1,140
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Early-life food nutrition, microbiota maturation and immune development shape life-long health

, , , , &

References

  • Aitoro, R., L. Paparo, A. Amoroso, M. Di Cosenzo, L. Cosenza, V. Granata, C. Di Scala, R. Nocerino, G. Trinchese, M. Montella, et al. (2017). Gut microbiota as a target for preventive and therapeutic intervention against food allergy. Nutrients 9:672. doi:10.3390/nu9070672.
  • Alexander, K. L., S. R. Targan, and C.O .Elson 3rd. (2014). Microbiota activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunological Reviews 260:206–20. doi:10.1111/imr.12180.
  • Atarashi, K., W. Suda, C. Luo, T. Kawaguchi, I. Motoo, S. Narushima, Y. Kiguchi, K. Yasuma, E. Watanabe, T. Tanoue, et al. (2017). Ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the intestine drives th1 cell induction and inflammation. Science 358:359–65. doi:10.1126/science.aan4526.
  • Azad, M. B., T. Konya, R. R. Persaud, D. S. Guttman, R. S. Chari, C. J. Field, M. R. Sears, P. J. Mandhane, S. E. Turvey, P. Subbarao, et al. (2016). Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 123:983–93. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13601.
  • Bäckhed, F., H. Ding, T. Wang, L. V. Hooper, G. Y. Koh, A. Nagy, C. F. Semenkovich, and J. I. Gordon (2004). The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101:15718–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407076101.
  • Bai, G., K. Ni, T. Tsuruta, and N. Nishino (2016). Dietary casein and soy protein isolate modulate the effects of raffinose and fructooligosaccharides on the composition and fermentation of gut microbiota in rats. Journal of Food Science 81:H2093–2098. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13391.
  • Barratt, M. J., C. Lebrilla, H. Y. Shapiro, and J. I. Gordon (2017). The gut microbiota, food science, and human nutrition: a timely marriage. Cell Host and Microbe 22:134–41. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.006.
  • Baschetti, R. (1998). Diabetes epidemic in newly westernized populations: is it due to thrifty genes or to genetically unknown foods? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91:622–25. doi:10.1177/014107689809101203.
  • Blachier, F., F. Mariotti, J. F. Huneau, and D. Tomé (2007). Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino acids 33:547–62 doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9.
  • Black, M. M., S. P. Walker, L. C. H. Fernald, C. T. Andersen, A. M. Digirolamo, C. Lu, D. C. McCoy, G. Fink, Y. R. Shawar, J. Shiffman, et al. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet 389:77–90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
  • Blaser, M. J., and S. Falkow (2009). What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota? Nature Reviews Microbiology 7:887–94. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2245.
  • Blaser, M. J. (2006). Who are we? indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases. Embo Reports 7:956–60. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400812.
  • Blaser, M. J. (2017). The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases. Nature Reviews Immunology 17:461–63. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.77.
  • Bokulich, N. A., J. Chung, T. Battaglia, N. Henderson, M. Jay, H. Li, A.. D Lieber, F. Wu, G. I. Perez-Perez, Y. Chen, et al. (2016). Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life. Science Translational Medicine 8:343ra82. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7121.
  • Brüssow, H., and S. J. Parkinson (2014). You are what you eat. Nature Biotechnology 32:243–45. doi:10.1038/nbt.2845.
  • Bushman, F. D., J. D. Lewis and G. D. Wu (2013). Diet, gut enterotypes and health: is there a link? Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop 77:65–73. doi:10.1159/000351385.
  • Cai, L., H. Wu, D. Li, K. Zhou, and F. Zou (2015). Type 2 diabetes biomarkers of human gut microbiota selected via iterative sure independent screening method. Plos One 10:e0140827. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140827.
  • Candon, S., A. Perezarroyo, C. Marquet, F. Valette, A. P. Foray, B. Pelletier, C. Milani, M. Ventura, J. F. Bach, and L. Chatenoud (2015). Antibiotics in early life alter the gut microbiome and increase disease incidence in a spontaneous mouse model of autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes. Plos One 10:e0147888. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125448.
  • Cani, P. D., R. Bibiloni, C. Knauf, A. Waget, A. M. Neyrinck, N. M. Delzenne, and R. Burcelin (2008). Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57:1470–81. doi:10.2337/db07-1403.
  • Cao, X. (2017). Intestinal inflammation induced by oral bacteria. Science 358:308–309. doi:10.1126/science.aap9298.
  • Cassidy, A., and A. M. Minihane (2017). The role of metabolism (and the microbiome) in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105:10–22. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.136051.
  • Cerf-Bensussan, N., and V. Gaboriau-Routhiau (2010). The immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes? Nature reviews. Immunology 10:735–44. doi:10.1038/nri2850.
  • Chen, Y., and M. J. Blaser (2007). Inverse associations of helicobacter pylori with asthma and allergy. Archives of Internal Medicine 167:821–27. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.821.
  • Chen, Y., and M. J. Blaser (2008). Helicobacter pylori colonization is inversely associated with childhood asthma. The Journal of infectious diseases 198:553–60. doi:10.1086/590158.
  • Cheng, M., X. Zhang, X. Guo, Z. Wu, and P. Weng (2017). The interaction effect and mechanism between tea polyphenols and intestinal microbiota: role in human health. Journal of Food Biochemistry e12415. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12415.
  • Cho, I., S. Yamanishi, L. Cox, B. A. Methé, J. Zavadil, K. Li, I. Teitler, H. Li, A. V. Alekseyenko, and M. J. Blaser (2012). Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature 488:621–26. doi:10.1038/nature11400.
  • Craig, J. M. (2016). Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2:95–105. doi:10.1002/vms3.24.
  • Crittenden, A. N., and S. L. Schnorr (2017). Current views on hunter‐gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162:84–109. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23148.
  • Daelmans, B., G. L. Darmstadt, J. Lombardi, M. M. Black, P. R. Britto, S. Lye, T. Dua, Z.A. Bhutta, and L. M. Richter (2016). Early childhood development: the foundation of sustainable development. Lancet 389:9–11 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31659-2.
  • David, L. A., C. F. Maurice, R. N. Carmody, D. B. Gootenberg, J. E. Button, B. E. Wolfe, A. V. Ling, A. S. Devlin, Y. Varma, M. A. Fischbach, et al. (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505:559–63. doi:10.1038/nature12820.
  • De Filippo, C., D. Cavalieri, M. Di Paola, M. Ramazzotti, J. B. Poullet, S. Massart, S. Collini, G. Pieraccini, and P. Lionetti (2010). Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from europe and rural africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:14691–96. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107.
  • Deehan, E. C., and J. Walter (2016). The fiber gap and the disappearing gut microbiome: implications for human nutrition. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism Tem 27:239–42. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.001.
  • Desai, M. S., A. M. Seekatz, N. M. Koropatkin, N. Kamada, C. A. Hickey, M. Wolter, N. A. Pudlo, S. Kitamoto, N. Terrapon, A. Muller, et al. (2016). A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility. Cell 167:1339–53. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.043.
  • Dey, N., V. E. Wagner, L. V. Blanton, J. Cheng, L. Fontana, R. Haque, T. Ahmed, and J. I. Gordon (2015). Regulators of gut motility revealed by a gnotobiotic model of diet-microbiome interactions related to traveling. Cell 163:95–107. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.059.
  • Diamond, J. (2003). The double puzzle of diabetes. Nature 423:599–602. doi:10.1038/423599a.
  • Dodd, D., M. H. Spitzer, W. Van Treuren, B. D. Merrill, A. J. Hryckowian, S. K. Higginbottom, A. Le, T. M. Cowan, G. P. Nolan, M. A. Fischbach, et al. (2017). A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites. Nature 551:648–52
  • Dominguez-Bello, M. G., J. I. Gordon, E. K. Costello, M. Contreras, M. Magris, G. Hidalgo, N. Fierer, and R. Knight (2010). Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:11971–75. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107.
  • Espín, J. C., A. González-Sarrías, and F. A. Tomás-Barberán (2017). The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols. Biochemical Pharmacology 139:82–93. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.033.
  • Ferrario, C., R. Statello, L. Carnevali, L. Mancabelli, C. Milani, M. Mangifesta, S. Duranti, G. A. Lugli, B. Jimenez, S. Lodge, et al. (2017). How to feed the mammalian gut microbiota: bacterial and metabolic modulation by dietary fibers. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1749. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01749.
  • Ferreira, C. M., A. T. Vieira, M. A.. Vinolo, F. A. Oliveira, R. Curi, and S. Martins FdoS (2014). The central role of the gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases. Journal of Immunology Research 2014:689492. doi:10.1155/2014/689492.
  • Filippo, C. D., M. D. Paola, M. Ramazzotti, D. Albanese, G. Pieraccini, E. Banci, F. Miglietta, D. Cavalieri, and P. Lionetti (2017). Diet, environments, and gut microbiota. a preliminary investigation in children living in rural and urban burkina faso and italy. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1979. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01979.
  • Flint, H. J. (2012). Microbiology: antibiotics and adiposity. Nature 488:601–602. doi:10.1038/488601a.
  • Francino, M. P. (2014). Early development of the gut microbiota and immune health. Pathogens 3:769–90. doi:10.3390/pathogens3030769.
  • Frei, R., R. P. Lauener, R. Crameri, and L. O'Mahony (2012). Microbiota and dietary interactions: an update to the hygiene hypothesis? Allergy 67:451–61. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02783.x.
  • Gazzaniga, F. S., and D. L. Kasper (2016). Veggies and intact grains a day keep the pathogens away. Cell 167:1161–62. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.047.
  • He, X., M. L. Marco, and C. M. Slupsky (2013). Emerging aspects of food and nutrition on gut microbiota. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 61:9559–74. doi:10.1021/jf4029046.
  • Holster, I. L., A. M. Vila, D. Caudri, C. M. den Hoed, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. J. Blaser, J. C. de Jongste, and E. J. Kuipers (2012). The impact of helicobacter pylori, on atopic disorders in childhood. Helicobacter 17:232–37. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00934.x.
  • Iizumi, T., T. Taniguchi, W. Yamazaki, G. Vilmen, A. V. Alekseyenko, Z. Gao, G. I. Perez Perez, and M. J. Blaser (2016). Effect of antibiotic pre-treatment and pathogen challenge on the intestinal microbiota in mice. Gut Pathogens 8:60. doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0143-z.
  • Jain, N., and W. A. Walker (2015). Diet and host-microbial crosstalk in postnatal intestinal immune homeostasis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12:14–25. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.153.
  • Jones, S. M., and A. W. Burks (2017). Food Allergy. Clinical Practice 377:1168–76.
  • Kaakoush, N. O., and M. J. Morris (2017). More flavor for flavonoid-based interventions? Trends in Molecular Medicine 23:293–95. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.008.
  • Kainonen, E., S. Rautava, and E. Isolauri (2013). Immunological programming by breast milk creates an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed infants. British Journal of Nutrition 109:1962–70. doi:10.1017/S0007114512004229.
  • Kau, A. L., P. P. Ahern, N. W. Griffin, A. L. Goodman, and J. I. Gordon (2011). Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 474:327–36. doi:10.1038/nature10213.
  • Kennedy, P. J., A. B. Murphy, J. F. Cryan, P. R. Ross, T. G. Dinan, and C. Stanton (2016). Microbiome in brain function and mental health. Trends in Food Science and Technology 57:289–301. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.001.
  • Kim, D., M. Y. Zeng, and G. Núñez (2017). The interplay between host immune cells and gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 49:e339. doi:10.1038/emm.2017.24.
  • Koh, A., F. D. Vadder, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, and F. B. Ckhed (2016). From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 165:1332–45. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041.
  • Koppel, N., R. V. Maini, and E. P. Balskus (2017). Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science 356:6344 doi:10.1126/science.aag2770.
  • Korpela, K., A. Salonen, L. J. Virta, R. A. Kekkonen and W. M. de Vos (2016). Association of Early-Life Antibiotic Use and Protective Effects of Breastfeeding: Role of the Intestinal Microbiota. JAMA Pediatrics 170(8):750–57. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0585.
  • Koutsos, A., M. Lima, L. Conterno, M. Gasperotti, M. Bianchi, F. Fava, U. Vrhovsek, J. A. Lovegrove, and K. M. Tuohy (2017). Effects of commercial apple varieties on human gut microbiota composition and metabolic output using an in vitro colonic model. Nutrients 9:533. doi:10.3390/nu9060533.
  • Laforest-Lapointe, I., and M. C. Arrieta (2017). Patterns of early-life gut microbial colonization during human immune development: an ecological perspective. Frontiers in Immunology 8:788. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00788.
  • Liang, C., H. C. Tseng, H. M. Chen, W. C. Wang, C. M. Chiu, J. Y. Chang, K. Y. Lu, S. L. Weng, T. H. Chang, C. H. Chang, et al. (2017). Diversity and enterotype in gut bacterial community of adults in taiwan. Bmc Genomics 18:932. doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3261-6.
  • Liou, A., and P. Turnbaugh (2012). Antibiotic exposure promotes fat gain. Cell Metabolism 16:408–10. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.009.
  • Liu, R., J. Hong, X. Xu, Q. Feng, D. Zhang, Y. Gu, J. Shi, S. Zhao, W. Liu, X. Wang, e al. (2017). Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations in obesity and after weight-loss intervention. Nature Medicine 23:859–68. doi:10.1038/nm.4358.
  • Lyu, M., Y.F. Wang, G.W. Fan, X.Y. Wang, S.Y. Xu, and Y. Zhu (2017). Balancing herbal medicine and functional food for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases through modulating gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2146.
  • Machel, G. (2016). Good early development-the right of every child. Lancet 389:13–14 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31700-7.
  • Macqueen, G., M. Surette, and P. Moayyedi (2017). The gut microbiota and psychiatric illness. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Jpn 42:75–77. doi:10.1503/jpn.170028.
  • Makino, H., A. Kushiro, E. Ishikawa, D. Muylaert, H. Kubota, T. Sakai, K. Oishi, R. Martin, A. K. Ben, R. Oozeer, et al. (2011). Transmission of intestinal Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strains from mother to infant, determined by multilocus sequencing typing and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Applied and environmental microbiology 77:6788–93. doi:10.1128/AEM.05346-11.
  • Makino, H., A. Kushiro, E. Ishikawa, H. Kubota, A. Gawad, T. Sakai, K. Oishi, R. Martin, K. Ben-Amor, J. Knol, et al. (2013). Mother-to-infant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infant's microbiota. Plos One 8:e78331. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078331.
  • Marilia, C., S. Annunziata, M. M. Antonietta, and S. Carola (2015). The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology Quarterly Publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology 28:203–209.
  • Markowiak, P., and K. Śliżewska (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 9:1–12.
  • Milani, C., S. Duranti, F. Bottacini, E. Casey, F. Turroni, J. Mahony, C. Belzer, S. Delgado Palacio, S. Arboleya Montes, et al. (2017). The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews 81. pii: e00036–17. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00036-17.
  • Ming, L., Y. Wang, G. Fan, X. Wang, S. Xu, and Y. Zhu (2017). Balancing herbal medicine and functional food for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases through modulating gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2146. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02146.
  • Moeller, A. H. (2017). The shrinking human gut microbiome. Current Opinion in Microbiology 38:30–35. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.04.002.
  • Fei, N., and L. Zhao (2013). An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice. Isme Journal 7:880–84. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.153.
  • Ochoa-Repáraz, J., and L. H. Kasper (2016). The second brain: is the gut microbiota a link between obesity and central nervous system disorders? Current Obesity Reports 5:51–64. doi:10.1007/s13679-016-0191-1.
  • Portune, K. J., M. Beaumont, A. M. Davila, D. Tomé, F. Blachier, and Y. Sanz (2016). Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: the two sides of the coin. Trends in Food Science and Technology 57:213–32. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.08.011.
  • Prentice, A. M., P. Rayco-Solon, and S. E. Moore (2005). Insights from the developing world: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64:153–61. doi:10.1079/PNS2005421.
  • Putignani, L., R. Carsetti, F. Signore, and M. Manco (2010). Additional maternal and nonmaternal factors contribute to microbiota shaping in newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:E159; author reply E160. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010526107.
  • Reibman, J., M. Marmor, J. Filner, M. E. Fernandez-Beros, L. Rogers, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser (2008). Asthma is inversely associated with helicobacter pylori status in an urban population. PLoS One 3:e4060. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004060.
  • Reynolds, L. A., and B. B. Finlay (2017). Early life factors that affect allergy development. Nature Reviews Immunology 17:518–28 doi:10.1038/nri.2017.39.
  • Rjjv, N., and H. Savelkoul (2017). Nutrition and allergic diseases. Nutrients 9:762. doi:10.3390/nu9070762.
  • Rook, G. A. (2012). Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 42:5–15. doi:10.1007/s12016-011-8285-8.
  • Rutayisire, E., K. Huang, Y. Liu and F. Tao (2016). The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 16:86. doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0498-0.
  • Savage, D. C. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual review of microbiology 31:107–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543.
  • Schirmer, M., S. Smeekens, H. Vlamakis, M. Jaeger, M. Oosting, E. Franzosa, T. Jansen, L. Jacobs, M. J. Bonder, A. Kurilshikov, et al. (2016). Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity. Cell 167:1125–36. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.020.
  • Schokker, D., J. Zhang, L. L. Zhang, S. A. Vastenhouw, H. G. Heilig, H. Smidt, J. M. Rebel, and M. A. Smits (2014). Early-life environmental variation affects intestinal microbiota and immune development in new-born piglets. Plos One 9:e100040. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100040.
  • Septembre-Malaterre, A., F. Remize, and P. Poucheret (2017). Fruits and vegetables, as a source of nutritional compounds and phytochemicals: changes in bioactive compounds during lactic fermentation. Food Research International 104:86–99 doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.031.
  • Sharon, G., T. R. Sampson, D. H. Geschwind, and S. K. Mazmanian (2016). The central nervous system and the gut microbiome. Cell 167:915–32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027.
  • Shibata, N., J. Kunisawa, and H. Kiyono (2017). Dietary and microbial metabolites in the regulation of host immunity. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2171. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02171.
  • Skypala, I. J. (2017). When nutrition and allergy collide: the rise of anaphylaxis to plant foods. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 17:338–43. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000387.
  • Strachan, D. P, N. Aït-Khaled, S. Foliaki, J. Mallol, J. Odhiambo, N. Pearce, and H. C. Williams (2015). Siblings, asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a worldwide perspective from the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 45:126–36. doi:10.1111/cea.12349.
  • Strachan, D. P. (1989). Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 299:1259–60. doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259.
  • Strachan, D. P. (2000). Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax, 55 Suppl 1(Suppl 1). S2–10.
  • Tilg, H., and A. R. Moschen (2014). Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut 63:1513–21. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306928.
  • Valdés, L., A. Cuervo, N. Salazar, P. Ruas-Madiedo, M. Gueimonde, and S. González (2015). The relationship between phenolic compounds from diet and microbiota: impact on human health. Food & Function 6:2424–39. doi:10.1039/C5FO00322A.
  • van Best, N., M. W. Hornef, P. H. Savelkoul and J. Penders (2015).On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota. Birth Defects Research Part C – Embryo Today: Reviews 105:240–51. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21113.
  • Waldron, D. (2015). Microbiome: in transit. Nature Reviews Microbiology 13:659. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3572.
  • Wen, L., R. E. Ley, P. Y. Volchkov, P. B. Stranges, L. Avanesyan, A. C. Stonebraker, C. Hu, F. S. Wong, G. L. Szot, J. A. Bluestone, et al. (2008). Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Nature 455:1109–13. doi:10.1038/nature07336.
  • Wild, S., G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27:1047–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.
  • Wu, G. D., J. Chen, C. Hoffmann, K. Bittinger, Y. Y. Chen, S. A. Keilbaugh, M. Bewtra, D. Knights, et al. (2011). Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334:105–108. doi:10.1126/science.1208344.
  • Yassour, M., T. Vatanen, H. Siljander, A. M. Hämäläinen, T. Härkönen, S. J. Ryhänen, E. A. Franzosa, H. Vlamakis, C. Huttenhower, D. Gevers, et al. (2016). Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability. Science Translational Medicine 8:343. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0917.
  • Zhang, J., Z. Guo, Z. Xue, Z. Sun, M. Zhang, and L. Wang (2015). A phylo-functional core of gut microbiota in healthy young chinese cohorts across lifestyles, geography and ethnicities. The ISME journal 9:1979–90. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.11.
  • Zhu, X., Y. Han, J. Du, R. Liu, K. Jin, and Y. Wei (2017). Microbiota-gut-brain axis and the central nervous system. Oncotarget 8:53829–38.
  • Zhu, Y., X. Shi, X. Lin, K. Ye, X. Xu, C. Li, and G. Zhou (2017). Beef, chicken, and soy proteins in diets induce different gut microbiota and metabolites in rats. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1395. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01395.
  • Zmora, N., S. Bashiardes, M. Levy, and E. Elinav (2017). The role of the immune system in metabolic health and disease. Cell Metabolism 25:506–21. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.006.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.