Nondigestible carbohydrates, butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria

Reference

• An, C., T. Yazaki, H. Takahashi, T. Kuda, and B. Kimura. 2013. Diet-induced changes in alginate-and laminaran-fermenting bacterial levels in the caecal contents of rats. Journal of Functional Foods 5 (1):389–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. W., P. Baird, R. H. Davis, S. Ferreri, M. Knudtson, A. Koraym, V. Waters, and C. L. Williams. 2009. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Review 67 (4):188–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki, Y., A. Andoh, S. Koyama, Y. Fujiyama, O. Kanauchi, and T. Bamba. 2000. Effects of germinated barley foodstuff on microflora and short chain fatty acid production in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 64 (9):1794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki, Y., Y. Fujiyama, A. Andoh, S. Koyama, O. Kanauchi, and T. Bamba. 2000. The dietary combination of germinated barley foodstuff plus Clostridium butyricum suppresses the dextran sulfatesodium-induced experimental colitis in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 35 (10):1060–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam, M., J. Raes, E. Pelletier, D. Le Paslier, T. Yamada, D. R. Mende, G. R. Fernandes, J. Tap, T. Bruls, J. M. Batto, et al. 2011. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473 (7346):174–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamba, T., O. Kanauchi, A. Andoh, and Y. Fujiyama. 2002. A new prebiotic from germinated barley for nutraceutical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 17 (8):818–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang S. J., G. Kim, M. Y. Lim, E. J. Song, D. H. Jung, J. S. Kum, Y. D. Nam, C. S. Park, and D. H. Seo. 2018. The influence of in vitro pectin fermentation on the human fecal microbiome. AMB Express 8:98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, J. L., C. Hoebler, G. T. MacFarlane, S. MacFarlane, J. Mathers, K. A. Reed, P. B. Mortensen, I. Norgaard, I. R. Rowland, and C. J. Rumney. 1995. Estimation of the fermentability of dietary fibre in vitro: a European interlaboratory study. British Journal of Nutrition 74 (3):303–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belenguer, A., S. H. Duncan, A. G. Calder, G. Holtrop, P. Louis, G. E. Lobley, and H. J. Flint. 2006. Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut. Applied Environmental Microbiology 72 (5):3593–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belenguer, A., S. H. Duncan, G. Holtrop, S. E. Anderson, G. E. Lobley, and H. J. Flint. 2007. Impact of pH on lactate formation and utilization by human fecal microbial communities. Applied Environmental Microbiology 73 (20):6526–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Besten, G., R. Havinga, A. Bleeker, S. Rao, A. Gerding, K. van Eunen, A. K. Groen, D. J. Reijngoud, and B. M. Bakker. 2014. The short-chain fatty acid uptake fluxes by mice on a guar gum supplemented diet associate with amelioration of major biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 9 (9):e107392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, F., N. Larsen, T. T. de Mello, M. A. T. Adorno, W. Kot, S. M. I. Saad, L. Lene Jespersen, and K. Sivieri. 2018. Modulation of gut microbiota from obese individuals by in vitro fermentation of citrus pectin in combination with Bifidobacterium longum BB-46. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 102:8827–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedrzycka, E., and M. Bielecka, 2004. Prebiotic effectiveness of fructans of different degrees of polymerization. Trends Food Science Technology 15 (3–4):170–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijkerk C. J., J. W. Muris, J. A. Knottnerus, A. W. Hoes, and N. J. de Wit. 2004. Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (3):245–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bindels, L. B., J. Walter, and A. E. Ramer-Tait. 2015. Resistant starches for the management of metabolic diseases. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 18 (6):559–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, A. R., I. L. Brown, and D. L. Topping. 2000. Starches, resistant starches, the gut microflora and human health. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 1 (1):25–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolhuis, G. K., J. J. Engelhart and A. C. Eissens. 2009. Compaction properties of isomalt. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72 (3):621–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahe, L. K., A. Astrup, and L. H. Larsen. 2013. Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases? Obesity Reviews 14 (12):950–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouns, F., B. Kettlitz, and E. Arrigoni. 2002. Resistant starch and “the butyrate revolution”. Trends Food Science Technology 13 (8):251–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bufill, J. A. 1990. Colorectal cancer: evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location. Annals of Internal Medicine 113 (10):779–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. P., S. A. Shetty, I. Lagkouvardos, J. Ritari, B. Chamlagain, F. P. Douillard, L. Paulin, V. Piironen, T. Clavel, C. M. Plugge, and W. M. de Vos. 2016. Comparative genomics and physiology of the butyrate-producing bacterium Intestinimonas butyriciproducens. Environmental Microbiology Reports 8:1024–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. P., J. Ritari, S. Boeren, P. de Waard, C. M. Plugge, and W. M. de Vos. 2015. Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal. Nature Communications 6:10062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. P., W. M. de Vos, and C. M. Plugge. 2014. Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans sp. nov., a human intestinal, butyrate-forming bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64(Pt 3):787–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butt, M. S., N. Shahzadi, M.K. Sharif, and M. Nasir. 2007. Guar gum: a miracle therapy for hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and obesity. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 47 (4):389–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canani, R. B., M. D. Costanzo, and L. Leone. 2012. The epigenetic effects of butyrate: potential therapeutic implications for clinical practice. Clinical Epigenetics 4 (1):4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canani, R. B., M. D. Costanzo, L. Leone, M. Pedata, R. Meli, and A. Calignano. 2011. Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology 17:1519–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canani, R. B., G. Terrin, P. Cirillo, G. Castaldo, F. Salvatore, G. Cardillo, A. Coruzzo, and R. Troncone. 2004. Butyrate as an effective treatment of congenital chloride diarrhea. Gastroenterology 127 (2):630–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, T., R. Hubbard, and R. F. A. Logan. 2003. Mortality in inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 125 (6):1583–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassard, C., and A. Bernalier-Donadille. 2006. H2 and acetate transfers during xylan fermentation between a butyrate-producing xylanolytic species and hydrogenotrophic micro-organisms from the human gut. FEMS Microbiology Letters 254:116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J., Y. Li, Y. Tian, C. Huang, D. Li, Q. Zhong, and X. Ma. 2015. Interaction between microbes and host intestinal health: modulation by dietary nutrients and gut-brain-endocrine-immune axis. Current Protein and Peptide Science 16 (7):592–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, R. C. F., T. B. Ng, J. H. Wong, and W. Y. Chan. 2015. Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 13 (8):5156–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson, M. J., S. Cusack, O. O’Sullivan, R. Greene-Diniz, H. de Weerd, E. Flannery, J. R. Marchesi, D. Falush, T. Dinan, G. Fitzgerald, et al. 2011. Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(Suppl1):S4586–S91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collado, M. C., M. Derrien, E. Isolauri, W. M. de Vos, and S. Salminen. 2007. Intestinal integrity and Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin-degrading member of the intestinal microbiota present in infants, adults, and the elderly. Applied Environmental Microbiology 73 (23):7767–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. H., and G. T. Macfarlane. 1991. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70 (6):443–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daly, K., and S. P. Shirazi-Beechey. 2006. Microarray analysis of butyrate regulated genes in colonic epithelial cells. DNA Cell Biology 25:49–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damen, B., J. Verspreet, A. Pollet, W. F. Broekaert, J. A. Delcour, and C. M. Courtin. 2011. Prebiotic effects and intestinal fermentation of cereal arabinoxylans and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides in rats depend strongly on their structural properties and joint presence. Molecular Nutrition Food Research 55 (12):1862–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davie, J. R. 2003. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. Journal of Nutrition 133(7 Suppl):2485S–93S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. M., I. O. Martínez, J. Walter, C. D. Goin, and R. W. Hutkins. 2011. Barcoded pyrosequencing reveals that consumption of galactooligosaccharides results in a highly specific bifidogenic response in humans. PloS One 6:e25200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, S., R. Cabrera-Rubio, A. Mira, A. Suárez, and B. Mayo. 2013. Microbiological survey of the human gastric ecosystem using culturing and pyrosequencing methods. Microbiology Ecology 65 (3):763–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewulf, E. M., P. D. Cani, S. P. Claus, S. Fuentes, P. G. Puylaert, N. M. Delzenne, L. B. Bindels, W. M. Vos, G. R. Gibson, and J. Thissen. 2013. Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 62:1112–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhingra, D., M. Michael, H. Rajput, and R. T. Patil. 2012. Dietary fibre in foods: A review. Journal of Food Science Technology 49:255–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’hoe, K., L. Conterno, F. Fava, G. Falony, S. Vieira-Silva, J. Vermeiren, K. M., Tuohy, and J. Raes. 2018. Prebiotic wheat bran fractions induce specific microbiota changes. Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (31):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diez-Gonzalez, F., D. R. Bond, E. Jennings, and J. S. Russell. 1999. Alternative schemes of butyrate production in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and their relationship to acetate utilization, lactate production, and phylogeny. Archives Microbiology 171:324–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djouzi, Z., and C. Andrieux. 1997. Compared effects of three oligosaccharides on metabolism of intestinal microflora in rats inoculated with a human faecal flora. British Journal of Nutrition 78:313–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. H., A. Barcenilla, C. S. Stewart, S. E. Pryde, and H. J. Flint. 2002. Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68 (10):5186–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. H., G. Holtrop, G. E. Lobley, A. G. Calder, C. S. Stewart and H. J. Flint. 2004. Contribution of acetate to butyrate formation by human faecal bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition 91 (6):915–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. H., P. Louis, J. M. Thomson, and H. J. Flint. 2009. The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology 11 (8):2112–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. H., W. R. Russell, A. Quartieri, M. Rossi, J. Parkhill, A. W. Walker, and H. J. Flint. 2016. Wheat bran promotes enrichment within the human colonic microbiota of butyrate‐producing bacteria that release ferulic acid. Environmental Microbiology 18 (7):2214–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. A., J. Bowen, W. G. Brydon, and M. A. Eastwood. 1992. The effects of ispaghula on rat caecal fermentation and stool output. British Journal of Nutrition 68 (2):473–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eeckhaut, V., F. V. Immerseel, S. Croubels, S. D. Baere, F. Haesebrouck, R. Ducatelle, P. Louis, and P. Vandamme. 2011. Butyrate production in phylogenetically diverse Firmicutes isolated from the chicken caecum. Microbiology Biotechnology 4 (4):503–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eeckhaut, V., K. Machiels, C. Perrier, C. S. Romero, S. Maes, B. Flahou, M. Steppe, F. Haesebrouck, B. Sas, R. Ducatelle, et al. 2013. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 62 (12):1745–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrmann, M. A., M. Korakli, and R. F. Vogel. 2003. Identification of the gene for beta-fructofuranosidase of bifidobacterium lactis DSM10140(T) and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli. Current Microbiology 46 (6):391–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejderhamn, J., G. Hedenborg, and B. Strandvik. 1992. Long-term double-blind study on the influence of dietary fibres on faecal bile acid excretion in juvenile ulcerative colitis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 52 (7):697–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Aidy, S., P. Van den Abbeele, T. Van de Wiele, P. Louis, and M. Kleerebezem. 2013. Intestinal colonization: How key microbial players become established in this dynamic process: microbial metabolic activities and the interplay between the host and microbes. Bioessays 35 (10):913–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elamin, E. E., A. A. Masclee, J. Dekker, H. H. Pieters, and D. M. Jonkers. 2013. Short-chain fatty acids activate AMP-activated protein kinase and ameliorate ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Journal of Nutrition 143 (12):1872–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elli, M., D. Cattivelli, S. Soldi, M. Bonatti, and L. Morelli. 2008. Evaluation of prebiotic potential of refined psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber in healthy women. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42 (Suppl 3):S174–S6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Englyst H. N., S. Hay, and G. T. Macfarlane.1987. Polysaccharide breakdown by mixed populations of human faecal bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 45 (3):163–71.
   Google Scholar
• Engels, C., H. J. Ruscheweyh, N. Beerenwinkel, C. Lacroix, and C. Schwab. 2016. The common gut microbe Eubacterium hallii also contributes to intestinal propionate formation. Frontiers Microbiology 7:713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquivel-Elizondo, S., Z. E. Ilhan, E. I. García-Peña, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. 2017. Insights into butyrate production in a controlled fermentation system via gene predictions. mSystems 2 (4):e00051–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falony, G., A. Verschaeren, F. De Bruycker, V. De Preter, K. Verbeke, F. Leroy, and L. De Vuyst. 2009. In vitro kinetics of prebiotic inulin-type fructan fermentation by butyrate-producing colon bacteria: implementation of online gas chromatography for quantitative analysis of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas production. Applied Environmental Microbiology 75 (18): 5884–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falony, G., A. Vlachou, K. Verbrugghe, and L. De Vuyst. 2006. Cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium longumBB536 and acetate-converting, butyrate-producing colon bacteria during growth on oligofructose. Applied Environmental Microbiology 72 (12):7835–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Bañares, F., J. C. Hinojosa, J. L. Sánchez-Lombraña, E. Navarro, J. F. Martínez-Salmerón, A. M. García-Pugés, F. González-Huix, J. Riera, V. González-Lara, F. Domínguez-Abascal, et al. 1999. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish group for the study of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (GETECCU). American Journal Gastroenterology 94 (2):427–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrario, C., V. Taverniti, C. Milani, W. Fiore, M. Laureati, I. De Noni, M. Stuknytė, B. Chouaia, P. Riso, and S. Guglielmetti. 2014. Modulation of fecal Clostridiales bacteria and butyrate by probiotic intervention with Lactobacillus paracasei DG varies among healthy adults. Journal of Nutrition 144 (11):1787–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreyra, J. A., K. J. Wu, A. J. Hryckowian, D. M. Bouley, B. C. Weimer, and J. L. Sonnenburg. 2014. Gut microbiota-produced succinate promotes C. difficile infection after antibiotic treatment or motility disturbance. Cell Host Microbe 16 (6):770–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, H. J. 2004. Polysaccharide breakdown by anaerobic micro-organisms inhabiting the mammalian gut. Advance Applied Microbiology 56:89–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, H. J., E. A. Bayer, M. T. Rincon, R. Lamed, and B. A. White. 2008. Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis. Nature Review Microbiology 6:121–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, H. J., P. Louis, K. P. Scott, and S. H. Duncan. 2007. Commensal bacteria in health and disease. In Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, ed. K. A. Brogden, C. F. Minion, N. Cornick, T. B. Stanton, Q. Zhang, L. K. Nolan, and M. J. Wannemuehler, 4th ed., 101–114. Washington DC, USA: ASM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flint, H. J., K. P. Scott, S. H. Duncan, P. Louis, and E. Forano. 2012. Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes 3:289–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeland, K. R., C. Wilson, and T. M. Wolever. 2010. Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 103:82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, P., L. Ran, X. Zhao, Z. F. Chen, J. H. Yao, B. L. Yang, and Z. G. Li. 1999. A study on the regulative effect of different dose isomaltosaccharides on human intestinal flora. Chinese Journal Microbiology 11:13–16.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Z., J. Yin, J. Zhang, R. E. Ward, R. J. Martin, M. Lefevre, W. T. Cefalu, and J. Ye. 2009. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 58:1509–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gietl, E., W. Mengerink, J. de Slegte, G. Gibson, R. Rastall, and E. van den Heuvel. 2012. Factors involved in the in vitro fermentability of short carbohydrates in static faecal batch cultures. International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 2012:10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/197809.
   Google Scholar
• Govers, M. J. A. P., N. J. Gannon, F. R. Dunshea, P. R. Gibson, and J. G. Muir. 1999 Wheat bran affects the site of fermentation of resistant starch and luminal indexes related to colon cancer risk: a study in pigs. Gut 45:840–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra-Ordaz, A. A., F. Molist, R. G. Hermes, A. Gómez de Segura, R. M. La Ragione, M. J. Woodward, M. A. Tchorzewska, J. W. Collins, J. F. Perez, and S. M. Martín-Orúe. 2013. Effect of inclusion of lactulose and Lactobacillus plantarum on the intestinal environment and performance of piglets at weaning. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185 (3–4):160–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillon, F., and M. Champ. 2000. Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres, and consequences of processing on human physiology. Food Research International 33 (3–4):233–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilloteau, P., L. Martin, V. Eeckhaut, R. Ducatelle, R. Zabielski, and F. Van Immerseel. 2010. From the gut to the peripheral tissues: the multiple effects of butyrate. Nutritional Research Review 23:366–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurry, T. 2017. Synbiotic approaches to human health and well-being. Microbiology Biotechnology 10 (5):1070–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haenen, D., J. Zhang, C. S. Silva, G. Bosch, I. M. Meer, J. V. Arkel, J. J. Borne, O. P. Gutiérrez, H. Smidt, B. Kemp, M. Müller, and G. J. Hooiveld. 2013. A diet high in resistant starch modulates microbiota composition, SCFA concentrations, and gene expression in pig intestine. Journal of Nutrition 143 (3):274–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer, H. M., D. M. Jonkers, K. Venema, S. A. Vanhoutvin, F. J. Troost, and R. Brummer. 2008. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 27 (2):104–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartemink R., S. E. Schoustra, and F. M. Rombouts. 1999. Degradation of guar gum by intestinal bacteria. Bioscience Microflora 18 (1):17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, H. C., C. A. Edwards, and D. J. Morrison. 2017. Impact of glycosidic bond configuration on short chain fatty acid production from model fermentable carbohydrates by the human gut microbiota. Nutrients 9 (1):26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashizume, K., T. Tsukahara, K. Yamada, H. Koyama, and K. Ushida. 2003. Research communication Megasphaera elsdenii JCM 1772 T normalizes hyperlactate production in the large intestine of fructooligosaccharide-fed rats by stimulating butyrate production. Journal of Nutrition 133 (10):3187–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henagan, T. M., B. Stefanska, Z. Fang, A. M. Navard, J. Ye, N. R. Lenard, and P. P. Devarshi. 2015. Sodium butyrate epigenetically modulates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptation, obesity and insulin resistance through nucleosome positioning. British Journal of Pharmacology 172 (11):2782–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningsson, A. M., I. M. Björck, and M. Nyman. 2002. Combinations of indigestible carbohydrates affect short-chain fatty acid formation in the hindgut of rats. Journal of Nutrition 132 (10):3098–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdt, S. L., and S. Kraan. 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: Functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology 23 (3):543–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holscher, H. D. 2017. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes 8 (2):172–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, P. R., E. Atillasoy, J. Lindenbaum, S. B. Ho, J. R. Lupton, D. Mcmahon, and S. F. Moss. 1996. Effects of acarbose on fecal nutrients, colonic pH, and short-chain fatty acids and rectal proliferative indices. Metabolism 45 (9):1179–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrøm, K., M. D. Collins, T. Møller, E. Falsen, and P. A. Lawson. 2004. Subdoligranulum variabile gen. nov., sp. nov. from human feces. Anaerobe 10 (3):197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, M. M., M. Begum, and I. H. Kim. 2015. Effect of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus acidophilus endospores on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, microbial shedding and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers. Veterinary Medicine 60 (2):77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. N., W. Liebl, and A. Ehrenreich. 2018. Restriction-deficient mutants and marker-less genomic modification for metabolic engineering of the solvent producer Clostridium saccharobutylicum. Biotechnology Biofuels 11:264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immerseel, F.V., R. Ducatelle, M.D. Vos, N. Boon, T.R. Wiele, K. Verbeke, P.R. Rutgeerts, B. Sas, P. Louis, and H.J. Flint. 2010. Butyric acid-producing anaerobic bacteria as a novel probiotic treatment approach for inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59 (2):141–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inan, M. S., R. J. Rasoulpour, L. Yin, A. K. Hubbard, D. W. Rosenberg, and C. Giardina. 2000. The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-kappaB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line. Gastroenterology 118:724–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izydorczyk, M. S., and C. G. Biliaderis. 1995. Cereal arabinoxylans: advances in structure and physicochemical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers 28 (1):33–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi, S. K., and J. Odle. 2012. Nutritional factors influencing intestinal health of the neonate. Advance Nutrition 3 (5):687–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandhyala, S. M., R. Talukdar, C. Subramanyam, H. Vuyyuru, M. Sasikala, and D. N. Reddy 2015. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology 21 (29):8787–8803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, D. J., and C. W. Kendall. 2000. Resistant starches. Current Opinion Gastroenterology 16 (2):178–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, L., L. Zhu, X. Xu, Y. Li, S. Li, and H. Huang. 2013. Genome sequence of Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755, a butyric acid-overproducing strain. Genome Announce 1 (3): e00308–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanauchi, O., T. Nakamura, K. Agata, K. Mitsuyama, and T. Iwanaga. 1998. Effects of germinated barley foodstuff on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Journal of Gastroenterology 33 (2):179–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanauchi, O., Y. Fujiyama, K. Mitsuyama, Y. Araki, T. Ishii, T. Nakamura, Y. Hitomi, K. Agata, T. Saiki, A. Andoh, A., et al. 1999. Increased growth of Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium by germinated barley foodstuff, accompanied by enhanced butyrate production in healthy volunteers. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 3 (2):175–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanauchi, O., T. Iwanaga, A. Andoh, Y. Araki, T. Nakamura, K. Mitsuyama, A. Suzuki, T. Hibi, and T. Bamba. 2001. Dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley foodstuff attenuated mucosal damage and diarrhea, and accelerated the repair of the colonic mucosa in an experimental colitis. Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 16 (2):160–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, H., and R. W. Hutkins. 2000. Fermentation of fructooligosaccharides by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology 66 (6):2682–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karppinen S., K. Liukkonen, A. M. Aura, P. Forssell, and K. Poutanen. 2000. In vitro fermentation of polysaccharides of rye, wheat and oat brans and inulin by human faecal bacteria. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 80:1469–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karr-Lilienthal, L. K., C. T. Kadzere, C. M. Grieshop, and G. C. Fahey Jr.2005. Chemical and nutritional properties of soybean carbohydrates as related to non-ruminants. Livestock Production Science 97:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kettle, H., P. Louis, G. Holtrop, S. H. Duncan, and H. J. Flint. 2015. Modelling the emergent dynamics and major metabolites of the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology 17 (5):1615–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, K. M., and C. A. Edwards. 2005. In vitro fermentation characteristics of a mixture of Raftilose and guar gum by human faecal bacteria. European Journal of Nutrition 44 (6):371–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khitan, Z., and D. H. Kim. 2013. Fructose: a key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Journal of Nutrition Metabolism 2013:12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/682673.
   Google Scholar
• Kiriyama, H., Y. Hariu, and T. Sakata. 1992. Comparison of in vitro productivities of short-chain fatty acids and gases from aldoses and the corresponding alcohol by pig cecal bacteria. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 3:447–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleesen, B., G. Stoof, J. Prol, D. Schmiedl, J. Noack, and M. Blaut. 1997. Feeding resistant starch affects fecal and cecal microflora and short-chain fatty acids in rats. Journal of Animal Science 75 (9):2453–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klosterbuer, A. S., M. A. Hullar, F. Li, E. Traylor, J. W. Lampe, W. Thomas, and J. L. Slavin. 2013. Gastrointestinal effects of resistant starch, soluble maize fibre and pullulan in healthy adults. British Journal of Nutrition 110 (6):1068–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, S. and K. S. Kim. 2011. Prebiotics: germinated barley foodstuff for the prevention of colitis-associated colon cencer? Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 26 (8):1219–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, A., F. De Vadder, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, and F. Bäckhed. 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites.Cell 165 (6):1332–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppová, I., M. Bureš, and J. Šimůnek. 2012. Intestinal bacterial population of healthy rats during the administration of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. Folia Microbiology 57 (4):295–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, M., W. Schroedl, W. Isik, W. Lange, and L. Hagemann. 2002. Effects of lactulose on the intestinal microflora of periparturient sows and their piglets. European Journal Nutrition 41(Suppl1):S26–S31.
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa, K., T. Itoh, T. Kuwahara, K. Oshima, H. Toh, A. Toyoda, H. Takami, H. Morita, V. K. Sharma, T. P. Srivastava, et al. 2007. Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Research 14 (4):169–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe, J. W., R. F. Wetsch, W. O. Thompson, and J. L. Slavin. 1993. Gastrointestinal effects of sugarbeet fiber and wheat bran in healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 (8):543–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langkilde, A.M., H. Andersson, T. F. Schweizer, and P. Würsch. 1994. Digestion and absorption of sorbitol, maltitol and isomalt from the small bowel. A study in ileostomy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 (11):768–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, S.K., P. C. Woo, G. K. Woo, A. M. Fung, A. H. Ngan, Y. Song, C. Liu, P. A. Summanen, S. M. Finegold, and K. Y. Yuen. 2006. Bacteraemia caused by Anaerotruncus colihominis and emended description of the species. Journal of Clinical Pathology 59 (7):748–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. W., Y. S, Park, J. S. Jung, and W. S. Shin. 2002. Chitosan oligosaccharides, dp 2-8, have prebiotic effect on the Bifidobacterium bifidium and Lactobacillus sp. Anaerobe 8 (6):319–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitch, E. C., A. W. Walker, S. H. Duncan, G. Holtrop, and H. J. Flint. 2007. Selective colonization of insoluble substrates by human faecal bacteria. Environmental Microbiology 9 (3):667–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leu, R. L., Y. Hu, I. L. Brown, and G. P. Young. 2009. Effect of high amylose maize starches on colonic fermentation and apoptotic response to DNA-damage in the colon of rats. Nutritional Metabolism 6:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, U.Y., T. P. Looft, H. K. Allen, and T. B. Stanton. 2013. Butyrate-producing bacteria, including mucin degraders, from the swine intestinal tract. Applied Environmental Microbiology 79 (12):3879–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., Q. Shang, G. Li, X. Wang, and G. Yu. 2017. Degradation of marine algae-derived carbohydrates by bacteroidetes isolated from human gut microbiota. Marine Drugs 15 (4):92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., C. X. Yi, S. Katiraei, S. Kooijman, E. Zhou, C. K. Chung, Y. Gao, J. K. van den Heuvel, O. C. Meijer, J. F. P. Berbée, et al. 2018. Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit. Gut 67 (7):1269–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., P. Li, M. Chen, Y. Luo, M. Prabhakar, H. Zheng, Y. He, Q. Qi, H. Long, Y. Zhang, H. Sheng, and H. Zhou. 2017. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) increase Bifidobacterium but reduce butyrate producing bacteria with adverse glycemic metabolism in healthy young population. Science Reports 7 (1):11789. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10722-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, H., J. Wang, T. He, S. Becker, G. Zhang, D. Li, and X. Ma. 2018. Butyrate: a double-edged sword for health? Advances Nutrition 9:21–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockyer, S. and A. P. Nugent. 2017. Health effects of resistant starch. Nutritional Bulletin 42 (1):10–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, V., H. G. Ramulu, E. Drula, P. M. Coutinho, and B. Henrissat. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Research 42:D490–D495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Siles, M., T. M. Khan, S. H. Duncan, H. J. M. Harmsen, L. J. Garcia-Gil, and H. J. Flint. 2012. Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth. Applied Environmental Microbiology 78 (2):420–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., S. H. Duncan, S. I. McCrae, J. Millar, M. S. Jackson, and H.J. Flint. 2004. Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon. Journal of Bacteriology 186 (7):2099–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., K. P. Scott, S. H. Duncan, and H. J. Flint. 2007. Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102 (5):1197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., and H. J. Flint. 2009. Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiology Letters 294 (1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., and H. J. Flint. 2017. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology 19 (1):29–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., P. Young, G. Holtrop, and H. J. Flint. 2010. Diversity of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria revealed by analysis of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene. Environmental Microbiology 12:304–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, P., G. L. Hold, and H. J., Flint. 2014. The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nature Review Microbiology 12:661–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. B., T. Sweeney, J. J. Callan, J. T. O'Sullivan, and J. V. O'Doherty. 2010. The effect of dietary laminaria-derived laminarin and fucoidan on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilisation, intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acid concentration in pigs. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 90 (3):430–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane, G. T., S. Hay, S. Macfarlane, and G. R. Gibson. 1990. Effect of different carbohydrates on growth, polysaccharidase and glycosidase production by Bacteroides ovatus, in batch and continuous culture. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 68 (2):179–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macfarlane, G. T., and S. Macfarlane. 2012. Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. Journal of AOAC International 95 (1):50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlett, J.A., and M. H. Fischer. 2003. The active fraction of psyllium seed husk. Proceedings of Nutritional Society 62 (1):207–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau P., B. Flourie, C. Cherbut, J. L. Correze, P. Pellier, J. Seylaz, and J. C. Rambaud. 1994. Digestibility and bulking effect of ispaghula husks in healthy humans. Gut 35:1747–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau, P., P. Pochart, J. Doré, C. Béra-Maillet, A. Bernalier, and G. Corthier. 2001. Comparative study of bacterial groups within the human cecal and fecal microbiota. Applied Environmental Microbiology 67 (10):4939–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L.J., H. J. Dumon, G. Lecannu, and M. M. Champ. 2000. Potato and high-amylose maize starches are not equivalent producers of butyrate for the colonic mucosa. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (5):689–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos-Aparicio, I., M. Mengíbar, and Á. Heras. 2016. Effect of chito-oligosaccharides over human faecal microbiota during fermentation in batch cultures. Carbohydrate Polymer 137 (10):617–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIntyre, A., G. P. Young, T. Taranto, P. R. Gibson, and P. B. Ward. 1991. Differential fibers have different regional effects of luminal contents of rat colon. Gastroenterology 101 (5):1274–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, A., P. R. Gibson, and G. P. Young. 1993. Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model. Gut 34 (3):386–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNabney, S. M., and T. M. Henagan. 2017. Short chain fatty acids in the colon and peripheral tissues: a focus on butyrate, colon cancer, obesity and insulin resistance. Nutrients 9:1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKellar, R. C., and H. W. Modler. 1989. Metabolism of fructo-oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium spp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 31 (5–6):537–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan, C. J., and R. G. Beiko. 2014. A phylogenomic view of ecological specialization in the Lachnospiraceae, a family of digestive tract-associated bacteria. Genome Biology Evolution 6:703–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, K., P. de Vos, and M. G. Priebe. 2010. Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: what relevance for health? Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 13:715–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meulen, R., L. Makras, K. Verbrugghe, T. Adriany, and L. de Vuyst. 2006. In vitro kinetic analysis of oligofructose consumption by Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. indicates different degradation mechanisms. Applied Environmental Microbiology 72 (2):1006–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer D., and M. Stasse-Wolthuis. 2009. The bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose and its consequences for gut health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63:1277–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, C., M. Lahaye, C. Bonnet, S. Mabeau, and J. L. Barry. 1996. In vitro fermentation by human faecal bacteria of total and purified dietary fibres from brown seaweeds. British Journal of Nutrition 75 (2):263–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquel, S., R. Martín, C. Bridonneau, V. Robert, H. Sokol, L. G. Bermúdez-Humarán, M. Thomas, and P. Langella. 2014. Ecology and metabolism of the beneficial intestinal commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Gut Microbes 5 (2):146–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D. J., W. G. Mackay, C. A. Edwards, T. D. Preston, B. Dodson, and L. T. Weaver. 2006. Butyrate production from oligofructose fermentation by the human faecal flora: What is the contribution of extracellular acetate and lactate? British Journal of Nutrition 96 (3):570–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D. J., and T. Preston. 2016. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes 7 (3):189–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, P. B., and I. Nordgaard-Andersen. 1993. The dependence of the in vitro fermentation of dietary fibre to short-chain fatty acids on the contents of soluble non-starch polysaccharides. Scandavian Journal of Gastroenterology 28 (5):418–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, P. B., K. Holtug, and H. S. Rasmussen. 1988. Short-chain fatty acid production from mono- and disaccharides in a fecal incubation system: implications for colonic fermentation of dietary fiber in humans. Journal of Nutrition 118 (3):321–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrázek, J., I. Koppová, J. Kopečný, J. Šimůnek, and K. Fliegerová. 2010. PCR-DGGE based study of fecal microbial stability during the long-term chitosan supplementation of humans. Folia Microbiology 55 (4):352–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudgil, D., S. Barak, and B. S. Khatkar. 2014. Guar gum: Processing, properties and food applications-A review. Journal of Food Science Technology 51 (3):409–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussatto, S. I., and I. M. Mancilha. 2007. Non-digestible oligosaccharides: A review. Carbohydrae Polymers 68 (3):587–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niderman-Meyer, O., T. Zeidman, E. Shimoni and Y. Kashi. 2010. Mechanisms involved in governing adherence of Vibrio cholerae to granular starch. Applied Environmental Microbiology 76 (4):1034–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, U. J., and M. G. Nyman. 2005. Short-chain fatty acid formation in the hindgut of rats fed oligosaccharides varying in monomeric composition, degree of polymerisation and solubility. British Journal of Nutrition 94 (5):7605–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning M., T. Yanan, W. Yi, and M. Xi. 2017. Contributions of the interaction between dietary protein and gut microbiota to intestinal health. Current Protein and Peptide Science 18:795–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgaard, I., H. V. Hove, M. R. Clausen, and P. B. Mortensen. 1996. Colonic production of butyrate in patients with previous colonic cancer during long-term treatment with dietary fibre (Plantago ovata seeds). Scandavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31 (10):101–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurhayati, Y., A. A. Manaf, H. Osman, A. B. C. Abdullah and J. Y. H. Tang. 2016. Effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on the growth of Bifidobacterium species. Malaysian Journal of Applied Science 1 (1):13–23.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara, A. M., and F. Shanahan. 2006. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Reports 7:688–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawara, S., H. Furuya, K. Nagashima, N. Asanuma, and T. Hino. 2005. Oral administration of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a butyrate-producing bacterium, decreases the formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon and rectum of mice. Journal of Nutrition 135 (12):2878–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohland, C. L., and C. Jobin. 2015. Microbial activities and intestinal homeostasis: a delicate balance between health and disease. Cell Molecular Gastroenterology Hepatology 1 (1):28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo, T., N. Ishihara, H. Takahashi, T. Fujisawa, M. Kim, T. Yamamoto and T. Mitsuoka. 1994. Effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum intake on human intestinal microflora and its metabolism. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 58 (8):1364–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olano-Martin, E., G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall. 2002. Comparison of the in vitro bifidogenic properties of pectins and pectic-oligosaccharides. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93 (3):505–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onumpai, C., S. Kolida, E. Bonnin, and R. A. Rastall. 2011. Microbial utilization and selectivity of pectin fractions with various structures. Applied Environmental Microbiology 77:5747–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, L., B. T. Murphy, P. F. McLoughlin, P. Duggan, P. G. Lawlor, H. Hughes, and G. E. Gardiner. 2010. Prebiotics from marine macroalgae for human and animal health applications. Marine Drugs 8 (7):2038–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, K. R., S. R. Naik, and B. V. Vakil. 2015. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. Journal of Food Science Technology 52 (12):7577–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prem, D., S. Singh, P. P. Gupta, J. Singh, and S. P. Kadyan. 2005. Callus induction and de novo regeneration from callus in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 80 (2):209–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert, H. M., J. H. Apajalahti, N. Rautonen, J. Stowell, and G. R. Gibson. 2004. Polydextrose, lactitol, and fructo-oligosaccharide fermentation by colonic bacteria in a three-stage continuous culture system. Applied Environmental Microbiology 70 (8):4505–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pylkas, A. M., L. R. Juneja, and J. L. Slavin. 2005. Comparison of different fibers for in vitro production of short chain fatty acids by intestinal microflora. Journal of Medicinal Foods 8 (1):113–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbani, G. H., M. J. Albert, H. Rahman, and A. K. Chowdhury. 1999. Short-chain fatty acids inhibit fluid and electrolyte loss induced by cholera toxin in proximal colon of rabbit in vivo. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 44:1547–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna, B. S., S. Venkataraman, P. Srinivasan, P. Dash, G. P. Young, and H. J. Binder. 2000. Amylase-resistant starch plus oral rehydration solution for cholera. The New England Journal of Medicine 342 (5):308–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramnani, P., R. Chitarrari, K. M. Tuohy, J. A. Grant, S. Hotchkiss, K. Philp, R. Campbell, C. Gill, and I. J. Rowland. 2012. In vitro fermentation and prebiotic potential of novel low molecular weight polysaccharides derived from agar and alginate seaweeds. Anaerobe 18 (1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Farias, C., K. Slezak, Z. Fuller, A. Duncan, G. Holtrop, and P. Louis. 2009. Effect of inulin on the human gut microbiota: stimulation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. British Journal of Nutrition 101 (4):541–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichardt, N., M. Vollmer, G. Holtrop, F. M. Farquharson, D. Wefers, M. Bunzel, S. H. Duncan, J. E. Drew, L. M. Williams, G. Milligan, et al. 2018. Specific substrate-driven changes in human faecal microbiota composition contrast with functional redundancy in short-chain fatty acid production. ISME Journal 12 (2):610–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, B. S., Y. Hirose, L. A. Cohen, B. Simi, I. Cooma, and C. V. Rao. 2000. Preventive potential of wheat bran fractions against experimental colon carcinogenesis: Implications for human colon cancer prevention. Cancer Research 60 (17):4792–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringø, E., Z. Zhou, R. E. Olsen, and S. K. Song. 2012. Use of chitin and krill in aquaculture– the effect on gut microbiota and the immune system: A review. Aquaculture Nutrition 18 (2):117–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios-Covian, D., M. Gueimonde, S. H. Duncan, H. J. Flint, and C. G. de los Reyes-Gavilan. 2015. Enhanced butyrate formation by cross-feeding between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 362 (21):7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivière, A., M. Gagnon, S. Weckx, D. Roy, and L. De Vuyst. 2015. Mutual cross-feeding interactions between Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum NCC2705 and Eubacterium rectale ATCC 33656 explain the bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. Applied Environmental Microbiology 81 (22):7767–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid, M. B., J. A. van Loo, and G. R. Gibson. 1998. The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products. Journal of Nutrition 128 (1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid, M. B. 2007. Inulin-type fructans: Functional food ingredients. Journal of Nutrition 137(11Suppl):2493S–502S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid, M. B., G. R. Gibson, L. Hoyles, A. L. McCartney, R. A. Rastall, I. J. Rowland, D. Wolvers, B. Watzl, H. Szajewska, B. Stahl, F. et al. 2010. Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition 104(Suppl2):S1–S63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, C., and A. Bernalier-Donadille. 2003. The cellulolytic microflora of the human colon: Evidence of microcrystalline cellulose-degrading bacteria in methane-excreting subjects. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 46(1):81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. D., A. S. Bickerton, A. Dennis, H. Vidal and K. N. Frayn. 2005. Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (3):559–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogowski, A., J. A. Briggs, J. C. Mortimer, T. Tryfona, N. Terrapon, E. C. Lowe, A. Baslé, C. Morland, A. M. Day, H. Zheng, et al. 2015. Glycan complexity dictates microbial resource allocation in the large intestine. Nature Communication 6:7481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D. J., M. T. DeMeo, A. Keshavarzian, and B. R. Hamaker. 2007. Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern. Nutritional Review 65 (2):51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, M., C. Corradini, A. Amaretti, M. Nicolini, A. Pompei, S. Zanoni, and D. Matteuzzi. 2005. Fermentation of fructooligosaccharides and inulin by bifidobacteria: a comparative study of pure and fecal cultures. Applied Environmental Microbiology 71 (10):6150–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, M., N. Ikeyama, M. Yuki, and M. Ohkuma. 2018. Draft genome sequence of Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus JCM 32166T, a butyrate-producing bacterium, isolated from human feces. Genome Announc 6 (25):e00563–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salvador, V., C. Cherbut, J. L. Barry, D. Bertrand, C. Bonnet, and J. Delort-Laval. 1993. Sugar composition of dietary fibre and short-chain fatty acid production during in vitro fermentation by human bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition 70 (1):189–97.
   Google Scholar
• Sanz, M. L., G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall. 2005. Influence of disaccharide structure on prebiotic selectivity in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53 (13):5192–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor, R. B. 2008. Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 134 (2):577–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheppach, W., H. Sommer, T. Kirchner, G. M. Paganelli, P. Bartram, S. Christl, F. Richter, G. Dusel, and H. Kasper. 1992. Effect of butryrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcreative colitis. Gastroenterology 103 (1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz-Aherns, K. E., and J. Schrezenmeir. 2007. Inulin and oligofructose and mineral metabolism: the evidence from animal trials. Journal of Nutrition 137(11Suppl):2513S–S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann, C. 2002. Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update. Europena Journal of Nutrition 41(Suppl1):S17–S25.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, K. P., J. C. Martin, S. H. Duncan, and H. J. Flint. 2014. Prebiotic stimulation of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria and bifidobacteria, in vitro. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 87 (1):30–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, S., and B. Watzl. 2007. Inulin and oligofructose: review of experimental data on immune modulation. Journal of Nutrition 137:2563S–7S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi, F., J. K. V. Arachchi, and Y. J. Jeon. 1999. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends Food Science Technology 10 (2):37–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G. L., and S. L. Gorbach. 1995. Normal alimentary tract microflora. In Infections of the gastrointestinal tract, ed. M. J. Blaser, P. D. Smith, J. I. Rafdin, H. B. Greenberg, and R. L. Guerrant, 53–69. New York, N.Y.: Raven Press Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, N., A. Gurav, S. Sivaprakasam, E. Brady, R. Padia, H. Shi, M. Thangaraju, P. D. Prasad, S. Manicassamy, D. H. Munn, J. R. Lee, S. Offermanns, and V. Ganapathy. 2014. Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immunity 40:128–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. E., and K. L. Tucker. 2011. Health benefits of cereal fibre: A review of clinical trials. Nutritional Research Review 24:118–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, F., and F. Bäckhed. 2013. The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. Nature Review Microbiology 11 (4):227–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenburg, J.L., and F. Bäckhed. 2016. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism. Nature 535 (7610):56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhart, A. H., A. Brzezinski, and J. P. Baker. 1994. Treatment of refractory ulcerative proctosigmoiditis with butyrate enemas. American Journal of Gastroenterology 89 (2):179–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stilling, R. M., M. van de Wouw, G. Clarke, C. Stanton, T. G. Dinan, and J. F. Gryan. 2016. The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis? Neurochemical International 99:110–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur, V. K., and M. K. Thakur. 2014. Recent trends in hydrogels based on psyllium polysaccharide: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production 8 (1):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, L., G. Bruggeman, M. van den Berg, K. Borewicz, A. J.W. Scheurink, E. Bruininx, P. de Vos, H. Smidt, H. A. Schols, and H. Gruppen. 2017. Effects of pectin on fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate utilization and microbial community composition in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning pigs. Molecular Nutritional Food Research 61 (1): 1600186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, L., J. Scholte, K. Borewicz, H. Smidt, A. J. W. Scheurink, H. Gruppen, and H. A. Schols. 2016. Effects of pectin supplementation on the fermentation patterns of different structural carbohydrate in rats. Molecular Nutritional Food Research 60:2256–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping, D. L., R. J. Illman, and R. P. Trimble. 1985. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rats fed diets containing gum arabic and cellulose separately and as a mixture. Nutritional Report International 32 (4):809–14.
   Google Scholar
• Trachsel, J., D. O. Bayles, T. P. Looft, U. Y. Levine, and H. K. Allen. 2016. Function and phylogeny of bacterial butyryl coenzyme A: Acetate transferases and their diversity in the proximal colon of swine. Applied Environmental Microbiology 82 (22):6788–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukahara, T., H. Koyama, M. Okada, and K. Ushida. 2002. Stimulation of butyrate production by gluconic acid in batch culture of pig cecal digesta and identification of butyrate-producing bacteria. Journal of Nutrition 132 (8):2229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tungland, B. C., and D. Meyer. 2002. Nondigestible oligo- and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): their physiology and role in human health and food. Comprehensive Review Food Science and Food Safety 3:90–109.
   Google Scholar
• Tuohy, K. M., C. J. Ziemer, A. Klinder, Y. Knöbel, B. L. Pool-Zobel, and G. R. Gibson. 2002. A human volunteer study to determine the prebiotic effects of lactulose powder on human colonic microbiota. Microbiology Ecology Health Disease 14 (3):165–73.
   Google Scholar
• Tuohy, K. M., and K. P. Scott. 2015. The microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract: a molecular view. In Diet-microbe interactions in the gut: Effects on human health and disease. pp. 1–15. Elsevier Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Vázquez, M. J., J. L. Alonso, H. Dominguez, and J. C. Parajó. 2000. Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications. Trends Food Science Technology 11:387–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velázquez, M., C. Davies, R. Marett, J. L. Slavin, and J. M. Feirtag. 2000. Effect of oligosaccharides and fibre substitutes on short-chain fatty acid production by human faecal microflora. Anaerobe 6 (2):87–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkataraman, A., J. Sieber, A. W. Schmidt, C. Waldron, K. R. Theis, and T. M. Schmidt. 2016. Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch. Microbiome 4:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernazza, C. L., G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall. 2005. In vitro fermentation of chitosan derivatives by mixed cultures of human faecal bacteria. Carbohydrate Polymer 60 (4):539–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamiel, M., N. Corzo, M. I. Foda, F. Montes, and A. Olano. 2002. Lactulose formation catalysed by alkaline-substituted sepiolites in milk permeate. Food Chemisry 76 (1):7–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione P., A. Napolitano, and V. Fogliano. 2008. Cereal dietary fibre: a natural functional ingredient to deliver phenolic compounds into the gut. Trends Food Science Technology 19 (9):451–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vital, M., A. Howe and J. M. Tiedje. 2014. Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data. mBio 5 (2):e00889–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, J. A., P. B. Pencharz, and T. M. Wolever. 2004. L-Rhamnose increases serum propionate in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (1):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, J. A., K. B. Ishii-schrade, P. B. Pencharz, and T. M. Wolever. 2004. L-Rhamnose increases serum propionate after long-term supplementation, but lactulose does not raise serum acetate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (5):1254–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Waaij, L.A., H. J. M. Harmsen, M. Madjipour, F. G. M. Kroese, M. Zwiers, H. H. van Dullemen, N. K. de Boer, G. W. Welling, and P. L. Jansen. 2005. Bacterial population analysis of human colon and terminal ileum biopsies with 16S rRNA-based fluorescent probes: commensal bacteria live in suspension and have no direct contact with epithelial cells. Inflammation Bowel Disease 11 (10):865–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Abbeele, P., C. Belzer, M. Goossens, M. Kleerebezem, W. M. De Vos, O. Thas, R. De Weirdt, F. M. Kerckhof, and T. van de Wiele. 2013. Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model. ISME Journal 7 (5):949–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A.W., S. H. Duncan, P. Louis, and H. J. Flint. 2014. Phylogeny, culturing, and metagenomics of the human gut microbiota. Trends Microbiology 22:267–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A.W., S. H. Duncan, E. C. McWilliam Leitch, M. W. Child, and H. J. Flint. 2005. pH and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon. Applied Environmental Microbiology 71 (7):3692–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A.W., J. Ince, S. H. Duncan, L. M. Webster, G. Holtrop, X. Ze, D. K. Brown, M. D. Stares, P. A. Scott, A. Bergerat, et al. 2011. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME Journal 5:220–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., F. Han, B. Hu, J. Li, and W. Yu. 2006. In vivo prebiotic properties of alginate oligosaccharides prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. Nutritional Research 26 (11):597–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., Y. Shi, S. Zhang, X. Gao, F. Liu, H. Zhang, Y. Dai, Y. Wang, and F. Lu. 2014. The vitro fermentation of six functional oligosaccharides by Clostridium butyricum TK2 and Clostridium butyricum CB8. Food Science Technology Research 20 (5):1005–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warchol, M., S. Perrin, J. P. Grill, and F. Schneider. 2002. Characterization of a purified beta-fructofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697. Letters Applied Microbiology 35 (6):462–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., M. O. Motherway, M. H. Schoterman, R. J. Neerven, A. Nauta, and D. V. Sinderen. 2013. Selective carbohydrate utilization by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Journal Applied Microbiology 114 (4):1132–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, G. A., J. A. Krause, T. L. Miller, and M. J. Wolin. 1992. Cornstarch fermentation by the colonic microbial community yields more butyrate than does cabbage fiber fermentation; cornstarch fermentation rates correlate negatively with methanogenesis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55 (1):70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, G. A., C. T. Tangel, J. A. Krause, M. M. Parfitt, P. L. Jenkins, J. M. Rader, B. A. Lewis, T. L. Miller, and M. J. Wolin. 1997. Acarbose enhances human colonic butyrate production. Journal of Nutrition 127 (5):717–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Wiele, T., N. Boon, S. Possemiers, H. Jacobs, and W. Verstraete. 2007. Inulin-type fructans of longer degree of polymerization exert more pronounced in vitro prebiotic effects. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102 (2):452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever, T. M., and J. L. Chiasson. 2000. Acarbose raises serum butyrate in human subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (1):57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Wouw, M., H. Schellekens, T. G. Dinan, and J. F. Cryan. 2017. Microbiotagut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. Journal of Nutrition 147:727–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, D., W. Ren, P. Bin, S. Chen, J. Yin, W. Gao, G. Liu, Z. Nan, X. Hu, and J. He. 2016. Chitosan lowers body weight through intestinal microbiota and reduces IL-17 expression via mTOR signalling. Journal of Functional Foods 22:166–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., K. O. Darko, Y. Huang, C. He, H. Yang, S. He, J. Li, J. Li, B. Hocher, and Y. Yin. 2017. Resistant starch regulates gut microbiota: Structure, biochemistry and cell signalling. Cell Physiology Biochemistry 42 (1):306–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, M. T., J. H. Yang. and J. L. Mau. 2009. Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymer 75 (1):15–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, M., C. Croux, I. Meynial-Salles, and P. Soucaille. 2017. Metabolic flexibility of a butyrate pathway mutant of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Metabolism Engineering 40:138–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, G. P., Y. Hu, R. L. Leu, and L. S. Nyskohus. 2005. Dietary fibre and colorectal cancer: a model for environment-gene interactions. Molecular Nutritional Food Research 49 (6):571–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ze, X., F. Le Mougen, S. H. Duncan, P. Louis, and H. J. Flint. 2013. Some are more equal than others: The role of ‘keystone’; species in the degradation of recalcitrant substrates. Gut Microbes 4 (3):236–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ze, X., S. H. Duncan, P. Louis, and H. J. Flint. 2012. Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. ISME Journal 6:1535–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W. F., D. F. Li, W. Q. Lu, and G. F. Yi. 2003. Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on broiler performance and intestinal microflora. Poultry Science 82:657–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., M. Hegsted, K. L. McCutcheon, M. J. Keenan, X. Xi, A. M. Raggio, and R. J. Martin. 2006. Peptide YY and proglucagon mRNA expression patterns and regulation in the gut. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 (4): 683–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoetendal, E. G., A. D. L. Akkermans, and W. M. De Vos. 1998. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology 64 (10):3854–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoetendal, E. G., J. Raes, B. van den Bogert, M. Arumugam, C. C. Booijink, F. J. Troost, P. Bork, M. Wels, W. M. de Vos, and M. Kleerebezem. 2012. The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates. ISME Journal 6 (7):1415 26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar