1,201
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Triacylglycerols Determination by High-temperature Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Vegetable Oils and Foods: A Review of the Past 10 Years

, &

REFERENCES

  • Anderson, J. L., (2009). Ionic liquids as stationary phases in gas chromatography. In: Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis, pp 139–165. Koel, M., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Anderson, J. L., Ding, R., Ellern, A. and Armstrong, D. W. (2005). Structure and properties of high stability germinal dicationic ionic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:593–604.
  • Andrikopoulos, N. K. (2002a). Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in the analysis of triacylglycerol species and regiospecific isomers of oils and fats. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 42:473–505.
  • Andrikopoulos, N. K. (2002b). Triglyceride species compositions of common edible vegetable oils and methods used for their identification and quantification. Food Rev. Int. 18:71–102.
  • Andrikopoulos, N. K., Chiou, A. and Mylona, A. (2004). Triacylglycerol species of less common edible vegetable oils. Food Rev. Int. 20:389–405.
  • Andrikopoulos, N. K., Giannakis, I. G. and Tzamtzis, V. (2001). Analysis of olive oil and seed oil triglycerides by capillary gas chromatography as a tool for the detection of the adulteration of olive oil. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 39:137–145.
  • AOAC Official Method 986.19. (2000). Triglycerides in fats and oils. In: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed. AOAC International, Maryland.
  • AOAC Official Method 996.06. (2000). Fat (total, saturated and unsaturayed) in foods. Hydrolytic extraction gas chromatographic method. In: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed. AOAC International, Maryland.
  • Aparicio, R. and Aparicio-Ruiz, R. (2000). Authentication of vegetable oils by chromatographic techniques. J. Chromatogr. A. 881:93–104.
  • Barattero, M. and Lucero, G. (2004). GC analysis of triglycerides and detection limits for adulterating fats in butter. Industrie Alimentari. 43:771–773.
  • Barcarolo, R. and Anklam, E. (2001). Development of a rapid method for the detection of cocoa butter equivalents in mixtures with cocoa butter. J. AOAC Int. 84:1485–1489.
  • Berthod, A., Zhou, E. Y., Le, K. and Armstrong, D. W. (1995). Determination and use of Rohrschneider McReynolds constants for chiral stationary phases used in capillary gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 67:849–857.
  • Bononi, M., Fossati, A., Lubian, E., Tateo, F. and Fasan, S. (2001). Chraracterisation of synthetic triglycerides as solvents in butter flavouring. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 78:465–469.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F. and Anklam, E. (2000). Comparison of HPLC and GLC techniques for the determination of the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3359–3363.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F. and Anklam, E. (2003). Capillary GLC: A robust method to characterize the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter – results of an intercomparison study. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 105:754–760.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F. and Anklam, E. (2004b). Method validation for detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate. J. AOAC Int. 87:1164–1172.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F. and Anklam, E. (2004c). Cluster analysis for the systematic grouping of genuine cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalent samples based on triglyceride patterns. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:3855–3860.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F. and Anklam, E. (2004d). Interlaboratory evaluation of injection techniques for triglyceride analysis of cocoa butter by capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 1036:197–203.
  • Buchgraber, M., Ulberth, F., Emons, H. and Anklam, E. (2004a). Triacylglycerol profiling by using chromatographic techniques. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106:621–648.
  • Carelli, A. A. and Cert, A. (1993). Comparative study of the determination of triacylglycerol in vegetable oils using chromatographic techniques. J. Chromatogr. A. 630:213–222.
  • Christie, W. W. (2005). High-temperature gas chromatography of triacylglycerols: A cautionary note. Lipid Technol. 17:88–90.
  • Collomb, M., Spahni, M. S. and Buehler, T. (1998). Analysis of triglycerides. I. Optimization and validation of a rapid GC method and application to different vegetable and animal fats. Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene. 89:59–74.
  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 454/95. Detailed rules for intervention on the market in butter and cream. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L46:1–30.
  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 2771/99. Detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1255/1999 for the application of Council Regulation EC No 1255/1999 as regards intervention on the market in butter and cream. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L333:23–36.
  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 213/2001. Methods for the analysis and quality evaluation of milk and milk products. Commission Regulation (EC) No 213/01. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L37:42–99.
  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 273/2008. Methods for the analysis and quality evaluation of milk and milk products. Commission Regulation (EC) No 273/08. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L88:1–115.
  • Cserháti, T., Forgács, E., Deyl, Z. and Miksik, I. (2005). Chromatography in authenticity and traceability tests of vegetable oils and dairy products: A review. Biomed. Chromatogr. 19:183–190.
  • de Koning, S., Janssen, H.-G. and Brinkman, U. A. Th. (2006). Characterization of triacylglycerides from edible oils and fats using single and multidimensional techniques. LC·GC Europe. 19:1–13.
  • de la Fuente, M. A. and Juárez, M. (1999). Revisión: Aplicación de las técnicas cromatográficas al estudio de triglicéridos y esteroles de la grasa de la leche. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 5:103–119.
  • de la Fuente, M. A. and Juárez, M. (2005). Authenticity assessment of dairy products. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45:563–585.
  • Destaillats, F., Arula, J., Simon, J. E., Wolff, R. L. and Angers, P. (2002). Dibutyrate derivatization of monoacylglycerols for the resolution of regioisomers of oleic, petroselinic, and cis-vaccenic acids. Lipids. 37:111–116.
  • Destaillats, F., de Wispelaere, M., Joffre, F., Golay, P., Huga, B., Giuffrida, F., Fauconnot, L. and Dionisi, F. (2006). Authenticity of milk fat by fast analysis of triacylglycerols. Application to the detection of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. J. Chromatogr. A. 1131:227–234.
  • Fernandez-Moya, V., Martinez Force, E. and Garces, R. (2000). Identification of triacylglycerol species from high-saturated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) mutants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:764–769.
  • Firestone, D. (1994). Liquid chromatographic method for determination of triglycerides in vegetable oils in terms of their partition numbers: Summary of collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 77:954–957.
  • Fontecha, J., Goudjil, H., Rios, J. J., Fraga, M. J. and Juárez, M. (2005). Identity of the major triacylglycerols in ovine milk fat. Int. Dairy J. 15:1217–1224.
  • Fontecha, J., Mayo, I., Toledano, G. and Juárez, M. (2006a). Use of changes in triacylglycerols during ripening of cheeses with high lipolysis levels for detection of milk fat authenticity. Int. Dairy J. 16:1498–1504.
  • Fontecha, J., Rios, J. J., Lozada, L., Fraga, M. J. and Juárez, M. (2000). Composition of goat's milk fat triglycerides analyzed by silver ion adsorption-TLC and GC-MS. Int. Dairy J. 10:119–128.
  • Fontecha, J., Mayo, I., Toledano, G. and Juárez, M. (2006b). Triacylglycerol composition of protected designation of origin cheeses during ripening. Authenticity of milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 89:882–887.
  • Frega, N. and Bocci, F. (2001). Rapid analysis of olive oil. Laboratorio 2000. 15:28–31.
  • Geeraert, E., Sandra, P. and de Schepper, D. (1983). On-column injection in the capillary gas chromatographic analysis of fats and oils. J. Chromatogr. 279:287–295.
  • Goudjil, H., Fontecha, J., Fraga, M. J. and Juárez, M. (2003). TAG composition of ewe's milk fat. Detection of foreign fats. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 80:219–222.
  • Grob, Jr., K. (1979). Evaluation of injection techniques for triglycerides in CGC. J. Chromatogr. 178:387–392.
  • Grob, Jr., K. and Neukom, H. P. (1980). Factors affecting the accuracy and precision of cold on-column injections in capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 189:109–117.
  • Gutiérrez, R., Vega, S., Díaz, G., Sánchez, J., Coronado, M., Ramírez, A., Pérez, J., González, M. and Schettino, B. (2009). Detection of non-milk fat in milk fat by gas chromatography and linear discriminant analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 92:846–1855.
  • Gutiérrez Tolentino, R., Díaz González, G., Vega y León, S., Méndez, R. I., Delgadillo, G. H., Pérez Flores, N. and Pinto Covarrubias, M. (2004). Determinación de los niveles de triacilgliceroles (% p/p) presentes en grasas de origen animal y vegetal mediante la técnica de cromatografía de gases capilar. Agro. Sur. 32:68–75.
  • Guyon, F., Absalon, Ch., Eloy, A., Salagoity, M. H., Esclapez, M. and Medina, B. (2003). Comparative study of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and gas chromatography for quantitative determination of cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalent triacylglycerol composition. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17:2317–2322.
  • Guyon, F., Destouesse, S., Moustirats, J., Esclapez, M., Salagoity, M. H. and Medina, B. (2004). Alternative method for the quantification by gas chromatography triacylglycerol class analysis of cocoa butter equivalent added to chocolate bars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:2770–2775.
  • Haddad, I., Mozzon, M., Strabbioli, R. and Frega, N. G. (2011). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of triacylglycerols molecular species in camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). Int. Dairy J. 21:119–127.
  • Harrison, L., Chiew, W., Yuen, M., Ah, N. and Cheng, H. (2005). Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high-temperature gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Lipids. 40:523–528.
  • Hinshaw, J. and Seferovic, W. (1986). Analysis of triglycerides by capillary gas chromatography with programmed-temperature injection. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 9:731–736.
  • ISO 5509. (2000). Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils – Preparation of Methyl esters of Fatty Acids. International Standardization Organization, Geneva.
  • ISO 17678 – IDF 202. (2010). Milk and Milk Products. Determination of Milk Fat Purity by Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Triglycerides (Reference Method). International Standardization Organization, Geneva.
  • Ito, S., Muto, T., Furuhashi, T., Nagai, T. and Mitsui, T. (2000). Application of multivariate analysis at customs laboratory - analysis of mixed fats. Kanzei Chuo Bunsekishoho. 39:21–25.
  • IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. (1967). The nomenclature of lipids. J. Lipid Res. 8:523–528.
  • IUPAC Method 2.323. (1987). IUPAC Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed., Paquot, C. and Hautfenne, A., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Janssen, H.-G., Boers, W., Steenbergen, H., Horsten, R. and Flöter, E. (2003). Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography × gas chromatography: Evaluation of the applicability for the analysis of edible oils and fats. J. Chromatogr. A. 1000:385–400.
  • Janssen, H.-G., Steenbergen, H. and de Koning, S. (2009). The role of comprehensive chromatography in the characterization of edible oils and fats. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 111:1171–1184.
  • Jasper, J. P. (2000). GC-FID and acyl carbon number-based determination of characteristic groupings of complex triglyceride (Benefat S and other) mixtures. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:785–791.
  • Jittrepotch, N., Ushio, H. and Ohshima, T. (2006). Oxidative stabilities of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of cooked Japanese sardine meat during low temperature storage. Food Chem. 99:360–367.
  • Kaal, E. and Janssen, H.-G. (2008). Extending the molecular application range of gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 1184:43–60.
  • Kemppinen, A. and Kalo, P. (2006). Quantification of triacylglycerols in butterfat by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry using molar correction factors for [M-RCOO]+ ions. J. Chromatogr. A. 1134:260–283.
  • Laakso, P. (2002). Mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 104:43–49.
  • Lik Nang Lau, H., Wei Puah, C., May Choo, Y., Ngan Ma, A. and Hock Chuah, C. (2005). Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high-temperature gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Lipids. 40:523–528.
  • Marriott, P. J., Shellie, R. and Cornwell, C. (2001). Gas chromatographic technologies for the analysis of essential oils. J. Chromatogr. A. 936:1–22.
  • Martínez-Force, E., Ruiz López, N. and Garcés, R. (2004). The determination of the asymmetrical stereochemical distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols. Anal. Biochem. 334:175–182.
  • Mayer, B. X. and Lorbeer, E. (1997). Triacylglycerol mixture for testing capillary columns for hightemperature gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 758:235–242.
  • Mayer, B. X., Kählig, H. and Rauter, W. (2003a). Chromatographic properties of tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-dimethyl, diphenylsiloxane copolymers as stationary phases for gas-liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 993:59–70.
  • Mayer, B. X., Kählig, H. and Rauter, W. (2004a). Tetramethyl-p,p-sildiphenylene ether-dimethyl, diphenylsiloxane copolymers as stationary phases in gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 1042:147–154.
  • Mayer, B. X., Rauter, W., Kählig, H. and Zöllner, P. (2003b). A trifluoropropyl-containing silphenylene-siloxane terpolymer for high temperature gas chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 26:1436–1442.
  • Mayer, B. X., Rauter, W., Rauchbauer, G., Tomastik, C. and Bangert, H. (2004b). Approaches for the coating of capillary columns with highly phenylated stationary phases for high-temperature GC. J.Sep. Sci. 27:335–342.
  • Mayer, B. X., Zoellner, P., Lorbeer, E. and Rauter, W. (2002). A new 75% diphenyl, 25% dimethyl-polysiloxane coated on fused silica capillary columns for high temperature gas chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 25:60–66.
  • Mendez Antolin, E., Marrero Delange, D. and González Canavaciolo, V. (2008). Evaluation of five methods for derivatization and GC determination of a mixture of very long chain fatty acids. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 46:194–199.
  • Moldoveanu, S. C. and Chang, Y. (2011). Dual analysis of triglycerides from certain common lipids and seed extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:2137–2147.
  • Molketin, J. (2007). Detection of foreign fat in milk fat from different continents by triacylglycerol analysis. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:505–510.
  • Molkentin, J. and Precht, D. (1995). Entwicklung einer präzisen kapillar-GC-methode zur schnellen triglyceridanalytik von milchfett. Fett, Wissenschaft, Technologie/Fat, Science, Technology. 97:43–49.
  • Molkentin, J. and Precht, D. (2000). Equivalence of packed and capillary GC columns for detection of foreign fat in butter by use of the triglyceride formula method. Chromatographia. 52:791–797.
  • Mottram, H. R. and Evershed, R. P. (2001). Elucidation of the composition of bovine milk fat triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 926:239–253.
  • Mu, H., Kalo, P., Xu, X. and Hoy, C. E. (2000). Chromatographic methods in the monitoring of lipase-catalyzed interesterification. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:202–211.
  • Myher, J. J. and Kuksis, A. (1995). General strategies in chromatographic analysis of lipids. J. Chromatogr. B. 671:3–33.
  • Naviglio, D. and Raia, C. (2003a). Application of a HRGC method on capillary column Rtx 65-TG for triglyceride analysis to monitor butter purity. Anal. Lett. 36:3063–3094.
  • Naviglio, D. and Raia, C. (2003b). Quality control of butter by means of capillary column Rtx 65-TG. Industrie Alimentari. 42:742–756.
  • Ngo-Duy, C. C., Destaillats, F., Keskitalo, M., Arul, J. and Angers, P. (2009). Tricylglycerols of apiaceae seed oils: Composition and regiodistribution of fatty acids. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 111:164–169.
  • Nikolova-Damyanova, B. (1999). Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of triacylglycerols. Principles and application. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 22:1513–1537.
  • Ollivier, D. (2003). Detection of vegetable oil adulteration: Application to the quality of virgin oils, particularly virgin olive oil. Oleagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides. 10:315–320.
  • Park, Y. W., Chang, P. S. and Lee, J. (2010) Application of triacylglycerol and fatty acid analyses to discriminate blended sesame oil with soybean oil. Food Chem. 123:377–383.
  • Park, J. R. and Lee, D. S. (2003). Detection of adulteration in olive oils using triacylglycerols compositions by high temperature gas chromatography. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24:527–530.
  • Pereira, A. S., Costa, M. and Radler de Aquino, F. (2004). Two decades of high temperature gas chromatography (1983–2003): What's next? Microchem. J. 77:141–149.
  • Petrovic, M., Kezic, N. and Bolanca, V. (2010). Optimization of the GC method for routine analysis of the fatty acid profile of several food samples. Food Chem. 122:285–291.
  • Petsch, M., Mayer, B. X. and Zöllner, V (2005). Preparation and characterization of fused-silica capillary columns coated with m-carborane-siloxane copolymers for gas chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383:322–326.
  • Pinto, J. S. S. and Lancas, F. M. (2010). Hidrólise do óleo de Azadirachta indica em água subcrítica e determinação da composição dos triacilglicerídeos e ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução a alta temperatura e cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Quimica Nova. 33:394–397.
  • Povolo, M. and Contarini, G. (2009). Fast gas chromatography: Applications in milk fat analysis. Lipid Technol. 21:88–90.
  • Povolo, M., Pelizzola, V. and Contarini, G. (2007). Effectiveness of utrafast GC technique in milk fat authenticity assessment. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 84:203–209.
  • Povolo, M., Pelizzola, V. and Contarini, G. (2008). Directly resistively heated-column gas chromatography for the evaluation of cow milk fat purity. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 110:1050–1057.
  • Poy, F., Visani, S. and Terrosi, F. (1981). Automatic injection in high-resolution gas chromatography: A programmed temperature vaporizer as a general purpose injection system. J. Chromatogr. 217:81–90.
  • Precht, D. (1991). Control of milk fat purity by gas chromatographic triglyceride analysis. Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte. 43:219–242.
  • Prestamo, G. and Fontecha, J. (2007). High pressure treatment on the tofu fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 8:188–191.
  • Romano, R., Borriello, I., Chianese, L. and Addeo, F. (2008). Mozzarella di Bufala Campana: Qualitative and quantitative determination of triglycerides and fatty acids (CLA) during the year by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). Prog. Nutr. 10:22–29.
  • Romano, R., Giordano, A., Chianese, L., Addeo, F. and Musso, S. S. (2011). Triacylglycerols, fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in Italian “Mozzarella di Bufala Campana” cheese. J. Food Comp. Anal. 24:244–249.
  • Romano, R., Lambiase, G., Spagna Musso, S. and Chianese, L. (2004). The qualitative/quantitative distribution of milk fat induced by the processing of “Mozzarella di Bufala Campana”. Prog. Nutr. 6:275–284.
  • Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V. and Barron, L. J. R. (1995). Methods for the analysis of triacylglycerols. J. Chromatogr. B. 671:133–168.
  • Ruiz-Lopez, N., Martínez Force, E. and Garcés, R. (2003). Sequential one-step extraction and analysis of triacylglycerols and fatty plant tissues. Anal. Biochem. 317:247–254.
  • Ruiz-Samblás, C., Cuadros Rodríguez, L., González Casado, A., Rodríguez García, F. P., de la Mata Espinosa, P. and Bosque Sendra, J. M. (2011). Multivariate analysis of HT/GC-(IT)MS chromatographic profiles of triacylglycerol for classification of olive oil varieties. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 399:2093–2103.
  • Ruiz-Samblás, C., González Casado, A., Cuadros Rodríguez, L. and García Rodríguez, F. P. (2010). Application of selected ion monitoring to the analysis of triacylglycerols in olive oil by high temperature-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta. 82:255–260.
  • Seppanen Laakso, T., Laakso, I. and Hiltunen, R. (2002). Analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography and its relevance to research on health and nutrition. Anal. Chim. Acta. 465:39–62.
  • Sidisky, L. M. and Buchanan, M. D. (2008). Supelco patented ionic liquid GC phase technology. Reporter. 26.2:3–4.
  • Simoneau, C., Naudin, C., Hannaert, P. and Anklam, E. (2000). Comparison of classical and alternative extraction methods for the quantitative extraction of fat from plain chocolate and the subsequent application to the detection of added foreign fats to plain chocolate formulations. Food Res. Int. 33:733–741.
  • Tateo, F. and Bononi, M. (2003). Verification of repeatability in GC analysis of triglycerides. Industrie Alimentari. 42:500–503.
  • Termonia, M., Munari, F. and Sandra, P. (1987). High oven temperature – cold on-column injection for the automated CGC analysis of high molecular weight compounds such as TGs. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 10:263–268.
  • Timms, R. E. (1980). Detection and quantification of non-milk fat in mixtures of milk and non-milk fats. J. Dairy Res. 47:295–303.
  • Tranchida, P., Donato, P., Dugo, P., Dugo, G. and Mondello, L. (2007). Comprehensive chromatographic methods for the analysis of lipids. Trends Anal. Chem. 26:191–205.
  • Ulberth, F. and Buchgraber, M. (2000). Authenticity of fats and oils. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102:687–694.
  • Ulberth, F. and Buchgraber, M. (2003) Analytical platforms to assess the authenticity of cocoa butter. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 105:32–42.
  • Ulberth, F., Gaberning, R. and Roubicek, D. (1998). Gas chromatographic triglyceride profiling of milk fat; comparison of packed and short metal capillary columns. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und - Forschung A. 206:21–24.
  • van Ruth, S. M., Villegas, B., Akkermans, W., Rozijn, M., van der Kamp, H. and Koot, A. (2010). Prediction of the identity of fats and oils by their fatty acid, triacylglycerols and volatile compositions using PLS-DA. Food Chem. 118:948–955.
  • Van Vliet, M. H. and van Kempen, G. M. P. (2004). Computational estimation of the triacylglycerol composition of vegetable fats from gas and liquid chromatography data. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106:697–706.
  • Viera-Alcaide, I., Vicario, I. M., Escudero Gilete, M. L., Graciani Constante, E. and León Camacho, M. (2008). A multivariate study of the triacylglycerols composition of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of Iberian pig in relation to the fattening diet and genotype. Grasas y Aceites. 59:327–336.
  • Viera-Alcaide, I., Vicario, I. M., Graciani-Constante, E. and León-Camacho, M. (2007). Authentication of fattening diet of Iberian pig according to their triacylglycerols profile from subcutaneous fat. Anal. Chim. Acta. 596:319–324.
  • Waheed, A., Mahmud, S., Javed, M. A. and Saleem, M. (2001). Studies on the lipid classes of Nicotiana tabacum L. seed oil. Nat. Product Sci. 7:110–113.
  • Wang, H., Chao, Q., Ge, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, H. and Lei, T. (2009). Identification of cocoa butter and its substitute fats in chocolate products. Shipin Kexue. 30:66–69.
  • Whitmarsh, S. (2012). Ionic liquid stationary phases: Application in gas chromatography analysis of polar components of fuels and lubricants. Chromatogr. Today. 12–15.
  • Wolffi, P, Mordret, F. X. and Dieffenbacher, A. (1991). Determination of triglycerides in vegetable oils in terms of their partition numbers by high performance liquid chromatography. Pure Appl. Chem. 63:1173–1182.
  • Yoshida, H., Hirakawa, Y., Mizushina, Y. and Tanaka, T. (2002). Molecular species of triacylglycerols in the hulls of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) following microwave treatment. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 104:347–352.
  • Yoshida, H., Hirakawa, Y., Tomiyama, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2003). Effects of microwave treatment on the oxidative stability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) oils and the molecular species of their triacylglycerols. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 105:351–358.
  • Yoshida, H., Shougaki, Y., Hirakawa, Y., Tomiyama, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2004a). Lipid classes, fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species in the kernels of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84:158–163.
  • Yoshida, H., Takagi, S. and Hirakawa, Y. (2000). Molecular species of triacylglycerols in the seed coats of soybeans (glycine max L.) following microwave treatment. Food Chem. 70:63–69.
  • Yoshida, H., Tanaka, M., Tomiyama, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2007a). Antioxidant distributions and triacylglycerol molecular species of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84:165–172.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Hirakawa, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2004b). Variations in the composition of acyl lipids and triacylglycerol molecular species of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp.) following microwave treatment. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106:101–109.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Kanrei, S. and Mizushina, Y. (2006). Tocopherol distribution and molecular species of triacylglycerols in soybean embryonic axes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83:345–351.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Kita, S. and Mizushina, Y. (2005). Lipid classes, fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 107:307–315.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2010a). Lipid components, fatty acids and triacylglycerol molecular species of black and red rices. Food Chem. 123:210–215.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y. and Mizushina, Y. (2010b). Tocopherol distributions and triacylglycerol molecular species in broad beans (Vicia faba). Food Sci. Technol. Res. 16:409–416.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Tanaka, M. and Mizushina, Y. (2007b). Characteristic profiles of lipid classes, fatty acids and triacylglycerol molecular species of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:600–607.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Yoshida, N. and Mizushina, Y. (2009a). Profiles of lipid components, fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol molecular species of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86:545–552.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Yoshida, N. and Mizushina, Y. (2009b). Characteristics of lipid components, fatty acid distributions and triacylglycerol molecular species of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis). Food Chem. 115:1424–1429.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Yoshida, N., Saiki, M. and Mizushina, Y. (2008a). Lipid classes, fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol molecular species from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis). J. Food Lipids. 15:343–355.
  • Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Yoshida, N., Saiki, M. and Mizushina, Y. (2008b). Lipid classes, fatty acid distributions and triacylglycerol molecular species of broad beans (Vicia faba). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 85:535–541.
  • Zeleny, R. and Schimmel, H. (2003). Determination and certification of the relative mass fractions of triglycerides and cholesterol in pure and adulterated butter oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 105:508–517.
  • Zou, J. (2002a). Determination of composition of triacylglycerols in butterfat by capillary gas chromatography-EI mass spectrometry. Fenxi Ceshi Xuebao. 21:79–81.
  • Zou, J. (2002b). Determination of the composition of triacylglycerols in coconut oil by high temperature gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. Fenxi Huaxue. 30:428–431.
  • Zou, J. (2002c). Determination of the composition of ODO by gas chromatograph-EI mass spectrometry. Xiangliao Xiangjing Huazhuangpin. 6:16–17.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.