Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: A Rapid and Accurate Answer to Food Safety

REFERENCES

• Abravaya, K., Huff, J., Marshall, R., Merchant, B., Mullen, C., Scneider, G. and Robinson, J. (2003). Molecular beacons as diagnostic tools: Technology and applications. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 14:468–474.
   Google Scholar
• Agersborg, A., Dahl, R. and Martinez, I. (1997). Sample preparation and DNA extraction procedures for polymerase chain reaction identification of Listeria monocytogenes in seafoods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 15:275–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alocilja, E. C. and Radke, S. M. (2003). Market analysis of biosensors for food safety. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18:841–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, G. P. and Maurelli, A. T. (1992). mxiA of Shigella flexneri 2a, which facilitates export of invasion plasmid antigens, encodes a homolog of the low-calcium-response protein, LcrD, of Yersinia pestis. Infect. Immun. 60:3287–3295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnal, C., Ferre-Aubineau, V., Mignotte, B., Imbert-Marcille, B. M. and Billaudel, S. (1999). Quantification of hepatitis A virus in shellfish by competitive reverse transcription-PCR with coextraction of standard RNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atanassova, V., Meindl, A. and Ring, C. (2001). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw pork and uncooked smoked ham, a comparison of classical culturing detection and RFLPPCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68:105–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aznar, R. and Alarcon, B. (2003). PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes: A study of multiple factors affecting sensitivity. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:958–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, D., Crane, V. and Rice, D. (1999). A comparison of gel-based, nylon filter and microarray techniques to detect differential RNA expression in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 2:96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barany, F. (1991a). Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification using cloned thermostable ligase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:189–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barany, F. (1991b). The ligase chain reaction in a PCR world. PCR Methods Applic. 1:5–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barry, T., Colleran, G., Glennon, M., Dunican, L. K. and Gannon, F. (1991). The 16s/23s ribosomal spacer region as a target for DNA probes to identify eubacteria. PCR Methods Appl. 1(1):51–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bej, A. K., Dicesare, J. L., Haff, L. and Atlas, R. M. (1991). Detection of escherichia coli and shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(4):1013–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bej, A. K. and Jones, D. D. (1993). Detection of Salmonella spp., V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus from artificially contaminated shell- fish by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene probes. In: 93rd Annual Meeting of American Society For Micro-biology, Atlanta, GA, Abst. Q-208.
   Google Scholar
• Berrada, H., Soriano, J. M., Pico, Y. and Manes, J. (2006). Quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in salads by real time quantitative PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 107:202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, R. and Blackburn, C. W. (2009). Detecting pathogens in food. In: Foodborne Pathogens: Hazards, Risk Analysis and Control, 2nd ed., pp. 17–65, Blackburn, C. W. and McClure, P. J., Eds., wWoodhead Publishing, Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Bhat, R. V. and Vasanthi, S. (2003). Mycotoxins food safety risk in developing countries, In: Food Safety in Food Security and Trade, 2020 Vision for Food Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 20, Brief 3, Unnevehr, L., Ed., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, A. K. (2005). Evaluation of Export Buffalo Meat for Some Chemical Residues and Microbial Contaminants. PhD thesis, IVRI, Izatnagar, India.
   Google Scholar
• Blais, B. W., Turner, G., Sookanan, R. and Malek, L. T. (1997). A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification system for detection of Lis-teria monocytogenes hlyA sequences. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:310–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blodgett, R. (2010). Most probable number from serial dilutions. Bacteriological analytical manual appendix 2. Available from http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/BacteriologicalAnalyticalManualBAM/ucm109656.htm. Accessed 22 February 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Border, P. M.. Howard, J. J., Plastow, G. S. and Siggens, K. W. (1990). Detection of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes using polymerase chain reaction. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 11(3):158–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmhatt, M. (2005). Avian influenza: Economic and social impacts. Available from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,contentMDK:20663668~pagePK:34370~piPK:42770~theSitePK:4607,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Brauns, L. A., Hudson, M. C. and Oliver, J. D. (1991). Use of the polymerase chain reaction in detection of culturable and nonculturable vibrio vulnificus cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(9):2651–2655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzby, J. C. and Unnevehr, L. (2003). Introduction and overview. In: International Trade and Food Safety, Economic Theory and Case Studies, Agricultural Economic Report No. 828, Chapter 1, pp.1–9, Jean C. Buzby Ed., USDA, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, B., Li, R., Xiong, S., Yao, F., Liu, X., Wang, M., Lu, F. and Wang, L. (2011). Use of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of bacterial pathogens associated with fishery products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77(23):8219–8225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemburu, S., Wilkins, E. and Abdel-Hamid, I. (2005). Detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples using highly-dispersed carbon particles. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21:491–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. and Knabel, S. J. (2007). Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of bacteria of the genusListeria, Listeria monocytogenes, and major serotypes and epidemic clones of L. Monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(19):6299–6304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Martinez, G. and Mulchandani, A. (2000). Molecular beacons: A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Salmonella. Anal. Biochem. 280:166–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. H. and Lee, S. B. (2004). Development of reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction of fimA gene to detect viable Salmonella in milk. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 46:841–848.
   Google Scholar
• Chun, J. Y., Kim, K. J., Hwang, I. T., Kim, Y. J., Lee, D. H., Lee, I. K. and Kim, J. K. (2007). Dual priming oligonucleotide system for the multiplex detection of respiratory viruses and SNP genotyping of CYP2C19 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 35(6):e40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, N. (2003). The use of NASBA for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. J. Microbiol. Methods. 53(2):165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, C. A. and Relman, D. A. (2000). Using DNA microarrays to study host–microbe interactions. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:513–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmarchelier, P. M., Bilge, S. S., Fegan, N., Mills, L., Vary, J. C. and Tarr, P. I. (1998). A PCR specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on rfb locus encoding O157 lipopolysaccharide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1801–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohlman, E. (2003). Mycotoxin hazards and regulations, impacts on food and animal feed crop trade,” In: International Trade and Food Safety, Economic Theory and Case Studies, Agricultural Economic Report No. 828, Chapter 6, pp.97–108, Jean C. Buzby, Ed., USDA, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Donohoe, G. G., Laaksonen, M., Pulkki, K., Ronnemaa, T. and Kairisto, V. (2000). Rapid single-tube screening of the C282Y hemochromatosis mutation by real-time multiplex allele-specific PCR without fluorescent probes. Clin. Chemist. 46:1540–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois, V., Paillard, D., Duran, R., Nathier, F., Guittet, C., Caumette, P. and Quentin, C. (2003). Rapid identification of Listeria species by using restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified 23S rRNA gene fragments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6386–6392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Haese, E. and Nelis, H. J. (2002). Rapid detection of single cell bacteria as a novel approach in food microbiology. J. AOAC Int. 85:979–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Urso, O. F., Poltronieri, P., Marsigliante, S., Storelli, C., Hernandez, M. and Rodriguez-Lazaro, D. (2009). A filtration-based real-time PCR method for the quantitative detection of viable Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples. Food Microbiol. 26:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnifro, E. M., Ashshi, A. M., Cooper, R. J. and Klapper, P. E. (2000). Multiplex PCR: Optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13(4):559–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewen, C., Todd, D. and Narrod, C. (2003). Understanding the links between agriculture and health, agriculture, food safety, and food borne diseases, 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 10, Brief 5, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Falkow, S. (1988). Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10(2):S274–S276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell, J. J., Doyle, L. J., Addison, R. M.., Reller, B., Hall, G. S. and Procop, G. W. (2005). Broad-range (Pan) salmonella and salmonella serotype typhi–specific real-time PCR assays potential tools for the clinical microbiologist. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 123:339–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, P. (1997). Impact of molecular biology on the detection of foodborne pathogens. Mol. Biotechnol. 7(3):267–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay, B. B. and Falkow, S. (1989). Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiol. Rev. 53:210–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finlay, B. B. and Falkow, S. (1997). Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61:136–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice, J., Duffy, G., Kilbride, B., Sheridan, J. J., Carroll, C. and Maher, M. (2004a). Comparison of a membrane surface adhesion recovery method with an IMS method for use in a polymerase chain reaction method to detect Escherichia coli O157: H7 in minced beef. J. Microbiol. Meth. 59:243–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice, J., Glennon, M., Duffy, G., Sheridan, J. J., Carroll, C. and Maher, M. (2004b). Application of real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays for the detection and quantitation of VT1 and VT2 toxin genes in E. coli O157:H7. Mol. Cell. Probes. 18:123–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel, G., Riley, L., Giron, J. A., Valmassoi, J., Friedmann, A., Strockbine, N., Falkow, S. and Schoolnik, G. K. (1990). Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification. J. Infect Dis. 161:1252–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, J., Burnens, A., Stuber, K., Nicolet, J. and Kuhnert, P. (1998). Target Genes for the Identification and Detection of Potentially Hazardous Bacteria. In: OECD Workshop on Molecular Methods for Safe Drinking Water. Available at www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd29/frey.pdf. Accessed 13 October 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Galan, J. E., Ginocchio, C. and Costeas, P. (1992). Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: Homology of InvA to members of a new protein family. J. Bacteriol. 174:4338–4349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, V. P., D'Souza, S., Graham, T., King, R. K., Rahn, K. and Read, S. (1997). Use of the flagellar H7 gene as a target in multiplex PCR assays and improved specicity in identication of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:656–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendel, S. M. (2004). Riboprint analysis of Listeria monocytogenes isolates obtained by FDA from 1999 to 2003. Food Microbiol. 21:187–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesendorf, B. A. J. and Quint, W. G. V. (1992). Detection and identification of Campylobacter spp. using the polymerase chain reaction. Cell Mol. Biol. 41:625–638.
   Google Scholar
• Giesendorf, B. A., Quint, W. G., Henkens, M. H., Stegeman, H., Huf, F. A. and Niesters, H. G. (1992). Rapid and sensitive detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken products by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(12):3804–3808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilgen, M., Wegmuller, B., Burkhalter, P., Buhler, H. P., Muller, U., Luthy, J. and Candrian, U. (1995). Reverse transcription PCR to detect enteroviruses in surface water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(4):1226–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannacci, I., Ragimbeau, C., Queguiner, S., Salvat, G., Vendeuvre, J. L., Carlier, V. and Ermel, G. (1999). Listeria monocytogenes in pork slaughtering and cutting plants. Use of RAPD, PFGE and PCR-REA for tracing and molecular epidemiology. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 53:127–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, B., Lahiff, S., Wernecke, M., Barry, T. Smith, TJ and Maher, M. (2006). Current and emerging molecular diagnostic technologies applicable to bacterial food safety. Int. J. Dairy Tech. 59:126–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilbaud, M., de Coppet, P., Bourion, F., Rachman, C., Prévost, H., and Dousset, X. (2005). Quantitative Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Biofilms by Real-Time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(4):2190–2194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürtler, V. and Stanisich, V. A. (1996). New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology. 142:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, L. A., Zahn, E. A., Wild, S. R., Döpfer, D., James, S. and Stein, C. (2012). Estimating global mortality from potentially foodborne diseases: An analysis using vital registration data. Pop. Health Metrics. 10:5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara-Kudo, Y., Yoshino, M., Kojima, T. and Ikedo, M. (2005). Loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation for the rapid detection of Salmonella. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 253:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heid, C. A., Stevens, J., Livak, K. J. and Williams, P. M. (1996). Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Methods. 6:986–994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson, S. (2003). Food safety issues in international trade. In: Food Safety in Food Security and Trade, 2020 Vision for Food Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 20, Brief 10, Unnevehr, L., Ed., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Herman, L. M., De Block, J. H. G. E. and Moermans, R. J. B. (1995). Direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes in 25 milliliters of raw milk by a two-step PCR with nested primers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:817–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida, M., Taboada, M., Menéndez, S. and Rodríguez-Otero, J. L. (2000). Semi-automated direct epifl uorescent fi lter technique for total bacterial count in raw milk. J. AOAC Int. 83:1345–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, J. and Greening, G. E. (2006). Determination of the effect of heat treatment on enteric viruses in mussels using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and cell culture. J. Food Prot. 69:2217–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Q., Hu, Q. and Li, Q. (2007). Identification of 8 foodborne pathogens by multicolor combinational probe coding technology in a single real-time PCR. Clin. Chem. 53(10):1741–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., Zhu, Y., Wen, H., Zhang, J., Huang, S., Niu, J. and Li, Q. (2009). Quadruplex real-time PCR assay for detection and identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains and determination of their toxigenic potential. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(22):6981–6985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibekwe, A. M., Shouse, P. J. and Grieve, C. M. (2006). Quantification of survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on plants affected by contaminated irrigation water. Eng. Life Sci. 6:566–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A., Liesack, W. and Stackebrandt, E. (1992). Polymerase chain reaction-gene probe detection system specific for pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30(8):1942–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliev, M. V., Najdenski, H. M., Stals, A., Werbrouck, H., Herman, L. and Coillie, E. V. (2008). Optimization of real-time PCR protocol for detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. 11(3):179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Itoh, T., Aiba, H., Baba, T., Hayashi, K., Inada, T., Isono, K., Kasai, H., Kimura,  , Kitakawa, M., Kitagawa, M., Makino, K., Miki, T., Mizobuchi, K., Mori, H., Mori, T., Motomura, K., Nakade, S., Nakamura, Y., Nashimoto, H., Nishio, Y., Oshima, T., Saito, N., Sampei, G., Seki, Y. and Horiuchi, T. (1996). A 460-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 40.1–50.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 3:379–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iyer, A. P. and Kumosani, T. A. (2010). PCR-based detection of food borne pathogens. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Tech. 44:699–701.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, K. G., Giron, J. A., Jerse, A. E., Mcdaniel, T. K., Donnenberg, M. S. and Kaper, J. B. (1995). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA. 92:7996–8000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasson, V., Jacxsens, L., Luning, P., Rajkovic, A. and Uyttendaele, M. (2010). Alternative microbial methods: An overview and selection criteria. Food Microbiol. 27:710–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeshveen, S. S., Chai, L. C., Pui, C. F. and Son, R. (2012). Optimization of multiplex PCR conditions for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence genes. Int. Food Res. J. 19(2):461–466.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, S., Zhou, J. and Ye, J. (2008). Adoption of HACCP system in the Chinese food industry: A comparative analysis. Food Control. 19:823–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jothikumar, N., Wang, X. and Griffiths, M. W. (2003). Real-time multiplex SYBR green I-based PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Salmonella serovars and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Prot. 66:2141–2145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafferstein, F. K. (2003). Food safety as a public health issue for developing countries. In: Food Safety in Food Security and Trade, 2020 Vision for Food Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 20, Brief 2, Unnevehr, L. Ed., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, S., Fratamico, P. M., Kamisaki-Horikoshi, N., Okada, Y., Takeshita, K., Sameshima, T. and Kawamoto, S. (2009). Evaluation of a multiplex PCR system for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods and in foods subjected to freezing. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6(1):81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, S., Fratamico, P. M., Kamisaki-Horikoshi, N., Okada, Y., Takeshita, K., Sameshima, T. and Kawamoto, S. (2011). Development of the multiplex PCR detection kit for Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichiacoli O157:H7. JARQ. 45 (1):77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. S., Lee, G. G., Park, J. S., Jung, Y. H., Kwak, H. S., Kim, S. B. Nam., Y. S. Kwon and Suk-Tae (2007). A novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of five pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella, Staphylococcusaureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Food Prot. 70:1656–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Kim, S. R., Kwon, K. S., Lee, J. W. and Oh, M. J. (2008). Detection of hepatitis a virus from oyster by nested PCR using efficient extraction and concentration method. J. Microbiol. 46:436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. S., Lee, G. G., Park, J. S., Jung, Y. H., Kwak, H. S., Kim, S. B., et al. (2007). A novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of five pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Food Prot. 70:1656–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, P. G. and Juneja, V. K.. (1997). Sensitive detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4441–4448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemsdal, S. S. and Elen, O. (2006). Development of a highly sensitive nested-PCR method using a single closed tube for detection of Fusarium culmorum in cereal samples. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:544–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., Surendran, P. K. and Thampuran, N. (2008). Evaluation of culture, ELISA and PCR assays for the detection of Salmonella in seafood. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 46:221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwaga, J., Iversen, J. O. and Misra, V. (1992). Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica by polymerase chain reaction and digoxigenin-labeled polynucleotide probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2668–2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambertz, S. T., Nilsson, C., Hallanvuo, S. and Lindblad M. (2008). Real-time PCR method for detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74(19):6060–6067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, L., Tsai, Y. L., Mayer, C. L., Patton, K. C. and Palmer, C. J. (1994). Multiplex PCR for detection of the heat-labile toxin gene and shiga-like toxin I and II genes in Escherichia coli isolated from natural waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60(9):3145–3149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Liu, D., Cao, B., Han, W., Liu, Y., Liu, F., Guo, X., Bastin, D. A., Feng, L. and Wang, L. (2006). Development of a serotype-specific DNA microarray for identification of some Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(12):4376–4383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liming, S. H. and Bhagwat, A. A. (2004). Application of a molecular beacon—Real-time PCR technology to detect Salmonella species contaminating fruits and vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95:177–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, J. A. (1997). Chronic sequelae of foodborne disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3(4, Oct–Dec). Available from www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/eid//vol3/no4/lindsay.htm
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Campos, G., Martinez-Suarez, J. V., Aguado-Urda, M. and Lopez Alonso, V. (2012). Detection, Identifi cation, and Analysis of Foodborne Pathogens. In: Microarray Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens, (Editors: Lopez-Campos, G., Martinez-Suarez, J. V., Aguado-Urda, M. and Lopez Alonso, V), ISBN.978-1-4614-3249-4. IX, 126 p.11 Springer Briefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Campos, G., Martinez-Suarez, J. V., Aguado-Urda, M. and Lopez Alonso, V. (2012). Detection, identification, and analysis of foodborne pathogens. In: Microarray Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens, SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition, Springer, New York, NY.doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3250-0_2.
   Google Scholar
• Lowy Institute for International Policy. (2006). Global Macroeconomic Consequences of Pandemic Influenza, analysis, Australian National University (February 16, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Loy, A., Schulz, C., Lucker, S., Schopfer-Wendels, A., Stoecker, K., Baranyi, C., Lehner, A. and Wagner, M. (2005). 16S rRNA gene-based oligonucleotide microarray for environmental monitoring of the betaproteobacterial order Rhodocyclales. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(3):1373–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, K. T., Chengm, H. Y., Lo, C. F., Chang, H. C. and Lin, J. H. (2007). Discriminating between Achyranthis bidentatae radix and Cyathulae radix in Chinese medicine preparations by nested PCR and DNA sequencing methods. Planta Medica. 73(12):1322–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukinmaa, S., Nakari, U. M., Eklund, M. and Siitonen, A. (2004). Application of molecular genetic methods in diagnostics and epidemiology of food-borne bacterial pathogens. APMIS. 112:908–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malorny, B., Hoorfar, J., Hugas, M., Heuvelink, A., Fach, P., Ellerbroek, L., Bunge, C., Dorn, C. and Helmuth, R. (2003). Interlaboratory diagnostic accuracy of a Salmonella specific PCR-based method. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 89:241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, P. K., Biswas, A. K., Choi, K. and Pal, U. K. (2011). Methods for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens: An overview. Am. J. Food Tech. 6 (2):87–102.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Blanch, J. F., Sanchez, G., Garay, E. and Aznar, R. (2009). Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of enterotoxigenic members of Bacillus cereus group in food samples. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 135:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengaud, J., Vicente, M. F., Chenevert, J., Pereira, J. M., Geoffroy, C., Gicquel-Sanzey, B., Baquero, F., Perez-Diaz, J. C. and Cossart, P. (1988). Expression in Escherichia coli and sequence analysis of listeriolysin O determinant of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 56(4):766–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messelhausser, U., Fricker, M., Ehling-Schulz, M., Ziegler, H., Elmer-Englhard, D., Kleih, W. and. Busch, U. (2007). Real-time-PCR for the detection of emetic Bacillus cereus in food. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 2: 190–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messelhausser, U., Fricker, M., Ehling-Schulz, M., Ziegler, H., Elmer-Englhard, D., Kleih, W. et al. (2007). Real-time-PCR-system for detection of Bacillus cereus (emetic type) in the food. J. Verbrauchersch Lebensmittelsich(J Consum. Prot. Food. Saf.) 2:190–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhlanga, M. M. and Malmberg, L. (2001). Using molecular beacons to detect singlenucleotide polymorphisms with real-time PCR. Methods. 25:463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, J. and Baeumner, A. J. (2002). Highly sensitive and specific detection of viable Escherichia coli in drinking water. Anal. Biochem. 303:186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori, Y. and Notomi, T. (2009). Loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation (LAMP): A rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic method for infectious diseases. J. Infect. Chemother. 15:62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. B., Weis, J. J. and Wittwer, C. T. (1998). Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques. 24:954–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay, A. and Mukhopadhyay, U. K. (2007). Novel multiplex PCR approaches for the simultaneous detection of human pathogens: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Microbiol. Methods. 68(1):193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullis, K. and Faloona, F. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 155:335–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, N. M., McLauchlin, J., Ohai, C. and Grant, K. A. (2007). Construction and evaluation of a microbiological positive process internal control for PCR-based examination of food samples for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 120:110–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal, A.; Coll, A.; Cook, N. and Pla, M. (2007). A molecular beacon-based real time NASBA assay for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products: Role of target mRNA secondary structure on NASBA design. J. Microbiol. Meth. 68:623–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, H., Inoue, M., Mori, T., Itoh, K., Arakawa, E. and Watanabe, H. (1992). Detection and identification of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica by an improved polymerase chain reaction method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2484–2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naravaneni, R. and Jamil, K. (2005). Rapid detection of food-borne pathogens by using molecular techniques. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tada, J., Ohashi, T., Nishimura, N., Shirasaki, Y., Ozaki, H., Fukushima, S., Takano, J., Nishibuchi, M. and Takeda, Y. (1992). Detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene ( tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene ( trh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell. Probe. 6(6):477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka, K., Yanagawa, K., Takatori, K. and Hara-Kudo, Y. (2005). Detection of Salmonella enterica in naturally contaminated liquid eggs by loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation, and characterization of Salmonella isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6730–6735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura, M., Ohba, Y., Kikuchi, S., Suzuki, A., Tachizaki, H., Takehara, K., Ikedo, M., Kojima, T., and Nakamura, M. (2008). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of the O9 group of Salmonella in chickens. Vet. Microbiol. 132:197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura, M., Ohba, Y., Kikuchi, S., Suzuki, A., Tachizaki, H., Takehara, K., et al. (2008). Loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of the O9 group of Salmonella in chickens. Vet. Microbiol. 132:197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuki, T., Wilson, J. S. and Sewadeh, M. (2001). Saving two in a billion: Quantifying the trade effect of european food safety standards on African exports. Food Policy. 26:495–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyofo, B. A., Thornton, S. A., Burr, D. H., Trust, T. J., Pavlovskis, O. R. and Guerry, P. (1992). Specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campyobacter coli by using polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2613–2619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, L., Joy, J., Kane, M. and Maher, M. (2000). Rapid polymerase chain reaction/DNA probe membrane based asay for the detection of Listeria and L. monocytogenes in food. J. Food Prot. 63:337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oravcová, K., Trnčíková, T. and Kaclíková, E. (2007). Comparison of three real-time PCR-based methods for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 46(2):63–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan, N. A., Fallon, R., Carroll, C., Smith, T. and Maher, M. (2000). Detection and differentiation of Campylobacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler chicken samples using a PCR/DNA probe membrane-based colorimetric detection assay. Mol. Cell. Probes. 14:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panicker, G., Call, D. R., Krug, M. J. and Bej, A. K. (2004). Detection of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in shellfish by using multiplex PCR and DNA microarrays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(12):7436–7444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton, A. W. and Paton, J. C. (1998). Detection and characterization of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by using multiplex PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA, enterohemorrhagic E.coli hlyA, rfb0111 and rfb O157. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, L., Heard, P., Kane, M., Kim, H., Savikhin, S., Dominguez, W. and Bruce, A. (2007). Application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction to the detection of pathogens in food. J. Rapid Methods Automat. Microbiology. 15:176–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, L., Heard, P., Kane, M., Kim, H., Savikhin, S., Dominguez, W., et al. (2007). Application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction to the detection of pathogens in food. J. Rapid Methods Automat. Microbiology. 15:176–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettipher, G. L., Watts, Y. B., Langford, S. A. and Kroll, R. G. (1992). Preliminary evaluation of COBRA, an automated DEFT instrument, for the rapid enumeration of microorganisms in cultures, rawmilk, meat and fish. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14:206–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plano, G. V., Barve, S. S. and Straley, S. C. (1991). LcrD, a membrane-bound regulator of the Yersinia pestis lowcalcium response. J. Bacteriol. 173:7293–7303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachlin, J., Ding, C., Cantor, C. and Kasif, S. (2005). MuPlex: Multi-objective multiplex PCR assay design. Nucleic Acids Res. 33:W544–W547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantsiou, K., Alessandria, V., Urso, R., Dolci, P. and Cocolin, L. (2008). Detection, quantification and vitality of Listeria monocytogenes in food as detennined by quantitative PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 121:99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantsiou, K., Lamberti, C. and Cocolin, L. (2010). Survey of Campylobacter jejuni in retail chicken meat products by application of a quantitative PCR protocol. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 141:S75–S79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, H. N., Olsen, J. E., Jorgensen, K. and Rasmussen, O. F. (1996). Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Camp. coli in chicken faecal samples by PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 23(5):363–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasooly, A. and Herold, K. (2008). Food microbial pathogen detection and analysis using DNA microarray technologies. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 5(4):531–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodius, V., Van Dyk, T. K., Gross, C. and LaRossa, R. A. (2002). Impact of genomic technologies on studies of bacterial gene expression. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:599–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, C. S., Glasner, J. D., Mau, R., Jin, H. and Blattner, F. R. (1999). Genome-wide expression profiling in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:3821–3835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijpens, N. P. and Herman, L. M. (2002). Molecular methods for identification and detection of bacterial food pathogens. J. AOAC Int. 85:984–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijpens, N. P., Jannes, G. and Herman, L. M. F. (1997). Incidence of listeria Spp and Listeria-Monocytogenes in ready-to-eat chicken and turkey products determined by polymerase chain-reaction and line probe assay hybridization. J. Food Prot. 60:548–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riyaz-Ul-Hassan, S., Verma, V. and Qazi, G. N. (2008). Evaluation of three different molecular markers for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction. Food Microbiol. 25:452–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., Jofre, A., Aymerich, T., Garriga, M. and Pla, M. (2005). Rapid quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes in salmon products: Evaluation of pre-real-time PCR strategies. J. Food Prot. 68:1467–1471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., Jofr_e, A., Aymerich, T., Hugas, M. and Pla, M. (2004). Rapid quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes in meat products by realtime PCR. App. Environ. Microbiol. 70:6299–6301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronner, A. C. and Lindmark, H. (2007). Quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken carcasses by real-time PCR. J. Food Prot. 70:1373–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossau, R. (1991). Development and application of Ribosomal ribonucleic acid probes for species specific detection of microbial pathogens. In: Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology. pp 76–83, Vaheri, A., Tilton, R. C., and Balows, A., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Rossau, R. (1991). In: Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology. pp 76–83, Vaheri, A., Tilton, R. C., and Balows, A., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Rossau, R., Michielsen, A., Jannes, G., Duhamel, M., Kersters, K. and Van Heuverswijn, H. (1992). DNA probes for Bordetella species and a colorimetric reverse hybridization assay for the detection of Bordetella pertussis. Mol. Cell. Probes. 6:281–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossen, L., Norskov, P., Holmstrom, K. and Rasmussen, O. F. (1992). Inhibition of PCR by components of food samples, microbial diagnostic assays and DNA-extraction solutions. Int. J. Food Microbiol.17:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, B. K., Tian, B. and Bucy, R. P. (2001). Quantitation of HIV-1 by real-time PCR with a unique fluorogenic probe. J. Virol. Methods. 93:33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroj, S. D., Shashidhar, R., Karani, M. and Bandekar, J. R. (2008). Rapid, sensitive, and validated method for detection of Salmonella in food by an enrichment broth culture-nested PCR combination assay. Mol. Cell Probes. 22:201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheu, P. M., Berghof, K. and Stahl, U. (1998). Detection of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms in food with the polymerase chain reaction. Food Microbiol. 15(1):13–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimidt, H., Knop, C., Franke, S., Aleksic, S., Heesemann, J. and Karch, H. (1995). Development of PCR for screening of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol.33:701–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Heydt, M. and Geisen, R. (2007). A microarray for monitoring the production of mycotoxins in food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 117:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultsz, C., Pool, G. J., Van Ketel, R., De Wever, B., Speelman, P. and Dankert, J. (1994). Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in stool samples by using nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes and PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2393–2397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, K. H., Brackett, R.E, Frank, J. F. and Hilliard, S. (1998). Immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food. Prot. 61:812–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, K. H., Valentin-Bon, I. E., Brackett, R. E. and Holt, P. S. (2004). Rapid, specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in pooled eggs by real-time PCR. J. Food. Prot. 67:864–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeev, N., Distler, M., Courtney, S., Al-Khaldi, S. F., Volokhov, D., Chizhikov, V., and Rasooly, A. (2004a). Multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray for environmental and biodefense applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20(4):684–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeev, N., Volokhov, D., Chizhikov, V., and Rasooly, A. (2004b). Simultaneous analysis of multiple staphylococcal enterotoxin genes by an oligonucleotide microarray assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(5):2134–2143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shangkuan, Y. H., Show, Y. S. and Wang, T. M. (1995). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and to biotype Vibrio cholerae O1. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79:264–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma, V. K. (2006). Real-time reverse transcription-multiplex PCR for simultaneous and specific detection of rfbE and eae genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Mol. Cell. Probes. 20(5):298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, X. M., Long, F. and Suo, B. (2010). Molecular methods for the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens. Pure Appl. Chem. 82(1):69–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, M. C., Gray, D. I. and Cook, N. (1996). DNA extraction and PCR methods for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked sal mon. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:822–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J., Batish, V. K. and Grover, S. (2009). A scorpion probe-based real-time PCR assay for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in dairy products. Foodborne Pathog. Dis.6:395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraj, A. K., Ozbek, U., Sazawal, S., Sirma, S., Timson, G., Al-Nasser, A., Bhargava, M.. El-Solh, H. and Bhatia, K. (2002). Preclinical validation of a monochrome real-time multiplex assay for translocations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. 8:3832–3840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinas, A., Brown, L. J., McKeen, C., Mellor, J. M., Nicol, J., Thelwell, N. and Brown, T. (2001). Duplex scorpion primers in SNP analysis and FRET applications. Nucl. Acids Res. 29:E96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, T., Toma, C., Nakasone, N. and Iwanaga, M. (2005). Sensitive and rapid detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 243:259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stannard, C. (1997). Development and use of microbiological criteria for foods. Food Sci. Technol. Today. 11:137–177.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, R. and Made, D. (2007). Detection of Salmonella in foods – experience with a combination of microbiological and molecular biological methods. Fleischwirtschaft. 87:98–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, E. J. and Falkow, S. (1997). Microbial pathogenesis: Genomics and beyond. Science. 276:707–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suo, B., He, Y., Paoli, G., Gehring, A., Tu, S. I. and Shi, X. (2010). Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray to detect multiple foodborne pathogens. Mol. Cell. Probe. 24(2):77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, W., Wang, K. and Drake, T. (2004). Molecular beacons. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 8:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2001). HACCP in small companies: Benefits or burden? Food Control. 12:217–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2007). A new method of HACCP for the catering and food service industry. Food Control. 19:126–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teh C. S., Chua, K. H., Puthucheary, S. D. and Thong, K. L. (2008). Further evaluation of a multiplex PCR for differentiation of Salmonella paratyphi A from other salmonellae Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 61:313–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A.; Jiggle, B.; Smith, H. R. and Rowe, B. (1994). The detection of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in fecal specimens using polymerase chain reaction gene amplification. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19:406–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Y. L.; Palmer, C. J. and Sangermano, L. R. (1993). Detection of Escherichia coli in sewage and sludge by polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsen, H. Y., Liou, J. W. and Lin, C. K. (1994). Possible use of polymerase chain reaction method for the specific detection of Salmonella in beef. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 77:137–143.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. (2012). Protect and serve: Innovations in food pathogen detection. Available from: FoodProcessing–Technology.com. Accessed March 6, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Umali-Deininger and Sur. (2006). Food Safety in a globalizing world: Opportunities and challenges for India. Plenary paper prepared for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, August 12–18, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Unnevehr, L. J. (2003). Overview. In: Food Safety in Food Security and Trade, 2020 Vision for Food Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 10, Brief 1, Unnevehr, L. Ed., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Bastiaansen, A. and Debevere, J. (1997). Evaluation of the NASBAR nucleic acid amplification system for assessment of the viability of Campylobacter jejuni. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 37:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Debevere, J. and Lindqvist, R. (1999). Evaluation of buoyant density centrifugation as a sample preparation method for NASBA–ELGA detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods. Food Microbiol. 16:575–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Schukkink, R., van Gemen, B. and Debevere, J. (1995a). Detection of Campylobacter jejuni added to foods by using a combined selective enrichment and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1341–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Schukkink, R., van Gemen, B. and Debevere, J. (1995b). Comparison of a nucleic acid amplification system NASBA and agar isolation for detection of pathogenic campylobacters in poultry. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 60:1863–1866.
   Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Schukkink, R., van Gemen, B., Debevere, J. (1995c). Development of NASBAR, a nucleic acid amplification system, for identification of Listeria monocytogenes and comparison to ELISA and a modified FDA method. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 27:77–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele, M., Schukkink, R., van Gemen, B. and Debevere, J. (1996). Comparison of the nucleic acid amplification system NASBAR and agar isolation for detection pathogenic campylobacters in naturally contaminated poultry. J. Food Prot. 59:683–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenvelde, C., Vestraeten, M. and Van Beers,  . (1990). Fast multiplex polymerase chain reaction on boiled clinical samples for rapid viral diagnosis. J. Virol. Methods. 30:215–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Velden, V. H., Hochhaus, A., Cazzaniga, G., Szczepanski, T., Gabert, J. and van Dongen, J. J. (2003). Detection of minimal residual disease in hematologic malignancies by real-time quantitative PCR: Principles, approaches, and laboratory aspects. Leukemia. 17:1013–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veal, D. A., Deere, D., Ferrari, B., Piper, J. and Attfield, P. V. (2000). Fluorescence staining and flow cytometry for monitoring microbial cells. J. Immunol. Method. 243:191–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velusamy, V., Arshak, K., Korostynska, O., Oliwa, K. and Adley, C. (2010). An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: In the perspective of biosensors. Biotech Adv. 28:232–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vet, J. A. M., Majithia A. R., Marras, S. A. E., Tayai, S., Dube, S., Poiesz, B. J. and Kramer, F. R. (1999). Multiplex detection of four pathogenic retroviruses using molecular beacons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6394–6399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobo, E. (2010). Specific and sensitive multiplex PCR method for detecting salmonellae and shigellae in mayonnaise. In: Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology. FORMATEX Microbiology Series No. 2. Vol. 2, M_endez- Vilas, A. Ed. © Formatex 2010, Spain, pp. 1430–1436.
   Google Scholar
• Villalobo, E. (2010). Specific and sensitive multiplex PCR method for detecting salmonellae and shigellae in mayonnaise. In: Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology. FORMATEX Microbiology Series No. 2. Vol. 2, Méndez-Vilas, A. Ed. Spain
   Google Scholar
• Volokhov, D., Chizhikov, V., Chumakov, K. and Rasooly, A. (2003). Microarray-based identification of thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(9):4071–4080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volokhov, D., Pomerantsev, A., Kivovich, V., Rasooly, A. and Chizhikov, V. (2004). Identification of Bacillus anthracis by multiprobe microarray hybridization. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 49(3):163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volokhov, D., Rasooly, A., Chumakov, K. and Chizhikov, V. (2002). Identification of Listeria species by microarray-based assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(12):4720–4728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuddhakul, V., Patararungrong, N., Pungrasamee, P., Jitsurong, S., Morigaki, T., Asai, N. and Nishibuchi, M. (2000). Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli O157 from retail beef and bovine in Thailand. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182:343–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vunrcrzant, C. and Pllustoesser, D. F. (1987). Compeodium of Methods for Microbiological Examination of Food, 3rd ed., American Public Health Association, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, R. F., Cao, W. W., Franklin, W., Campbell, W. and Cerniglia, C. E. (1994). A 16s rDNA based PCR method for rapid and specific detection of Clostridium perfringens in food. Mol. Cell. Probes. 8:131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Li, Y. and Mustaphai, A. (2007a). Rapid and simultaneous quantitation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time PCR and immunomagnetic separation. J. Food Prot. 70:1366–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., Wu, Q., Yao, L., Wei, M., Kou, X. and Zhang, J. (2008). New target tissue for food-borne virus detection in oysters. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 47:405–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. W., Zhang, L., Jin, L. Q., Jin, M., Shen, Z. Q., An, S., Chao, F. H. and Li, J. W. (2007b). Development and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76:225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, C. S., Li, J. A. and Luo, J. (2004). Detection of Salmonella invasion gene invA using molecular beacon priobe. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 24(11):1257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei, Z. M. and Beer, S. V. (1993). HrpI of Erwinia amylovora functions in secretion of harpin and is a member of a new protein family. J. Bacteriol. 175:7958–7967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittam, T. S., Wolfe, M. L., Wachsmuth, I. K., Orskov, F., Orskov, I. and Wilson, R. A. (1993). Clonal relationships among Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis and infantile diarrhea. Infect. Immun. 61:1619–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, M., Barany, F. and Bart, C. A. (1993). Detection of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction-coupled ligase chain reaction assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2743–2745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, M., Czajka, J., Barany, F. and Batt, C. A. (1992). Discrimination of Listefia monocytogenes from other Listeria species by ligase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3443–3447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, M., Wilson, J. J., Czajka, J., Jy, L., Barany, F. and Batt, C. A. (1994). Ligase chain reaction (LCR). Overview and applications. PCR Methods Applic. 3:S51–S64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, I. G., Cooper, J. E. and Gilmour, A. (1991). Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dried skimmed milk: Use of the polymerase chain reaction for amplification and detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes entB and entC1 and the thermonuclease gene nuc. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1793–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. J., Strout, C. L., DeSantis, T. Z., Stilwell, J. L., Carrano, A. V. and Andersen, G. L. (2002). Sequence-specific identification of 18 pathogenic microorganisms using microarray technology. Mol. Cell. Probes. 16(2):119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winzeler, E. A., Schena, M. and Davis, R. W. (1999). Fluorescence-based expression monitoring using microarrays. Methods Enzymol. 306:3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witham, P. K., Yamashiro, C. T., Livak, K. J. and Batt, C. A. (1996). A PCR-based assay for the detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in ground beef. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1347–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittwer, C. T., Ririe, K. M., Andrew, R. V., David, D. A., Gundry, R. A. and Balis, U. J. (1997). The LightCycler: A microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control. Biotechniques. 22:176–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2005). Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards: Challenges and Opportunities forDeveloping Country Exports, Report No. 31207, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2006a). Water-related diseases. In: Water Sanitation and Health. Available from www.Who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/diarrhea/en/. Accessed February 2013.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2006b). Core Health Indicators. Available from www3/who/int/whois/core/core_select_process.cfm
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2007b). Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. The World Health Report, 2007, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Yamazaki, W., Taguchi, M., Ishibashi, M., Kitazato, M., Nukina, M., Misawa, N., Inoue, K. (2008). Development and evaluation of a loopmediated isothermal amplifi cation assay for rapid and simple detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J. Med. Microbiol. 57:444–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano, A., Ishimaru, R. and Hujikata, R. (2007). Rapid and sensitive detection of heat-labile I and heat-stable I enterotoxin genes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by loop-mediated isothermal amplifi cation. J. Microbiol. Methods. 68:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaron, S. and Matthews, K. R. (2002). A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7: Investigation of specic target genes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:633–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar