Obesity and neurological disorders: Dietary perspective of a global menace

References

• AbuMweis, S., S. J. Thandapilly, J. Storsley, and N. Ames 2017. Effect of barley β-glucan on postprandial glycaemic response in the healthy human population: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Funct. Foods 27:329–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agama-Acevedo, E., J. J. Islas-Hernández, G. Pacheco-Vargas, P. Osorio-Díaz, and L. A. Bello-Pérez 2012. Starch digestibility and glycemic index of cookies partially substituted with unripe banana flour. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 46:177–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostinho, P., R. A. Cunha, and C. Oliveira 2010. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16:2766–2778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, L., A. S. A. Correia, R. Miguel, P. Alegria, and P. Bugalho 2012. Alzheimer's disease: a clinical practice-oriented review. Front. Neurol. 3:63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Augustin, L. S. A., C. W. C. Kendall, D. J. A. Jenkins, W. C. Willett, A. Astrup, A. W. Barclay, I. Björck, J. C. Brand-Miller, F. Brighenti, A. E. Buyken, A. Ceriello, C. La Vecchia, G. Livesey, S. Liu, G. Riccardi, S. W. Rizkalla, J. L. Sievenpiper, A. Trichopoulou, T. M. S. Wolever, S. Baer-Sinnott, and A. Poli 2015. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An international scientific consensus summit from the international carbohydrate quality consortium (ICQC). Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25:795–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, Y., Y. Jun, S. Lee, and H. G. Lee 2016. Characterization of apple dietary fibres influencing the in-vitro starch digestibility of wheat flour gel. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 65:158–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banu, S., N. R. Jabir, N. C. Manjunath, M. S. Khan, G. M. Ashraf, M. A. Kamal, and S. Tabrez 2015. Reduction of post-prandial hyperglycemia by mulberry tea in type-2 diabetes patients. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 22 (1):32–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, G. E., A. Iarkov, and V. E. Moran 2014. Beneficial effects of nicotine, cotinine and its metabolites as potential agents for Parkinson's disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6:340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behl, S., and A. Misra 2017. Management of obesity in adult Asian Indians. Indian Heart J. 69:539–544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Menachem, E. 2007. Weight issues for people with epilepsy-a review. Epilepsia 48:42–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhurosy, T., and R. Jeewon 2014. Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status? Sci. World J. 964236. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964236.
   Google Scholar
• Bolsinger, J., M. Landstrom, A. Pronczuk, A. Auerbach, and K. C. Hayes 2017. Low glycemic load diets protect against metabolic syndrome and Type-2 diabetes mellitus in the male Nile rat. J. Nutr. Biochem. 42:134–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondia-Pons, I., L. Ryan, and J. A. Martinez 2012. Oxidative stress and inflammation interactions in human obesity. J. Physiol. Biochem. 68:701–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossù, P., A. Ciaramella, M. L. Moro, L. Bellincampi, S. Bernardini, and G. Federici 2007. Interleukin 18 gene polymorphisms predict risk and outcome of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78:807–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand-Miller, J. 2007. The glycemic index as a measure of health and nutritional quality: an Australian perspective. Cereal Foods World 52:41–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breymeyer, K. L., J. W. Lampe, B. A. McGregor, and M. L. Neuhouser 2016. Subjective mood and energy levels of healthy weight and overweight/obese healthy adults on high-and low-glycemic load experimental diets. Appetite 107:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Z., B. Zhao, and A. Ratka 2011. Oxidative stress and β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Neuro Molecular Med. 13:223–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camelo-Méndez, G. A., E. Agama-Acevedo, J. Tovar, and L. A. Bello-Pérez 2017. Functional study of raw and cooked blue maize flour: Starch digestibility, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. J. Cereal Sci. 76:179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Acosta, M. L., S. G. Stone, J. E. Mok, R. K. Mhajan, C.-L. Fu, G. N. Lenihan-Geels, C. P. Corpe, and W. L. Hall 2017. Apple and blackcurrant polyphenol-rich drinks decrease postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin response to a high-carbohydrate meal in healthy men and women. J. Nutr. Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawley, J., and C. Meyerhoefer 2012. The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach. J. Health Economics 31:219–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., X. Mao, Q. Jiang, T. Wang, X. Li, and W. Gao 2016. Study on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of starch from yam with different drying methods. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 51:1787–1792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherbuin, N., K. Sargent-Cox, M. Fraser, P. Sachdev, and K. J. Anstey 2015. Being overweight is associated with hippocampal atrophy: the path through life study. Int. J. Obes. 39:1509–1514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew, K. Y., and I. A. Brownlee 2017. The impact of supplementation with dietary fibres on weight loss: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Bioactive Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.010.
   Google Scholar
• Chillo, S., D. V. Ranawana, M. Pratt, and C. J. K. Henry 2011. Glycemic response and glycemic index of semolina spaghetti enriched with barley β-glucan. Nutr. 27:653–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinedum, E., S. Sanni, N. Theressa, and A. Ebere 2017. Effect of domestic cooking on the starch digestibility, predicted glycemic indices, polyphenol contents and alpha amylase inhibitory properties of beans (Phaseolis vulgaris) and breadfruit (Treculia africana). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y.-T., and M. L. Stewart 2013. Effect of variety and cooking method on resistant starch content of white rice and subsequent postprandial glucose response and appetite in humans. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. 22:372–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, L. W. 2012. Alzheimer's disease: early diagnosis and treatment. Hong Kong Med. J. 18:228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary, L., and C. Brennan 2006. The influence of a (1–3)(1–4)ß-D-glucan rich fraction from barley on the physicochemical properties and in vitro reducing sugars release of durum wheat pasta. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 41:910–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coda, R., J. Varis, M. Verni, C. G. Rizzello, and K. Katina 2017. Improvement of the protein quality of wheat bread through faba bean sourdough addition. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 82:296–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, S. A., M. Clegg, M. Armengol, and L. Ryan 2013. The polyphenol-rich baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) reduces starch digestion and glycemic response in humans. Nutr. Res. 33:888–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, S., and L. Ryan 2016. White bread enriched with polyphenol extracts shows no effect on glycemic response or satiety, yet may increase postprandial insulin economy in healthy participants. Nutr. Res. 36:193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, R. B., J. T. Dwyer, L. Saldanha, R. L. Bailey, J. Merkel, and E. Wambogo 2016. Do cinnamon supplements have a role in glycemic control in type-2 diabetes? A narrative review. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 116:1794–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, L., Z. H. Zhang, E. Sun, and X. B. Jia 2012. Effect of β-cyclodextrin complexation on solubility and enzymatic conversion of naringin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13:14251–14261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damsgaard, C. T., A. Papadaki, S. M. Jensen, C. Ritz, S. M. Dalskov, P. Hlavaty, J. A. Martinez, T. Handjieva-Darlenska, M. R. Andersen, S. Stender, T. M. Larsen, A. Astrup, C. Mølgaard, K. F. Michaelsen, and Diogenes 2013. Higher protein diets consumed ad libitum improve cardiovascular risk markers in children of overweight parents from eight European countries. J. Nutr. 143:810–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danza, A., M. Mastromatteo, F. Cozzolino, L. Lecce, V. Lampignano, J. Laverse, and M. A. D. Nobile 2014. Processing and characterization of durum wheat bread enriched with antioxidant from yellow pepper flour. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 59:479–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C., J. Mudd, and M. Hawkins 2014. Neuroprotective effects of leptin in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. Neurobiol. Dis. 72:61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durazzo, A., V. Turfani, V. Narducci, E. Azzini, G. Maiani, and M. Carcea 2014. Nutritional characterisation and bioactive components of commercial carobs flours. Food Chem. 153:109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASO: European Association for the Study of Obesity. 2016. Obesity facts and figures. http://easo.org/education-portal/obesity-facts-figures/.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA: European Food Safety Authority. 2011. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to beta-glucans from oats and barley and maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations. EFSA J. 9 (6):2207.
   Google Scholar
• Ek, K. L., S. Wang, L. Copeland, and J. C. Brand-Miller 2014. Discovery of a low glycaemic index potato and relationship with starch digestion in vitro. British J. Nutr. 111:699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström, L. M. N. K., E. A. E. H. Bok, M. E. Sjöö, and E. M. Östman 2017. Oat β-glucan containing bread increases the glycaemic profile. J. Funct. Foods 32:106–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emaleku, S. A., O. D. Omueti, and G. O. Emaleku 2017. Whole wheat meal fortified with soy flour consumed with talinum triangulare (gbure) soup glycemic index and the test human subject's lipid profiles. Diabetes Metab. Syndrome: Clin. Res. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fendri, L. B., F. Chaari, M. Maaloul, F. Kallel, L. Abdelkafi, S. E. Chaabouni, and D. Ghribi-Aydi 2016. Wheat bread enrichment by pea and broad ben pods fibres: Effect on dough rheology and bread quality. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 73:584–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferng, L.-H., C.-M. Liou, R. Yeh, and S. H. Chen 2016. Physicochemical property and glycemic response of chiffon cakes with different rice flours. Food Hydrocoll. 53:172–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, I. 2012. Defining Alzheimer as a common age-related neurodegenerative process not inevitably leading to dementia. Prog. Neurobiol. 97:38–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finder, V. H. 2010. Alzheimer's disease: a general introduction and pathomechanism. J. Alzheimers Dis. 22:5–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei, M., P. Siddhuraju, and K. Becker 2003. Studies on the in vitro starch digestibility and the glycemic index of six different indigenous rice cultivars from the Philippines. Food Chem. 83:395–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita, S., K. Seino, K. Sato, Y. Sato, K. Eizumi, N. Yamashita, M. Taniguchi, and K. Sato 2006. Regulatory dendritic cells act as regulators of acute lethal systemic inflammatory response. Blood 107:3656–3664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaki, G. S., and A. G. Papavassiliou 2014. Oxidative stress-induced signalling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. NeuroMolecular. Med. 16:217–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamel, T. H., El-S. M. Abdel-Aal, N. P. Ames, R. Duss, and S. M. Tosh 2017. Enzymatic extraction of beta-glucan from oat bran cereals and oat crackers and optimization of viscosity measurement. J. Cereal Sci. 59:133–40.
   Google Scholar
• Garber, A., I. Csizmadi, C. M. Friedenreich, T. T. Sajobi, R. S. Longman, A. V. Tyndall, L. L. Drogos, M. H. Davenport, and M. J. Poulin 2017. Association between glycemic load and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: Results from the Brain in Motion study. Clin. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri, S., A. Banerji, S. S. Lele, and L. Ananthanarayan 2017. Effect of addition of enzymatically modified guar gum on glycemic index of selected Indian traditional foods (idli, chapatti). Bioactive Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre 11:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Giuberti, G., and A. Gallo 2017. Reducing the glycaemic index and increasing the slowly digestible starch content in gluten-free cereal-based foods: a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuberti, G., A. Marti, P. Fortunati, and A. Gallo 2017. Gluten free rice cookies with resistant starch ingredients from modified waxy rice starches: Nutritional aspects and textural characteristics. J. Cereal Sci. 76:157–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuberti, G., G. Rocchetti, S. Sigolo, P. Fortunati, L. Lucini, and A. Gallo 2018. Exploitation of alfalfa seed (Medicago sativa L.) flour into gluten-free rice cookies: Nutritional, antioxidant and quality characteristics. Food Chem. 239:679–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, H. D., N. Repin, H. Fabek, D. El. Khoury, and M. J. Gidley 2017. Dietary fibre for glycaemia control: Towards a mechanistic understanding. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.005.
   Google Scholar
• Grarup, N., C. H. Sandholt, T. Hansen, and O. Pedersen 2014. Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity: from genome-wide association studies to rare variants and beyond. Diabetologia 57:1528–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujral, H. S., B. Sharma, and M. Khatri 2018. Influence of replacing wheat bran with barley bran on dough rheology, digestibility and retrogradation behaviour of chapatti. Food Chem. 240:1154–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnerud, U. J., E. M. Ostman, and I. M. Bjorck 2013. Effects of whey proteins on glycaemia and insulinaemia to an oral glucose load in healthy adults; a dose-response study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:749–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazar, N., L. Seddigh, Z. Rampisheh, and M. Nojomi 2016. Population attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer disease: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Iran. J. Neurol. 15:164–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, L.-H., T.-C. Tan, N. A. A. Aziz, and R. Bhat 2015. In vitro starch digestibility of bread with banana (Musa acuminata X balbisiana ABB cv. Awak) pseudo-stem flour and hydrocolloids. Food Biosci. 12:10–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Q., and G. Wang 2016. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Transl. Neurodegener. 5:14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, P. V., H. T. Chau, and N. T. L. Phi 2016. In vitro digestibility and in vivo glucose response of native and physically modified rice starches varying amylose contents. Food Chem. 191:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imes, C. C., and L. E. Burke 2014. The obesity epidemic: the USA as a cautionary tale for the rest of the world. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 1:82–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Islam, B. U., and S. Tabrez 2017. Management of Alzheimer's disease-An insight of the enzymatic and other novel potential targets. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 97:700–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, B. U., M. S. Khan, N. R. Jabir, M. A. Kamal, and S. Tabrez 2017. Elucidating treatment of Alzheimer's disease via different receptors. Curr. Topics Med. Chem. 17 (12):1400–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabir, N. R., C. K. Firoz, G. M. Ashraf, S. K. Zaidi, S. Shakil, M. A. Kamal, and S. Tabrez 2017b. Common therapeutic modalities against diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease. Curr. Vas. Pharmacol. 15 (4):365–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabir, N. R., C. K. Firoz, S. S. Baeesa, G. M. Ashraf, S. Akhtar, W. Kamal, M. A. Kamal, and S. Tabrez 2015. Synopsis on the linkage of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease with chronic diseases. CNS Neurosci. Therapeut. 21 (1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabir, N. R., C. K. Firoz, M. S. Khan, S. K. Zaidi, G. M. Ashraf, S. Shakil, M. A. Kamal, and S. Tabrez 2017a. Potential linkage between cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Curr. Drug Met. 18 (1):62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinger, K. A. 2009. Recent advances in our understanding of neurodegeneration. J. Neural Transm. 116:1111–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, A. L. 2007. The glycemic index: looking back 25 years. Cereal Foods World 52:50–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Józefczuk, J., K. Malikowska, A. Glapa, B. Stawińska-Witoszyńska, J. K. Nowak, J. Bajerska, A. Lisowska, and J. Walkowiak 2017. Mulberry leaf extract decreases digestion and absorption of starch in healthy subjects-A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Adv. Med. Sci. 62:302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, Y., I. Y. Bae, S. Lee, and H. G. Lee 2014. Utilisation of preharvest dropped apple peels as a flour substitute for a lower glycaemic index and higher fibre cake. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 65:62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kälin, S., F. L. Heppner, I. Bechmann, M. Prinz, M.H. Tschöp, and C.-X. Yi 2015. Hypothalamic innate immune reaction in obesity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11:339–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karl, J. P., S. B. Roberts, E. J. Schaefer, J. A. Gleason, P. Fuss, H. Rasmussen, and S. K. Das 2015. Effects of carbohydrate quantity and glycemic index on resting metabolic rate and body composition during weight loss. Obesity 23:2190–2198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashima, H., B. N. S. S. Uemoto, M. N. S. K. Eguchi, M. Y. Endo, A. Miura, T. Kobayashi, and Y. Fukuba 2016. Effect of soy protein isolate preload on postprandial glycemic control in healthy humans. Nutr. 32:965–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, B. A., K. Trigatti, M. B. MacNeil, S. L. Klingel, N. Repin, H. D. Goff, A. J. Wright, and A. M. Duncan 2017. Pudding products enriched with yellow mustard mucilage, fenugreek gum or flaxseed mucilage and matched for simulated intestinal viscosity significantly reduce postprandial peak glucose and insulin in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. J. Funct. Foods 37:603–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, G. H., S. W. Shin, J. Lee, J. H. Hwang, S.-W. Park, J. S. Moon, H. J. Kim, and H. S. Ahn 2017. Red meat and chicken consumption and its association with high blood pressure and obesity in South Korean children and adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of KSHES. 2011–2015. Nutr. J. 16:31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., and P. J. White 2012. In vitro digestion rate and estimated glycemic index of oat flours from typical and high β-glucan oat lines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:5237–5242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraschnewski, J. L., C. N. Sciamanna, H. L. Stuckey, C. H. Chuang, E. B. Lehman, K. O. Hwang, L. L. Sherwood, and H. B. Nembhard 2013. A silent response to the obesity epidemic: decline in US physician weight counseling. Med. Care 51:1860–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan-Pidhainy, X., and T. M. Wolever 2010. The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. J. 91:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, T. M., S. M. Dalskov, M. van Baak, S. A. Jebb, A. Papadaki, A. F. Pfeiffer, J. A. Martinez, T. Handjieva-Darlenska, M. Kunešová, M. Pihlsgård, S. Stender, C. Holst, W. H. M. Saris, and A. Astrup 2010. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:2102–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, E. R. L., and C. J. Henry 2017. No influence of carbonation on glycemic response, gastric emptying, and satiety of sweetened drinks. Nutr. 39–40:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. B. 2011. Obesity, leptin, and Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1243:15–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, H.-J., and C.-C. Hung 2015. Chemical composition and in vitro starch digestibility of green banana (cv. Giant Cavendish) flour and its derived autoclaved/debranched powder. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 64:639–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licker, V., E. Kövari, D. F. Hochstrasser, and P. R. Burkhard 2009. Proteomics in human Parkinson's disease research. J. Proteome 73:10–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P. X., T. Mu, H. Sun, M. Zhang, J. Chen, and M. L. Fauconnier 2018. Influence of different hydrocolloids on dough thermo-mechanical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of gluten-free steamed bread based on potato flour. Food Chem. 239:1064–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobos, D. R., I. A. Vicuña, V. Novik, and C. A. Vega 2017. Effect of high and low glycemic index breakfast on postprandial metabolic parameters and satiety in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus under intensive insulin therapy: Controlled clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 20:12–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Barón, N., Y. Gu, T. Vasanthan, and R. Hoover 2017. Plant proteins mitigate in vitro wheat starch digestibility. Food Hydrocoll. 69:19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorusso, A., M. Verni, M. Montemurro, R. Coda, M. Gobbetti, and C. G. Rizzello 2017. Use of fermented quinoa flour for pasta making and evaluation of the technological and nutritional features. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 78:215–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maetens, E., N. Hettiarachchy, K. Dewettinck, R. Horax, K. Moens, and D. O. Moseley 2017. Physicochemical and nutritional properties of a healthy snack chip developed from germinated soybeans. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 84:505–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, C., L. D'auria, P. D. Cani, C. Baccelli, R. Rozenberg, N. L. Ruibal-Mendieta, G. Petitjean, D. L. Delacroix, J. Quetin-Leclercq, J.-L. Habib-Jiwan, M. Meurens, and N. M. Delzenne 2007. Comparison of glycemic index of spelt and wheat bread in human volunteers. Food Chem. 100:1265–1271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, M. M., L. Román, and M. Gómez 2018. Implications of hydration depletion in the in vitro starch digestibility of white bread crumb and crust. Food Chem. 239:295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazon, J. N., A. Haas-de-Mello, G. K. Ferreira, and G. T. Rezin 2017. The impact of obesity on neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci. 182:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, R. A., and S. D. Poppitt 2013. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr. Metab. 10:46.
   Google Scholar
• McRorie, J. W., and N. M. McKeown 2017. Understanding the physics of functional fibres in the gastrointestinal tract: An evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about Insoluble and soluble fibre. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 117:251–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShea, S. 2017. Obesity: “Can the Battle Be Won?” Physician Assist. Clin. 2:87–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menga, V., M. Amato, T. D. Phillips, D. Angelino, F. Morreale, and C. Fares 2017. Gluten-free pasta incorporating chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as thickening agent: An approach to naturally improve the nutritional profile and the in vitro carbohydrate digestibility. Food Chem. 221:1954–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi, Y., G. Qi, R. Fan, X. Ji, Z. Liu, and X. Liu 2017. EGCG ameliorates diet-induced metabolic syndrome associating with the circadian clock. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1863:1575–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanski, M., G. Degasperi, A. Coope, J. Morari, R. Denis, D. E. Cintra, D. M. L. Tsukumo, G. Anhe, M. E. Amaral, H. K. Takahashi, R. Curi, H. C. Oliveira, J. B. C. Carvalheira, S. Bordin, M. J. Saad, and L. A. Velloso 2009. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J. Neurosci. 29:359–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. A., and S. J. Spencer 2014. Obesity and neuroinflammation: a pathway to cognitive impairment. Brain Behav. Immun. 42:10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. A., R. D. Crosby, R. Galioto, G. Strain, M. J. Devlin, R. Wing, R. A. Cohen, R. H. Paul, J. E. Mitchell, and J. Gunstad 2013. Bariatric surgery patients exhibit improved memory function 12 months postoperatively. Obes Surg 23:1527–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministry of Health-NZ. 2017. Children and young people living well and staying well: New Zealand childhood obesity programme baseline report 2016/17. Wellington: Ministry of Health, ISBN: 978-1-98-850246-5 (online).
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, R. M. M., J. D. C. Figueroa, D. Santiago-Ramos, G. A. Villa, S. J. Sandoval, P. Rayas-Duarte, J. J. Veles-Medina, and H. E. M. Flores 2015. The effect of different nixtamalisation processes on some physicochemical properties, nutritional composition and glycemic index. J. Cereal Sci. 65:140–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, M., T. Fleming, M. Robinson, B. Thomson, N. Graetz, C. Margono, E. C. Mullany, S. Biryukov, C. Abbafati, S. F. Abera, J. P. Abraham, N. M. Abu-Rmeileh, T. Achoki, F. S. AlBuhairan, Z. A. Alemu, R. Alfonso, M. K. Ali, R. Ali, N. A. Guzman, W. Ammar, P. Anwari, A. Banerjee, S. Barquera, S. Basu, D. A. Bennett, Z. Bhutta, J. Blore, N. Cabral, I. C. Nonato, J. C. Chang, R. Chowdhury, K. J. Courville, M. H. Criqui, D. K. Cundiff, K. C. Dabhadkar, L. Dandona, A. Davis, A. Dayama, S. D. Dharmaratne, E. L. Ding, A. M. Durrani, A. Esteghamati, F. Farzadfar, D. F. Fay, V. L. Feigin, A. Flaxman, M. H. Forouzanfar, A. Goto, M. A. Green, R. Gupta, N. Hafezi-Nejad, G. J. Hankey, H. C. Harewood, R. Havmoeller, S. Hay, L. Hernandez, A. Husseini, B. T. Idrisov, N. Ikeda, F. Islami, E. Jahangir, S. K. Jassal, S. H. Jee, M. Jeffreys, J. B. Jonas, E. K. Kabagambe, S. E. Khalifa, A. P. Kengne, Y. S. Khader, Y. H. Khang, D. Kim, R. W. Kimokoti, J. M. Kinge, Y. Kokubo, S. Kosen, G. Kwan, T. Lai, M. Leinsalu, Y. Li, X. Liang, S. Liu, G. Logroscino, P. A. Lotufo, Y. Lu, J. Ma, N. K. Mainoo, G. A. Mensah, T. R. Merriman, A. H. Mokdad, J. Moschandreas, M. Naghavi, A. Naheed, D. Nand, K. M. Narayan, E. L. Nelson, M. L. Neuhouser, M. I. Nisar, T. Ohkubo, S. O. Oti, A. Pedroza, D. Prabhakaran, N. Roy, U. Sampson, H. Seo, S. G. Sepanlou, K. Shibuya, R. Shiri, I. Shiue, G. M. Singh, J. A. Singh, V. Skirbekk, N. J. Stapelberg, L. Sturua, B. L. Sykes, M. Tobias, B. X. Tran, L. Trasande, H. Toyoshima, S. van de Vijver, T. J. Vasankari, J. L. Veerman, G. Velasquez-Melendez, V. V. Vlassov, S. E. Vollset, T. Vos, C. Wang, X. Wang, E. Weiderpass, A. Werdecker, J. L. Wright, Y. C. Yang, H. Yatsuya, J. Yoon, S. J. Yoon, Y. Zhao, M. Zhou, S. Zhu, A. D. Lopez, C. J. Murray, and E. Gakidou 2014. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet 384:766–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, S. H., S. D. Robert, W. A. N. Wan Ahmad, and W. R. Wan Ishak 2017. Incorporation of dietary fibre-rich oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) powder improves postprandial glycaemic response by interfering with starch granule structure and starch digestibility of biscuit. Food Chem. 227:358–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklas, T. A., C. E. O'Neil, and V. L. Fulgoni 3rd. 2015. Differing statistical approaches affect the relation between egg consumption, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. J. Nutr. 145:170S–6S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., J. J. Holst, and I. M. Bjorck 2007. Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85:996–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., M. Stenberg, A. H. Frid, J. J. Holst, and I. M. Bjorck 2004. Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80:1246–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotni, D., N. Cukelj, B. Smerdel, M. Bituh, F. Dujmi, and D. Curi 2012. Glycemic index and firming kinetics of partially baked frozen gluten-free bread with sourdough. J. Cereal Sci. 55:120–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, P. D., L. M. Hinder, B. C. Callaghan, and E. L. Feldman 2017. Neurological consequences of obesity. Lancet Neurol. 16:465–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, S., and V. Ellis 2010. The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men. Br. J. Nutr. 104:1241–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papakonstantinou, E., N. Orfanakos, P. Farajian, A. E. Kapetanakou, I. P. Makariti, N. Grivokostopoulos, M.-A. Ha, and P. N. Skandamis 2017. Short-term effects of a low glycemic index carob-containing snack on energy intake, satiety, and glycemic response in normal-weight, healthy adults: Results from two randomized trials. Nutr. 42:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Cornago, A., P. Lopez-Legarrea, R. La. Iglesia, F. Lahortiga, J. A. Martinez, and M. A. Zulet 2014a. Longitudinal relationship of diet and oxidative stress with depressive symptoms in patients with metabolic syndrome after following a weight loss treatment: The RESMENA project. Clin. Nutr. 33:1061–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Cornago, A., M. J. Ramírez, M. Á. Zulet, and J. A. Martinez 2014b. Effect of dietary restriction on peripheral monoamines and anxiety symptoms in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 47:98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phimolsiripol, Y., U. Siripatrawan, S. Teekachunhatean, S. Wangtueai, P. Seesuriyachan, S. Surawang, T. Laokuldilok, J. M. Regenstein, and C. J. Henry 2017. Technological properties, in vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glycaemic index of bread containing crude malva nut gum. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52:1035–1041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineli, L. de. L. de. O., R. B. A. Botelho, R. P. Zandonadi, J. L. Solorzano, G. T. de. Oliveira, C. E. G. Reis, and D. da. S. Teixeira 2015. Low glycemic index and increased protein content in a novel quinoa milk. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 63:1261–1267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinhero, R. G., R. N. Waduge, Q. Liu, J. A. Sullivan, R. Tsao, B. Bizimungu, and R. Y. Yada 2016. Evaluation of nutritional profiles of starch and dry matter from early potato varieties and its estimated glycemic impact. Food Chem. 203:356–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasantha, B. D. R., G. R. Dunuwila, A. Chandrasekara, D. G. N. G. Wijesinghe, D. C. S. Gunasekara, and G. M. Somaratne 2017. Effect of polishing on glycemic index and antioxidant properties of red and white basmati rice. Food Chem. 237:716–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procaccini, C., M. Santopaolo, D. Faicchia, A. Colamatteo, L. Formisano, P. de Candia, M. Galgani, and V. De Rosa 2016. Matarese G Role of metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders. Metabolism 65:1376–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, G., Y. Mi, Z. Liu, R. Fan, Q. Qiao, Y. Sun, B. Ren, and X. Liu 2017. Dietary tea polyphenols ameliorate metabolic syndrome and memory impairment via circadian clock related mechanisms. J. Funct. Foods 34:168–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radovanovic, A., V. Stojceska, A. Plunkett, S. Jankovic, D. Milovanovic, and S. Cupara 2015. The use of dry Jerusalem artichoke as a functional nutrient in developing extruded food with low glycaemic index. Food Chem. 177:81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, X., J. Chen, C. Wang, M. M. Molla, X. Diao, and Q. Shen 2016. In vitro starch digestibility, degree of gelatinization and estimated glycemic index of foxtail millet-derived products: Effect of freezing and frozen storage. J. Cereal Sci. 69:166–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reshmi, S. K., M. L. Sudha, and M. N. Shashirekha 2017. Starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index in the bread fortified with pomelo (Citrus maxima) fruit segments. Food Chem. 237:957–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revels, S., S. A. P. Kumar, and O. Ben-Assuli 2017. Predicting obesity rate and obesity-related healthcare costs using data analytics. Health Policy Technol. 6:198–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, L. A. H., E. M. Ostman, and I. M. E. Bjorck 2011. Postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia, and satiety responses in healthy subjects after whole grain rye bread made from different rye varieties 2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:12149–12154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouxinol-Diasa, A. L., A. R. Pinto, C. Janeiro, D. Rodrigues, M. Moreira, J. Dias, and P. Pereira 2016. Probiotics for the control of obesity-Its effect on weight change. Porto Biomedical J. 1:12–24.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, W. R., A. Baka, I. Björck, N. Delzenne, D. Gao, H. R. Griffiths, M. O. Weickert 2016. Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56:541–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado-Cruz, M. de la P., M. Ramírez-Miranda, M. Díaz-Ramírez, L. Alamilla-Beltran, and G. Calderon-Domínguez 2017. Microstructural characterisation and glycemic index evaluation of pita bread enriched with chia mucilage. Food Hydrocoll. 69:141–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sares-J¨aske, L., K. Paul, L. Annamari, H. Markku, and M. Satu 2017. Dieting attempts modify the association between quality of diet and obesity. Nutr. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, T., T. Okunishi, I. Sotome, and O. Hiroshi 2016. Effects of milling and cooking conditions of rice on in vitro starch digestibility and blood glucose response. Cereal Chem. 93:242–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneeberger, M., R. Gomis, and M. Claret 2014. Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic energy balance. J. Endocrinol. 220:T25–T46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sęczyk, L., M. Świeca, and U. Gawlik-Dziki 2016. Effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) flour on the antioxidant potential, nutritional quality, and sensory characteristics of fortified durum wheat pasta. Food Chem. 194:637–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sęczyk, L., M. Świeca, D. Dziki, A. Anders, and U. Gawlik-Dziki 2017. Antioxidant, nutritional and functional characteristics of wheat bread enriched with ground flaxseed hulls. Food Chem. 214:32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumoy, H., and K. Raes 2017. In vitro starch hydrolysis and estimated glycemic index of tef porridge and injera. Food Chem. 229:381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidorova, Y., V. Shipelin, S. Zorin, N. Petrov, and A. Kochetkova 2017. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaf and Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed coat extracts in diabetic rats. Nutr. 41:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, K. C., L. N. Nobre, S. E. C. F. Vicente, L. L. Moreira, A. C. Lessa, and J. A. Lamounier 2016. Influence of glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet on the risk of overweight and adiposity in childhood. Revista Paulista de Pediatria 34:293–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson, J. E., P. G. Ince, L. J. Haynes, R. Theaker, C. Gelsthorpe, L. Baxter, G. Forster, G. L. Lace, P. J. Shaw, F. E. Matthews, G. M. Savva, C. Brayne, and S. B. Wharton 2010. Population variation in oxidative stress and astrocyte DNA damage in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 36:25–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivitz, W. I. 2010. Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. US Endocrinol. 6:20–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sjostrom, L., M. Peltonen, P. Jacobson, C. D. Sjöström, K. Karason, H. Wedel, S. Ahlin, Å. Anveden, C. Bengtsson, G. Bergmark, C. Bouchard, B. Carlsson, S. Dahlgren, J. Karlsson, A. K. Lindroos, H. Lönroth, K. Narbro, I. Näslund, T. Olbers, P. A. Svensson, and L. M. Carlsson 2012. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 307:56–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalny, A. V., G. Margarita, G. Skalnaya, Bjørklund, A. A. Nikonorov, and A. A. Tinkov 2016. Mercury as a possible link between maternal obesity and autism spectrum disorder. Med. Hypotheses 91:90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, C. G., J. D. Moreira, I. R. Siqueira, A. G. Pereira, D. K. Rieger, and D. O. Souza, L. V. Portela, and M. L. Perry 2007. Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety-like behaviour. Life Sci. 81:198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stancliffe, R. A., T. Thorpe, and M. B. Zemel 2011. Dairy attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94:422–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui, X., Y. Zhang, and W. Zhou 2016. Bread fortified with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice as nutraceutical sources: Its quality attributes and in vitro digestibility. Food Chem. 196:910–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Świeca, M., and U. Gawlik-Dziki 2015. Effects of sprouting and postharvest storage under cool temperature conditions on starch content and antioxidant capacity of green pea, lentil and young mung bean sprouts. Food Chem. 185:99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczepanik, A. M., S. Funes, W. Petko, and G. E. Ringheim 2001. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 modulate A beta(1–42)-induced cytokine and chemokine production in primary murine microglia and a human monocyte cell line. J. Neuroimmunol. 113:49–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, J., S. Chen, C. Wu, J. Chen, X. Du, J. Chen, and X. Ye 2016. Effects of preparation methods on potato microstructure and digestibility: An in vitro study. Food Chem. 211:564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törrönen, R., G. J. McDougall, G. Dobson, D. Stewart, J. Hellström, P. Mattila, J. M. Pihlava, A. Koskela, and R. Karjalainen 2012. Fortification of blackcurrant juice with crowberry: Impact on polyphenol composition, urinary phenolic metabolites, and postprandial glycemic response in healthy subjects. J. Funct. Foods 4:746–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremmel, M., U.-G. Gerdtham, P. M. Nilsson, and S. Saha 2017. Economic burden of obesity: A systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:435. doi:10.3390/ijerph14040435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño, S., P. Aguilar-Alonso, J. A. F. Hernandez, E. Brambila, J. Guevara, G. Flores, G. Lopez-Lopez, G. Munoz-Arenas, J. C. Morales-Medina, V. Toxqui, B. Venegas, and A. Diaz 2015. A high calorie diet causes memory loss, metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress into hippocampus and temporal cortex of rats. Synapse 69:421–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trust for America's Health. 2017. The healthcare costs of obesity. https://stateofobesity.org/healthcare-costs-obesity/
   Google Scholar
• Vander Naalt, S. J., J. P. Gurria, and A. L. Holterman 2014. Surgical treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese patients. Hepat. Med. 6:103–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, L., F. Ye, L. Feng, F. Wei, and G. Zhao 2017. The effects of oat β-glucan incorporation on the quality, structure, consumer acceptance and glycaemic response of steamed bread. J. Texture Stud. DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Y. Liu, and J. Zhou 2015. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease and its potential as therapeutic target. Transl. Neurodegener. 4:19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, J. C., A. A. Marphatia, T. J. Cole, and D. McCoy 2012. Associations of economic and gender in equality with global obesity prevalence: understanding the female excess. Soc. Sci. Med. 75:482–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2016. Obesity and overweight. Downloaded from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, L. M. 2012. Hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71:521–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever, T. M. S. 2006. The glycemic index: A physiological classification of dietary carbohydrates. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing [pp 120–123].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2016. Obesity and overweight-fact sheet updated. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, R., Q. Hu, Q. Ma, C. Liu, and G. Wang 2014. The protease Omi regulates mitochondrial biogenesis through the GSK3β/PGC-1α pathway. Cell Death Dis. 5:e1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonga, L.-Z., C. H. Chana, C. Garciab, and P. A. Sopade 2011. Weighing up whey fortification of foods: Implications for kinetics of starch digestion and estimated glycemic index of model high-protein-low-carbohydrate food systems. Carbohydr. Polym. 84:162–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, W., and M. Henneberg 2016. Meat consumption providing a surplus energy in modern diet contributes to obesity prevalence: an ecological analysis. BMC Nutrition 2:22. DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0063-9.
   Google Scholar
• Youn, S., H. D. Woo, Y. A. Cho, A. Shin, N. Chang, and J. Kim 2012. Association between dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and the prevalence of obesity in Korean men and women. Nutr. Res. 32:153–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Gasga, V. M., L. A. Bello-Pérez, R. I. Ortíz-Basurto, J. Tovar, and S. G. Sáyago-Ayerdi 2014. Granola bars prepared with Agave tequilana ingredients: Chemical composition and in vitro starch hydrolysis. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 56:309–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemestani, M., M. Rafraf, and M. Asghari-Jafarabadi 2016. Chamomile tea improves glycemic indices and antioxidants status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr. 32:166–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., K. Luo, and G. Zhang 2017. Impact of native form oat β-glucan on starch digestion and postprandial glycemia. J. Cereal Sci. 73:84–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, H., Z. Chen, T. Feng, Y. Yang, J. S. Zhang, G. Liu, Z. Li, and R. Ye 2017. Characterization of Lentinus edodes β-glucan influencing the in vitro starch digestibility of wheat starch gel. Food Chem. 224:294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar