., Lien, E., Ingalls, R.R., Tuomanen, E., Dziarski, R. and Golenbock, D. (1999). Cutting edge: Recognition of gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J. Immunol. 163:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuthen, L., Christensen, H.R. and Frøkiær, H. (2005). Lactic acid bacteria inducing a weak Interleukin-12 and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha response in human dendritic cells inhibit strongly stimulating lactic acid bacteria but act synergistically with gram negative bacteria. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13:365–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zutavern, A., Brockow, I. and Schaaf, B. (2006). Timing of solid food introduction in relation to atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization: Results from a prospective birth cohort study. LISA Study Group. Pediatrics 117:401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar