The effect of grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

References

• Adeneye, A. A. (2008). Methanol seed extract of Citrus paradisi Macfad lowers blood glucose, lipids and cardiovascular disease risk indices in normal Wistar rats. Nig. Q. J. Hosp. Med. 18(1):16–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adigun, A. Q. and Mudasiru, Z. (2002). Clinical effects of grapefruit juice-nifedipine interaction in a 54-year-old Nigerian: A case report. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 94(4):276–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, O. M., Mahmoud, A. A., Abdel-Moneim, A. and Ashour, M. B. (2012). Antidiabetic effects of hesperidin and naringin in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetol. Croat. 41–42:53–67.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. G., Malcolm, J., Arnold O. and Spence, J. D. (1998). Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46:101–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. G., Spence, J. D., Edgar, B., Bayliff, C. D. and Arnold, J. M. (1989). Ethanol enhances the hemodynamic effects of felodipine. Clin. Invest. Med. 12(6):357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. G., Spence, J. D., Munoz, C. and Arnold, J. M. (1991). Interaction of citrus juices with felodipine and nifedipine. Lancet. 337:268--269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barona, J., Aristizabal, J. C., Blesso, C. N., Volek, J. S. and Fernandez, M. L. (2012b). Grape polyphenols reduce blood pressure and increase flow-mediated vasodilation in men with metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. 142(9):1626–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barona, J., Blesso, C. N., Andersen, C. J., Park, Y., Lee, J. and Fernandez, M. L. (2012a). Grape consumption increases anti-inflammatory markers and upregulates peripheral nitric oxide synthase in the absence of dyslipidemias in men with metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 4:1945–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benavente-Garcia, O. and Castillo, J. (2008). Updates on uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:6185–6205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, A. L., Hegglin, J., Krejs, G. J., Largiadèr, F., Säuberli, H. and Schmid, P. (1976). Gastric emptying of organic acids in the dog. J. Physiol. 261:285–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton, R. P., Heaton, K. W. and Burroughs, L. F. (1981). The role of dietary fiber in satiety, glucose, and insulin: Studies with fruit and fruit juice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34(2):211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrington, S. and Fraser, H. C. (2003). “Grapefruit.” A∼Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean, pp. 90–91.
   Google Scholar
• Cerda, J. J., Robbins, F. L., Burgin, C. W., Baumgartner, T. G. and Rice, R. W. (1988). The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. Clin. Cardiol. 11(9):589–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaw, C. S., Yazaki, E. and Evans, D. F. (2001). The effect of pH on the gastric emptying of liquids measured by electrical impedance tomography and pH-sensitive radiotelemetry capsule. Int. J. Pharm. 227:167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, K. W., Kim, Y. O., Andrade, J. E., Burgess, J. R. and Kim, Y. C. (2011). Dietary naringenin increases hepatic peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α protein expression and decreases plasma triglyceride and adiposity in rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 50:81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallas, C., Gerbi, A., Tenca, G., Juchaux, F. and Bernard, F. X. (2008). Lipolytic effect of a polyphenolic citrus dry extract of red orange, grapefruit, orange (SINETROL) in human body fat adipocytes. Mechanism of action by inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE). Phytomedicine. 15(10):783–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T. and Altman, D. G. (Editors). (2011). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. Higgins, J. P. T. and Green, S., Eds., The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
   Google Scholar
• Demonty, I., Lin, Y., Zebregs, Y. E., Vermeer, M. A., van der Knaap, H. C., Jäkel, M. and Trautwein, E. A. (2010). The citrus flavonoids hesperidin and naringin do not affect serum cholesterol in moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women. J. Nutr. 140(9):1615–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Juárez, J. A., Tenorio-López, F. A., Zarco-Olvera, G., Valle-Mondragón, L. D., Torres-Narváez, J. C. and Pastelín-Hernández, G. (2009). Effect of Citrus paradisi extract and juice on arterial pressure both in vitro and in vivo. Phytother. Res. 23(7):948–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, C. A., Going, S. B., Chow, H. H., Patil, B. S. and Thomson, C. A. (2012). The effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adults. Metabolism. 61(7):1026–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Sheard, J. and Ying, Y. (2006). The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: Relationship to the metabolic syndrome. J. Med. Food. 9(1):49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganzera, M., Aberham, A. and Stuppner, H. (2006). “Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract”. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(11):3768–3772..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy, J. S., Eliot, L. A., Kulmatycki, K. M. and Foster, R. T. (1998). Grapefruit juice and orange juice effects on the bioavailability of nifedipine in the rat. Biopharm. Drug. Dispos. 19(3):175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., Schünemann, H. J. and GRADE Working Group. (2008). GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 336:924–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., Deeks, J. J., Altman, D. G. on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. (Editors). (2011). Chapter 16: General principles for dealing with missing data. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. Higgins, J. P. T. and Green, S., Eds., The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, P. C. and Saville, D. J. (2001). Inhibition of human CYP3A4 activity by grapefruit flavonoids, furanocoumarins and related compounds. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 4:217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, U. J., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. S., Lee, M. K., Kim, H. O., Park, E. J., Kim, H. K., Jeong, T. S. and Choi, M. S. (2003). Naringin supplementation lowers plasma lipids and enhances erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Clin. Nutr. 22:561–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaze, F. I., Bounnartzi, M. I., Georgarakis, M. and Niopas, I. (2007). Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:472--477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lans, C. A. (2006). Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2:45. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-2-45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M. and Hagerman, A. E. (2013). Interactions between plasma proteins and naturally occurring polyphenols. Curr. Drug. Metab. 14(4):432–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilja, J. J., Kivistö, K. T. and Neuvonen, P. J. (1998). Grapefruit juice-simvastatin interaction: Effect on serum concentrations of simvastatin, simvastatin acid, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64(5):477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A. and Rémésy, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81(suppl):230S–242S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, K. and Goto, T. (2010). Effects of ingestion of grapefruit juice or grapefruit on the hypotensive effect and plasma concentrations of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (amlodipine and nifedipine): A case study. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 32(2):71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odou, P., Ferrari, N., Barthélémy, C., Brique, S., Lhermitte, M., Vincent, A., Libersa, C. and Robert, H. (2005). Grapefruit juice-nifedipine interaction: Possible involvement of several mechanisms. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 30(2):153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onakpoya, I. J., Wider, B., Pittler, M. H. and Ernst, E. (2011). Food supplements for body weight reduction: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Obesity. 19(2):239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owira, P. M. and Ojewole, J. A. (2009). Grapefruit juice improves glycemic control but exacerbates metformin-induced lactic acidosis in non-diabetic rats. Methods. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 31(9):563–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. J., Beecher, G. R., Bhagwat, S. A., Dwyer, J. T., Gebhardt, S. E., Haytowitz, D. B. and Holden, J. M. (2006). Flavanones in grapefruit, lemons, and limes: A compilation and review of the data from analytical literature. J. Food Comp. Anal. 19:S74–S80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirmohamed, M. (2013). Editorial. Drug-grapefruit juice interactions. BMJ. 346:f1. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu, P., Gao, D.-M., Mohamed, S., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, X.-Y., Zhou, N.-J., Xie, J. and Jiang, H. (2012). Naringin ameliorates metabolic syndrome by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in mice fed a high-fat diet. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 518:61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reshef, N., Hayari, Y., Goren, C., Boaz, M., Madar, Z. and Knobler, H. (2005). Antihypertensive effect of sweetie fruit in patients with stage I hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 18:1360–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Review Manager (RevMan) (2008). Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer Program]. Version 5.0. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, I. A. and Ribeiro, M. H. L. (2008). Naringin and naringenin determination and control in grapefruit juice by a validated HPLC method. Food Control. 19:432–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saper, R. B., Eisenberg, D. M. and Phillips, R. S. (2004). Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am. Fam. Physician. 70(9):1731–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. and Jiménez, L. (2005). Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45(4):287–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D. and for the CONSORT Group. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. PloS. Med. 7(3):e1000251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A. K., Bharti, S., Ojha, S., Bhatia, J., Kumar, N., Ray, R., Kumari, S. and Arya, D. S. (2011). Up-regulation of PPARγ, heat shock protein-27 and −72 by naringin attenuates insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, hepatic steatosis and kidney damage in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Br. J. Nutr. 106(11):1713–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, J., Yu, J., Pohorly, J. E. and Kakuda, Y. (2003). Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality. J. Med. Food. 6(4):291–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver, H. J., Dietrich, M. S. and Niswender, K. D. (2011). Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults. Nutr. Metab. (Lond). 8(1):8. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2013). Obesity and Overweight Fact sheet No 311. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheet. Accessed April 2, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Zern, T. L., Wood, R. J., Greene, C., West, K. L., Liu, Y., Aggarwal, D., Shachter, N. S. and Fernandez, M. L. (2005). Grape polyphenols exert a cardioprotective effect in pre- and postmenopausal women by lowering plasma lipids and reducing oxidative stress. J. Nutr. 135:1911–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zunino, S. (2009). Type 2 diabetes and glycemic response to grapes or grape products. J. Nutr. 139(9):1794S–800S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar