Intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation modulated by dietary flavonoids: The most recent evidence

References

• Alcaraz, M. J., Vicente, A. M., Araico, A., Dominguez, J. N., Terencio, M. C. and Ferrándiz, M. L. (2004). Role of nuclear factor‐κB and heme oxygenase-1 in the mechanism of action of an anti‐inflammatory chalcone derivative in RAW 264.7 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 142(7):1191–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amic, D., Davidovic-Amic, D., Beslo, D., Rastija, V., Lucic, B. and Trinajstic, N. (2007). SAR and QSAR of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Curr. Med. Chem. 14(7):827–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandgar, B. P., Patil, S. A., Gacche, R. N., Korbad, B. L., Hote, B. S., Kinkar, S. N. and Jalde, S. S. (2010). Synthesis and biological evaluation of nitrogen-containing chalcones as possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20(2):730–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, J., Kuehnl, S., Rollinger, J. M., Scherer, O., Northoff, H., Stuppner, H. and Koeberle, A. (2012). Carnosol and carnosic acids from Salvia officinalis inhibit microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 342(1):169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benavente-Garcia, O. and Castillo, J. (2008). Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(15):6185–6205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeck, P., Falcao, C. A. B., Leal, P. C., Yunes, R. A., Cechinel Filho, V., Torres-Santos, E. C. and Rossi-Bergmann, B. (2006). Synthesis of chalcone analogues with increased antileishmanial activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14(5):1538–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braicu, C., Ladomery, M. R., Chedea, V. S., Irimie, A. and Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2013). The relationship between the structure and biological actions of green tea catechins. Food Chemistry 141(3):3282–3289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, O. J., Widjaya, B., Troelsen, J., Olsen, J. and Nielsen, O. H. (2009). Mitogen activated protein kinases: A role in inflammatory bowel disease?. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 158(3):272–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun, E. B., Sung, N. Y., Byun, E. H., Song, D. S., Kim, J. K., Park, J. H. and Kim, J. H. (2013). The procyanidin trimer C1 inhibits LPS-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling through TLR4 in macrophages. Int. Immunopharmacol. 15(2):450–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, H., Chen, X. Q., Jassbi, A. R., Xiao, J. B. (2015). Microbial biotransformation of bioactive flavonoids. Biotechnol. Adv. 33(1):214–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celinski, K., Dworzanski, T., Fornal, R., Korolczuk, A., Madro, A. and Slomka, M. (2012). Comparison of the anti-inflammatory and therapeutic actions of PPAR-gamma agonists rosiglitazone and troglitazone in experimental colitis. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63(6):631–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Céspedes, C., Alarcon, J., Avila, J. G. and Nieto, A. (2010). Antiinflammatory activity of Aristotelia chilensis Mol.(Stuntz) (Elaeocarpaceae). Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromát. 9(27):127–135.
   Google Scholar
• Chacko, B. K., Chandler, R. T., Mundhekar, A., Khoo, N., Pruitt, H. M., Kucik, D. F. and Patel, R. P. (2005). Revealing anti-inflammatory mechanisms of soy isoflavones by flow: Modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circulatory Physiol. 289(2):H908–H915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamni, S. and De-Eknamkul, W. (2013). Recent progress and challenges in the discovery of new neuraminidase inhibitors. Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 23(4):409–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrashekar, N., Selvamani, A., Subramanian, R., Pandi, A. and Thiruvengadam, D. (2012). Baicalein inhibits pulmonary carcinogenesis-associated inflammation and interferes with COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in-vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 261(1):10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanet, A., Milenkovic, D., Claude, S., Maier, J. A., Khan, M. K., Rakotomanomana, N. and Morand, C. (2013). Flavanone metabolites decrease monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-activated endothelial cells by modulating expression of atherosclerosis-related genes. Br. J. Nutr. 110(04):587–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che, H., Lim, H., Kim, H. P. and Park, H. (2011). A chrysin analog exhibited strong inhibitory activities against both PGE 2 and NO production. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 46(9):4657–4660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. C., Hung, T. H., Wang, Y. H., Lin, C. W., Wang, P. Y., Lee, C. Y. and Chen, S. F. (2012). Wogonin improves histological and functional outcomes, and reduces activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling after experimental traumatic brain injury. PloS one 7(1):e30294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. and Kang, Y. H. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) stalk extracts: Comparison of pericarp and placenta extracts. J. Funct. Foods 5(4):1724–1731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. and Kang, Y. H. (2014). Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of plebeian herba (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) under different cultivation conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(10):2190–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., Kang, Y. H. and Suh, J. K. (2014). Roasting processed oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino) seed influenced the triglyceride profile and the inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia. Food Res. Int. 56:236–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., Teng, H., Fang, T. and Xiao, J. B. (2016). Agrimonolide from Agrimonia pilosa suppresses inflammatory responses through down-regulation of COX-2/iNOS and inactivation of NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Phytomedicine 23(8):846–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., Teng, H., Xie, Z., Cao, H., Cheang, W. S., Skalicka-Woniak, K. and Xiao, J. (2016). Modifications of dietary flavonoids towards improved bioactivity: An update on structure-activity relationship. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1196334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S. (2011). Natural products triggering biological targets-a review of the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals targeting the arachidonic acid pathway in allergy asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Drug Targets 12(3):288–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. P., Wang, Y. L., Tang, J. L., Hu, P. F., Bao, J. P. and Wu, L. D. (2012). Morin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 production in human chondrocytes. Int. Immunopharmacol. 12(2):447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Ge, X., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Pan, J. and Liang, G. (2015). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of paralleled Aza resveratrol–chalcone compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of acute lung injury. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25(15):2998–3004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba, Y., Ogita, T., Ando, K. and Fujita, T. (2001). PPAR gamma ligands inhibit TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286:541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, S. T., Lin, S. S., Wang, C. K., Lee, Y. B., Chen, K. S., Fong, Y. and Shih, Y. W. (2011). Acacetin inhibits the invasion and migration of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells by suppressing the p38α MAPK signaling pathway. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 350(1–2):135–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D., Damera, G., Sukkar, M. B. and Tliba, O. (2009). Transcriptional regulation of cytokine function in airway smooth muscle cells. Pulmonary Pharmacol. Ther. 22(5):436–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comalada, M., Ballester, I., Bailon, E., Sierra, S., Xaus, J., Galvez, J. and Zarzuelo, A. (2006). Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: Analysis of the structure–activity relationship. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72(8):1010–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, G., Francisco, V., Lopes, M. C., Cruz, M. T. and Batista, M. T. (2012). Intracellular signaling pathways modulated by phenolic compounds: Application for new anti-inflammatory drugs discovery. Curr. Med. Chem. 19(18):2876–2900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., Holtzclaw, W. D. and Kensler, T. W. (2005). The role of Keap1 in cellular protective responses. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18(12):1779–1791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ďuračková and Knasmüller, 2007Ďuračková, Z. and Knasmüller, S. (2007). The Activity of Natural Compounds in Diseases Prevention and Therapy. Slovak Academic Press, Bratislava.
   Google Scholar
• Eo, H. J., Park, J. H., Park, G. H., Lee, M. H., Lee, J. R., Koo, J. S. and Jeong, J. B. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) root bark. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlund, I. (2004). Review of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin, and naringenin. Dietary sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, and epidemiology. Nutr. Res. 24(10):851–874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, G. W., Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, B., Su, L. and Gao, X. (2013). Anti-inflammatory activity of baicalein in LPS-stimulated RAW264. 7 macrophages via estrogen receptor and NF-κB-dependent pathways. Inflammation 36(6):1584–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, Q., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Pan, Y. and Liang, G. (2015). A novel chalcone derivative attenuates the diabetes-induced renal injury via inhibition of high glucose-mediated inflammatory response and macrophage infiltration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 282(2):129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, I., Faria, A., de Freitas, V., Calhau, C. and Mateus, N. (2015). Multiple-approach studies to assess anthocyanin bioavailability. Phytochemistry Rev. 14(6):899–919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreyra, M. L. F., Rius, S. P. and Casati, P. (2012). Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. Front. Plant Sci. 3. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura, Y., Umeda, D., Yamada, K. and Tachibana, H. (2008). The impact of the 67kDa laminin receptor on both cell-surface binding and anti-allergic action of tea catechins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 476(2):133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funakoshi-Tago, M., Nakamura, K., Tago, K., Mashino, T. and Kasahara, T. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of structurally related flavonoids, Apigenin, Luteolin and Fisetin. Int. Immunopharmacol. 11(9):1150–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadkari, P. V. and Balaraman, M. (2015). Catechins: Sources, extraction and encapsulation: A review. Food Bioprod. Process. 93:122–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Mediavilla, V., Crespo, I., Collado, P. S., Esteller, A., Sánchez-Campos, S., Tuñón, M. J. and González-Gallego, J. (2007). The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 557(2):221–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, V. C., Vijesh, V. V., Dehigaspege, A. I., Lakshmi, C. A., Anbarasu, K., Kumar, D. R., Ethiraj, R., Kumar, R. A. and Rupasinghe, H. P. (2016). Mechanism of action of flavonoids in prevention of inflammation-associated skin cancer. Curr. Med. Chem. 23(32):3697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleichenhagen, M. and Schieber, A. (2016). Current challenges in polyphenol analytical chemistry. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 7:43–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., Lima, J. L., Mira, L. and Corvo, M. L. (2008). Molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity mediated by flavonoids. Curr. Med. Chem. 15(16):1586–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Rivera, A., Aguilar-Mariscal, H., Romero-Ceronio, N., Roa-de la Fuente, L. F. and Lobato-García, C. E. (2013). Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of three nitro chalcones. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 23(20):5519–5522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha, S. K., Moon, E., Ju, M. S., Kim, D. H., Ryu, J. H., Oh, M. S. and Kim, S. Y. (2012). 6-Shogaol, a ginger product, modulates neuroinflammation: A new approach to neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 63(2):211–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harikumar, K. B., Sung, B., Tharakan, S. T., Pandey, M. K., Joy, B., Guha, S. and Aggarwal, B. B. (2010). Sesamin manifests chemopreventive effects through the suppression of NF-κB–regulated cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenic gene products. Mol. Cancer Res. 8(5):751–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hostetler, G., Riedl, K., Cardenas, H., Diosa-Toro, M., Arango, D., Schwartz, S. and Doseff, A. I. (2012). Flavone deglycosylation increases their anti-inflammatory activity and absorption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 56(4):558–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, D. X., Kai, K., Li, J. J., Lin, S., Terahara, N., Wakamatsu, M. and Colburn, N. (2004). Anthocyanidins inhibit activator protein 1 activity and cell transformation: Structure–activity relationship and molecular mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 25(1):29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, D. X., Yanagita, T., Uto, T., Masuzaki, S. and Fujii, M. (2005). Anthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages: Structure–activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved. Biochem. Pharmacol. 70(3):417–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C. T., Hsieh, T. J., El-Shazly, M., Chuang, D. W., Tsai, Y. H., Yen, C. T. and Chang, F. R. (2012). Synthesis of chalcone derivatives as potential anti-diabetic agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 22(12):3912–3915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, T. P., Sheu, S. Y., Sun, J. S. and Chen, M. H. (2011). Icariin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by suppression of MAPKs/NF-κB regulated HIF-1α and PGE 2 synthesis. Phytomedicine 18(2):176–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, C. and Kitts, D. D. (2004). Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from dandelion flower suppress iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 265(1–2):107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huan, S. K. H., Wang, K. T., Yeh, S. D., Lee, C. J., Lin, L. C., Liu, D. Z. and Wang, C. C. (2012). Scutellaria baicalensis alleviates cantharidin-induced rat hemorrhagic cystitis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression. Molecules 17(6):6277–6289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. H., Jan, R. L., Kuo, C. H., Chu, Y. T., Wang, W. L., Lee, M. S. and Hung, C. H. (2010). Natural flavone kaempferol suppresses chemokines expression in human monocyte THP‐1 cells through MAPK pathways. J. Food Sci. 75(8):H254–H259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, D. W., Chung, C. P., Kuo, Y. H., Lin, Y. L. and Chiang, W. (2009). Identification of compounds in adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) seed hull extracts that inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(22):10651–10657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, T., Minoda, K., Bae, M. J., Mori, T., Uekusa, Y., Ichikawa, T. and Nakayama, T. (2010). Binding affinity of tea catechins for HSA: Characterization by high‐performance affinity chromatography with immobilized albumin column. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54(6):816–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh, K., Tong, K. I. and Yamamoto, M. (2004). Molecular mechanism activating Nrf2–Keap1 pathway in regulation of adaptive response to electrophiles. Free Radical Biol. Med. 36(10):1208–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwanaga, K., Okada, M., Murata, T., Hori, M. and Ozaki, H. (2012). Prostaglandin E2 promotes wound-induced migration of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts via EP2, EP3, and EP4 prostanoid receptor activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 340(3):604–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, M. Y., Lee, Y. L., Long, C. Y., Chen, C. H., Chuang, S. M., Lee, H. Y. and Juan, Y. S. (2015). The protective effect of green tea catechins on ketamine-induced cystitis in a rat model. Urological Sci. 26(3):186–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, J. B., Hong, S. C., Jeong, H. J. and Koo, J. S. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effect of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol via the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation, and acetylation of histone H3. Arc. Pharm. Res. 34(12):2109–2116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, C. W., Yoo, K. Y., Lee, S. H., Jeong, H. J., Lee, C. S. and Kim, S. J. (2012). Curcumin protects against regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of RISK/GSK-3β and inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 17(4):387–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, C., Ting, A. T. and Seed, B. (1998). PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, K. A. and Kwak, M. K. (2010). The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the development of indirect antioxidants. Molecules 15(10):7266–7291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminska, B. (2005). MAPK signalling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy—from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1754(1):253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S. R., Park, K. I., Park, H. S., Lee, D. H., Kim, J. A., Nagappan, A. and Han, D. Y. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoids isolated from Korea Citrus aurantium L. on lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by blocking of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. Food Chem. 129(4):1721–1728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karcher, S. C. and Laufer, S. A. (2009). Successful structure-based design of recent p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 9(7):655–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakita, Y., Ikekita, M., Kurozumi, R. and Kojima, S. (2003). Increase of intracellular glutathione by low-dose. GAMMA.-Ray irradiation is mediated by transcription factor AP-1 in RAW 264.7 Cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26(1):19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensler, T. W., Wakabayashi, N. and Biswal, S. (2007). Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47:89–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A. Q., Khan, R., Rehman, M. U., Lateef, A., Tahir, M., Ali, F. and Sultana, S. (2012). Soy isoflavones (daidzein & genistein) inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cutaneous inflammation via modulation of COX-2 and NF-κB in Swiss albino mice. Toxicology 302(2):266–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. R., Lee, M. S., Shin, T. S., Hua, H., Jang, B. C., Choi, J. S. and Kim, H. R. (2011). Phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibits the LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expressions in macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, Akt, and p38 MAPK. Toxicol. Vitro 25(8):1789–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. P., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W. and Kang, S. S. (2004). Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96(3):229–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Kim, M. J., Kim, E. J., Yang, Y., Lee, M. S. and Lim, J. S. (2012). Berberine-induced AMPK activation inhibits the metastatic potential of melanoma cells via reduction of ERK activity and COX-2 protein expression. Biochem. Pharmacol. 83(3):385–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., Jin, Y. C., Kim, Y. M., Rhie, S., Kim, H. J., Seo, H. G. and Chang, K. C. (2009). Daidzein administration in vivo reduces myocardial injury in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model by inhibiting NF-kB activation. Life Sci. 84(7):227–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Cha, Y. N. and Surh, Y. J. (2010). A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders. Mutat. Res./Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis 690(1):12–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. J. (2013). Rhamnetin attenuates melanogenesis by suppressing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 36(8):1341–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo, S., Tsuda, K., Muto, N. and Ueda, J. E. (2002). Antioxidative activity of apple skin or flesh extracts associated with fruit development on selected apple cultivars. Sci. Horticulturae 96(1):177–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S. and Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activity of flavonoids: An overview. Sci. World J. 2013, Article ID 162750. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, S. H., Kim, J. A., Hong, S. I., Jung, Y. H., Kim, H. C., Lee, S. Y. and Jang, C. G. (2011). Loganin protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem. Int. 58(4):533–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, M., Kromann, H., Kharazmi, A. and Nielsen, S. F. (2005). Conformationally restricted anti-plasmodial chalcones. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15(21):4858–4861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, G. T. Y., Huang, H., Lin, S. M. and Leung, L. K. (2010). Butein downregulates phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced COX-2 transcriptional activity in cancerous and non-cancerous breast cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 648(1):24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W. K., Chung, K. W., Kim, G. H. and Kim, S. J. (2013). Gallotannin causes differentiation and inflammation via ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Mol. Med. Rep. 7(2):701–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., Nitteranon, V., Tang, X., Liang, J., Zhang, G., Parkin, K. L. and Hu, Q. (2012a). In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 1-dehydro-(6)-gingerdione, 6-shogaol, 6-dehydroshogaol and hexahydrocurcumin. Food Chem. 135(2):332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q. and Verma, I. M. (2002). NF-κB regulation in the immune system. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2(10):725–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., Sun, Y. N., Yan, X. T., Yang, S. Y., Kim, S., Chae, D. and Kim, Y. H. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds from Desmodium caudatum leaves and stems. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 37(6):721–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Han, Y., Guan, Y., Zhang, L., Bai, C. and Li, Y. (2012b). Aluminum induces osteoblast apoptosis through the oxidative stress-mediated JNK signaling pathway. Biol. Trace Element Res. 150(1–3):502–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, R., Barker, G., Wall, C. A. and Lappas, M. (2013). Dietary phytophenols curcumin, naringenin and apigenin reduce infection-induced inflammatory and contractile pathways in human placenta, foetal membranes and myometrium. Mol. Human Reprod. 19(7):451–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., Shan, S., Zhang, K., Ning, Z. Q., Lu, X. P. and Cheng, Y. Y. (2008). Naringenin and hesperetin, two flavonoids derived from Citrus aurantium up‐regulate transcription of adiponectin. Phytother. Res. 22(10):1400–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loizzo, M. R., Pugliese, A., Bonesi, M., Tenuta, M. C., Menichini, F., Xiao, J. B. and Tundis, R. (2016). Edible flowers: A rich source of phytochemicals with antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64(12):2467–2474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Posadas, R., Ballester, I., Abadia-Molina, A. C., Suarez, M. D., Zarzuelo, A., Martinez-Augustin, O. and Sanchez de Medina, F. (2008). Effect of flavonoids on rat splenocytes, a structure- activity relationship study. Biochem. Pharmacol. 76:495–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luca, V. S., Miron, A. and Aprotosoaie, A. C. (2016). The antigenotoxic potential of dietary flavonoids. Phytochem. Rev. 15(4):591–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. and Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79(5):727–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín, L., Miguélez, E. M., Villar, C. J. and Lombó, F. (2015). Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: Antimicrobial properties. BioMed. Res. Int. 2015:905215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinovic, M. P., Morandi, A. C. and Otton, R. (2015). Green tea catechins alone or in combination alter functional parameters of human neutrophils via suppressing the activation of TLR-4/NFκB p65 signal pathway. Toxicol. Vitro 29(7):1766–1778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, T., Tomofuji, T., Endo, Y., Irie, K., Azuma, T., Ekuni, D. and Morita, M. (2011). Supplementation of green tea catechins in dentifrices suppresses gingival oxidative stress and periodontal inflammation. Arc. Oral Biol. 56(1):48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzio, L., Ventura, C. A., Cosco, D., Paolino, D., Di Stefano, A., Stancanelli, R. and Fresta, M. (2016). Nanotherapeutics for anti-inflammatory delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 32:174–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastuda, H., Morikawa, T., Ueda, K., Managi, H. and Yoshikawa, M. (2002). Structural requirements of flavonoids for inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation, TNF-α and IL-4 production from RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10(10):3123–3128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melgarejo, E., Medina, M. Á., Sánchez-Jiménez, F. and Urdiales, J. L. (2010). Targeting of histamine producing cells by EGCG: A green dart against inflammation? J. Physiol. Biochem. 66(3):265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes, J. C., Orlikova, B., Morceau, F. and Diederich, M. (2016). Natural and synthetic flavonoids: Structure-activity relationship and chemotherapeutic potential for the treatment of leukemia. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56(S1):S4–S28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir, S. R., Collins, G. J., Robinson, S., Hughes, S., Bovy, A., De Vos, C. R. and Verhoeyen, M. E. (2001). Overexpression of petunia chalcone isomerase in tomato results in fruit containing increased levels of flavonols. Nature Biotechnol. 19(5):470–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutoh, M., Takahashi, M., Fukuda, K., Komatsu, H., Enya, T., Matsushima-Hibiya, Y. and Wakabayashi, K. (2000). Suppression by flavonoids of cyclooxygenase‐2 promoter‐dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells: Structure-activity relationship. Japan. J. Cancer Res. 91(7):686–691.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagai, K., Jiang, M. H., Hada, J., Nagata, T., Yajima, Y., Yamamoto, S. and Nishizaki, T. (2002). (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate protects against NO stress-induced neuronal damage after ischemia by acting as an anti-oxidant. Brain Res. 956(2):319–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, H., Ukai, T., Yoshimura, A., Kozuka, Y., Yoshioka, H., Yoshinaga, Y. and Hara, Y. (2010). Green tea catechin inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced bone resorption in vivo. J. Periodontal. Res. 45(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano, T., Masuda, M., Suzuki, T. and Ohshima, H. (2012). Inhibition by polyphenolic phytochemicals and sulfurous compounds of the formation of 8-chloroguanosine mediated by hypochlorous acid, human myeloperoxidase, and activated human neutrophils. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 76(12):2208–2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrão, R., Costa, R., Duarte, D., Gomes, T. T., Azevedo, I. and Soares, R. (2013). Different effects of catechin on angiogenesis and inflammation depending on VEGF levels. J. Nutr. Biochem. 24(2):435–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nworu, C. S. and Akah, P. A. (2015). Anti-inflammatory medicinal plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activities. Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary and Altern. Med. 12(s1):52–61.
   Google Scholar
• O'Leary, K. A., de Pascual-Tereasa, S., Needs, P. W., Bao, Y. P., O'Brien, N. M. and Williamson, G. (2004). Effect of flavonoids and vitamin E on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. Mutat. Res./Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis 551(1):245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odontuya, G., Hoult, J. R. S. and Houghton, P. J. (2005). Structure-activity relationship for antiinflammatory effect of luteolin and its derived glycosides. Phytotherapy Res. 19(9):782–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou, K. and Gu, L. (2014). Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins. J. Funct. Foods 7:43–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owuor, E. D. and Kong, A. N. T. (2002). Antioxidants and oxidants regulated signal transduction pathways. Biochem. Pharmacol. 64(5):765–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, K. B. and Rizvi, S. I. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longevity 2(5):270–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquay, J. B., Haenen, G. R., Stender, G., Wiseman, S. A., Tijburg, L. B. and Bast, A. (2000). Protection against nitric oxide toxicity by tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48(11):5768–5772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parhiz, H., Roohbakhsh, A., Soltani, F., Rezaee, R. and Iranshahi, M. (2015). Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of the citrus flavonoids hesperidin and hesperetin: An updated review of their molecular mechanisms and experimental models. Phytother. Res. 29(3):323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M. Y., Kwon, H. J. and Sung, M. K. (2009). Evaluation of aloin and aloe-emodin as anti-inflammatory agents in aloe by using murine macrophages. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73(4):828–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. E., Sapkota, K., Kim, S., Kim, H. and Kim, S. J. (2011). Kaempferol acts through mitogen‐activated protein kinases and protein kinase B/AKT to elicit protection in a model of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 164(3):1008–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, N. K., Bairwa, K., Gangwal, R., Jaiswal, G., Jachak, S. M., Sangamwar, A. T. and Bhutani, K. K. (2015). 2′-Hydroxy flavanone derivatives as an inhibitors of pro-inflammatory mediators: Experimental and molecular docking studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25(9):1952–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, G., Robinson, F., Beers Gibson, T., Xu, B. E., Karandikar, M., Berman, K. and Cobb, M. H. (2001). Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: Regulation and physiological functions 1. Endocrine Rev. 22(2):153–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, D. M., Valentão, P., Pereira, J. A. and Andrade, P. B. (2009). Phenolics: From chemistry to biology. Molecules 14(6):2202–2211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pergola, C., Rossi, A., Dugo, P., Cuzzocrea, S. and Sautebin, L. (2006). Inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthesis by anthocyanin fraction of blackberry extract. Nitric Oxide 15(1):30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesce, M., Franceschelli, S., Ferrone, A., De Lutiis, M. A., Patruno, A., Grilli, A. and Speranza, L. (2015). Verbascoside down-regulates some pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways by increasing the activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 in the U937 cell line. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 19(7):1548–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinho-Ribeiro, F. A., Hohmann, M. S., Borghi, S. M., Zarpelon, A. C., Guazelli, C. F., Manchope, M. F. and Verri, W. A. (2015). Protective effects of the flavonoid hesperidin methyl chalcone in inflammation and pain in mice: Role of TRPV1, oxidative stress, cytokines and NF-κB. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 228:88–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procházková, D., Boušová, I. and Wilhelmová, N. (2011). Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids. Fitoterapia 82:513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, Z., Yin, F., Lu, L., Shen, L., Qi, S., Lan, L. and Yin, Z. (2013). Baicalein reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via suppressing JAK/STATs activation and ROS production. Inflammation Res. 62(9):845–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao, H., Zhang, X., Zhu, C., Dong, L., Wang, L., Zhang, X. and Cao, X. (2012). Luteolin downregulates TLR4, TLR5, NF-κB and p-p38MAPK expression, upregulates the p-ERK expression, and protects rat brains against focal ischemia. Brain Res. 1448:71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciotti, E. and FitzGerald, G. A. (2011). Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31(5):986–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricote, M., Huang, J. T., Welch, J. S. and Glass, C. K. (1999). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR gamma) as a regulator of monocyte/macrophage function. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66:733–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozmer, Z. and Perjesi, P. (2016). Naturally occurring chalcones and their biological activities. Phytochemistry Rev. 15(1):87–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara, H., Honda, Y., Nakagawa, S., Ashida, H. and Kanazawa, K. (2003). Simultaneous determination of all polyphenols in vegetables, fruits, and teas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(3):571–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sashidhara, K. V., Kumar, M., Modukuri, R. K., Sonkar, R., Bhatia, G., Khanna, A. K., Rai, S. and Shukla, R. (2011). Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel biscoumarin–chalcone hybrids. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21(15):4480–4484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, M. J., Abdel-Aziz, H. and Efferth, T. (2014). Phytochemicals for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Phytochemistry Revi. 13(3):629–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmugam, K., Holmquist, L., Steele, M., Stuchbury, G., Berbaum, K., Schulz, O. and Dobson, G. (2008). Plant‐derived polyphenols attenuate lipopolysaccharide‐induced nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor production in murine microglia and macrophages. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52(4):427–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, W. Y., Chen, Y. R. and Wang, T. C. V. (2006). A major role of PKC θ and NFκB in the regulation of hTERT in human T lymphocytes. FEBS Lett. 580(30):6819–6824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, P. H., Yeh, C. T. and Yen, G. C. (2007). Anthocyanins induce the activation of phase II enzymes through the antioxidant response element pathway against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(23):9427–9435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin, B. Y. and Kim, H. P. (2005). Inhibition of collagenase by naturally-occurring flavonoids. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 28(10):1152–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B. N., Shankar, S. and Srivastava, R. K. (2011). Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem. Pharmacol. 82(12):1807–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, P., Anand, A. and Kumar, V. (2014). Recent developments in biological activities of chalcones: A mini review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 85:758–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, L., Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Li, H. and Zhou, Y. (2013). Icariin induces osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization through estrogen receptor-mediated ERK and JNK signal activation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 714(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Hung, W. C., Chen, F. Y., Lee, C. C. and Huang, H. W. (2009). Interaction of tea catechin (—)-epigallocatechin gallate with lipid bilayers. Biophys. J. 96(3):1026–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susanti, E., Ratnawati, R. and Rudijanto, A. (2015). Qualitative analysis of catechins from green tea GMB-4 clone using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Asian Pac. J. Tropical. Biomed. 5(12):1046–1050.
   Google Scholar
• Takano-Ishikawa, Y., Goto, M. and Yamaki, K. (2003). Inhibitory effects of several flavonoids on E‐selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α. Phytotherapy Res. 17(10):1224–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talalay, P. and Fahey, J. W. (2001). Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J. Nutr. 131(11):3027S–3033S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng, H., Chen, L., Huang, Q., Wang, J., Lin, Q., Liu, M. and Song, H. (2016). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of raspberry seed oil and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities. PloS One 11(4):e0153457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triebel, S., Trieu, H. L. and Richling, E. (2012). Modulation of inflammatory gene expression by a bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract and single anthocyanins considering their limited stability under cell culture conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60(36):8902–8910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trnková, L., Ricci, D., Grillo, C., Colotti, G. and Altieri, F. (2013). Green tea catechins can bind and modify ERp57/PDIA3 activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subjects 1830(3):2671–2682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vafeiadou, K., Vauzour, D., Lee, H. Y., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Williams, R. J. and Spencer, J. P. (2009). The citrus flavanone naringenin inhibits inflammatory signalling in glial cells and protects against neuroinflammatory injury. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 484(1):100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vona-Davis, L., Yu, A., Magabo, K., Evans, T., Jackson, B., Riggs, D. and McFadden, D. (2004). Peptide YY attenuates transcription factor activity in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced pancreatitis. J. Am. Coll. Surgeons 199(1):87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voronov, E., Apte, R. N. and Sofer, S. (1999). The systemic inflammatory response syndrome related to the release of cytokines following severe envenomation. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins 5(1), 5–33.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. and Mazza, G. (2002). Inhibitory effects of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds on nitric oxide production in LPS/IFN-γ-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(4):850–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Jin, S., He, D., Zhao, S. and Liu, S. (2008). Genistein modulate immune responses in collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis model. Maturitas 59(4):405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. S. and Stoner, G. D. (2008). Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett. 269(2):281–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warat, M., Szliszka, E., Korzonek-Szlacheta, I., Król, W. and Czuba, Z. P. (2014). Chrysin, apigenin and acacetin inhibit tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-1 (TRAIL-R1) on activated RAW264. 7 Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15(7):11510–11522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, C. J., Chen, M. J., Yeh, C. T. and Yen, G. C. (2011). Hepatoprotection of quercetin against oxidative stress by induction of metallothionein expression through activating MAPK and PI3K pathways and enhancing Nrf2 DNA-binding activity. New Biotechnol. 28(6):767–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xagorari, A., Roussos, C. and Papapetropoulos, A. (2002). Inhibition of LPS‐stimulated pathways in macrophages by the flavonoid luteolin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 136(7):1058–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, X., Ling, W., Ma, J., Xia, M., Hou, M., Wang, Q. and Tang, Z. (2006). An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 136(8):2220–2225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B. (2017). Dietary flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides: What show better biological benefits? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 57(6):1874–1905.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao, J. B. and Högger, P. (2015). Dietary polyphenols and type 2 diabetes: Current insights and future perspectives. Curr. Med. Chem. 22(1):23–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B., Capanoglu, E., Jassbi, A. R. and Miron, A. (2016). Advance on the flavonoid C-glycosides and health benefits. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56:S29–S45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B., Muzashvili, T. S. and Georgiev, M. I. (2014). Advance on biotechnology for glycosylation of high-value flavonoids. Biotechnol. Adv. 32:1145–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B., Ni, X. L., Kai, G. Y. and Chen, X. Q. (2015). Advance in dietary polyphenols as aldose reductases inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship aspect. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55(1):16–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B., Suzuki, M., Jiang, X. Y., Chen, X. Q., Yamamoto, K., Ren, F. L. and Xu, M. (2008). Influence of B-ring hydroxylation on interactions of flavonols with bovine serum albumin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(7):2350–2356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J. B. and Högger, P. (2014). Influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetic behavior of natural polyphenols. Curr. Drug Metabol. 15:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi, K., Mitsunaga, T., Inagaki, M. and Suzuki, T. (2014). Synthesized quercetin derivatives stimulate melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells by influencing the expression of melanin biosynthesis proteins MITF and p38 MAPK. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 22(13):3331–3340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Tan, Y. X., Chen, R. Y. and Kang, J. (2014). The latest review on the polyphenols and their bioactivities of Chinese Morus plants. J. Asian Natural Products Res. 16(6):690–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, C. H., Yang, J. J., Yang, M. L., Li, Y. C. and Kuan, Y. H. (2014). Rutin decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and the MAPK–NF-κB pathway. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 69:249–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying, T. H., Yang, S. F., Tsai, S. J., Hsieh, S. C., Huang, Y. C., Bau, D. T. and Hsieh, Y. H. (2012). Fisetin induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells through ERK1/2-mediated activation of caspase-8-/caspase-3-dependent pathway. Arch. Toxicol. 86(2):263–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, H. Y., Lee, E. G., Lee, H., Cho, I. J., Choi, Y. J., Sung, M. S. and Yoo, W. H. (2013). Kaempferol inhibits IL-1β-induced proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and the production of COX-2, PGE2 and MMPs. Int. J. Mol. Med. 32(4):971–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J. S. and Kim, A. K. (2011). Wogonin induces apoptosis by activation of ERK and p38 MAPKs signaling pathways and generation of reactive oxygen species in human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cells 31(4):327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J. P., Wang, J. H. and Liu, X. (2007). Metabolism of dietary soy isoflavones to equol by human intestinal microflora-implications for health. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51(7):765–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, K., Xu, K. and Yin, H. (2011). Preparative separation and purification of gingerols from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Food Chem. 126(4):1959–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Wang, G., Gurley, E. C. and Zhou, H. (2014). Flavonoid apigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms in macrophages. PLoS One 9(9):e107072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., He, W., Wang, Z., Fang, Q., Xiao, B. and Yang, S. (2014). Discovery and evaluation of asymmetrical monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin as anti-inflammatory agents. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 8:373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Jiang, F., Liu, P., Chen, W. and Yi, K. (2012). Catechins containing a galloyl moiety as potential anti-HIV-1 compounds. Drug Discovery Today 17(11):630–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, P., Wu, L., Qian, Y., Fang, Q., Liang, D., Wang, J. and Liang, G. (2015). Blockage of ros and NF-κB-mediated inflammation by a new chalcone l6h9 protects cardiomyocytes from hyperglycemia-induced injuries. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis. 1852(7):1230–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, Y., Chiou, Y. S., Pan, M. H. and Shahidi, F. (2012). Anti-inflammatory activity of lipophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Food Chem. 134(2):742–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar