Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials

References

• Aigner, Annette, Heiko Becher, Simone Jacobs, Lynne R. Wilkens, Carol J. Boushey, Loic Le Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman, and Gertraud Maskarinec. 2018. Low diet quality and the risk of stroke mortality: The multiethnic cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (7):1035–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0103-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Rifai, Mahmoud, Philip Greenland, Michael J. Blaha, Erin D. Michos, Khurram Nasir, Michael D. Miedema, Joseph Yeboah, et al. 2018. Factors of health in the protection against death and cardiovascular disease among adults with subclinical atherosclerosis. American Heart Journal 198 (April):180–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.10.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkins, Janice L., Peter H. Whincup, Richard W. Morris, Lucy T. Lennon, Olia Papacosta, and S. Goya Wannamethee. 2014. High diet quality is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men. The Journal of Nutrition 144 (5):673–80. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.186486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkering, Geertruida E., Ross J. Harris, Steve Thomas, Anne-Marie B. Mayer, Rebecca Beynon, Andrew R. Ness, Roger M. Harbord, Chris Bain, George Davey Smith, and Jonathan A. C. Sterne. 2008. How much of the data published in observational studies of the association between diet and prostate or bladder cancer is usable for meta-analysis? American Journal of Epidemiology 167 (9):1017–26. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoia, Monica L., Elizabeth W. Triche, Dominique S. Michaud, Ana Baylin, Joseph W. Hogan, Marian L. Neuhouser, Lesley F. Tinker, Linda Van Horn, Molly E. Waring, Wenjun Li, et al. 2014. Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension dietary patterns and risk of sudden cardiac death in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99 (2):344–51. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo, Simona, Valentina Ponzo, Ilaria Goitre, Maurizio Fadda, Andrea Pezzana, Guglielmo Beccuti, Roberto Gambino, Maurizio Cassader, Laura Soldati, and Fabio Broglio. 2016. Predictive role of the Mediterranean diet on mortality in individuals at low cardiovascular risk: A 12-year follow-up population-based cohort study. Journal of Translational Medicine 14 (1):91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0851-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonaccio, Marialaura, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Mariarosaria Persichillo, Amalia De Curtis, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano, and Licia Iacoviello, and MOLI-SANI Study Investigators. 2016. Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet and mortality in subjects with diabetes. Prospective results from the MOLI-SANI study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 23 (4):400–7. doi: 10.1177/2047487315569409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, John N., Emily B. Levitan, Todd M. Brown, Michael E. Farkouh, Monika M. Safford, and Paul Muntner. 2014. Effect of sustaining lifestyle modifications (nonsmoking, weight reduction, physical activity, and Mediterranean diet) after healing of myocardial infarction, Percutaneous intervention, or coronary bypass (from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study). The American Journal of Cardiology 113 (12):1933–40. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.03.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland, Genevieve, Antonio Agudo, Noemie Travier, José María Huerta, Lluís Cirera, María-José Tormo, Carmen Navarro, María Dolores Chirlaque, Conchi Moreno-Iribas, Eva Ardanaz, et al. 2011. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet reduces mortality in the Spanish cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Spain). British Journal of Nutrition 106 (10):1581–91. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511002078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland, Genevieve, Carlos A. Gonzalez, Antonio Agudo, Mireia Vilardell, Antoni Berenguer Llergo, Pilar Amiano, Eva Ardanaz, Larraitz Arriola, Aurelio Barricarte, Mikel Basterretxea, et al. 2009. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of coronary heart disease in the Spanish EPIC cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology 170 (12):1518–29. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, Michael L., Pauline A. L. Ashfield-Watt, F. D. J. Dunstan, Ann M. Fehily, Pat Breay, Thomas Ashton, Paul C. Zotos, Najib A. A. Haboubi, and Peter C. Elwood. 2003. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: Results of a controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (2):193–200. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiuve, Stephanie E., Teresa T. Fung, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Donna Spiegelman, JoAnn E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, and Christine M. Albert. 2011. Adherence to a low-risk, healthy lifestyle and risk of sudden cardiac death among women. JAMA 306 (1):62–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysohoou, Christina, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Panagiotis Aggelopoulos, Christina-Maria Kastorini, Ioanna Kehagia, Christos Pitsavos, and Christodoulos Stefanadis. 2010. The Mediterranean diet contributes to the preservation of left ventricular systolic function and to the long-term favorable prognosis of patients who have had an acute coronary event. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (1):47–54. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenca-García, Magdalena, Enrique G. Artero, Xuemei Sui, Duck-chul Lee, James R. Hebert, and Steven N. Blair. 2014. Dietary indices, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in middle-aged adults: Findings from the aerobics center longitudinal study. Annals of Epidemiology 24 (4):297–303.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lorgeril, Michel, Patricia Salen, Jean-Louis Martin, Isabelle Monjaud, Jacques Delaye, and Nicole Mamelle. 1999. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon diet heart study. Circulation 99 (6):779–85. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilis, Vardis, Michail Katsoulis, Pagona Lagiou, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Androniki Naska, and Antonia Trichopoulou. 2012. Mediterranean diet and CHD: The Greek European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (04):699–709. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001821.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duval, Sue, and Richard Tweedie. 2000. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56 (2):455–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguaras, Sonia, Estefanía Toledo, Aitor Hernández-Hernández, Sebastián Cervantes, and Miguel A. Martínez-González. 2015. Better adherence to the Mediterranean diet could mitigate the adverse consequences of obesity on cardiovascular disease: The SUN prospective cohort. Nutrients 7 (11):9154–62. doi: 10.3390/nu7115457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estruch, Ramón, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Maria-Isabel Covas, Dolores Corella, Fernando Arós, Enrique Gómez-Gracia, Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez, Miquel Fiol, José Lapetra, et al. 2013. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. New England Journal of Medicine 368 (14):1279–90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estruch, Ramón, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Maria-Isabel Covas, Dolores Corella, Fernando Arós, Enrique Gómez-Gracia, Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez, Miquel Fiol, José Lapetra, et al. 2018. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. New England Journal of Medicine 378 (25):e34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardener, Hannah, Clinton B. Wright, Yian Gu, Ryan T. Demmer, Bernadette Boden-Albala, Mitchell S. V. Elkind, Ralph L. Sacco, and Nikolaos Scarmeas. 2011. Mediterranean-style diet and risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death: The Northern Manhattan study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (6):1458–64. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.012799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, Stephanie M., Rachel Ballard-Barbash, JoAnn E. Manson, Jill Reedy, James M. Shikany, Amy F. Subar, Lesley F. Tinker, Mara Vitolins, and Marian L. Neuhouser. 2014. Comparing indices of diet quality with chronic disease mortality risk in postmenopausal women in the women’s health initiative observational study: Evidence to inform national dietary guidance. American Journal of Epidemiology 180 (6):616–25. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland, S., and M. P. Longnecker. 1992. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 135 (11):1301–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso, Giuseppe, Stefano Marventano, Justin Yang, Agnieszka Micek, Andrzej Pajak, Luca Scalfi, Fabio Galvano, and Stefanos N. Kales. 2017. A comprehensive meta-analysis on evidence of Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: Are individual components equal? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (15):3218–32. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1107021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon, Andrew D. Oxman, Elie A. Akl, Regina Kunz, Gunn Vist, Jan Brozek, Susan Norris, Yngve Falck-Ytter, Paul Glasziou, Hans deBeer, et al. 2011a. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (4):383–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Gunn Vist, Regina Kunz, Jan Brozek, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Victor Montori, Elie A. Akl, Ben Djulbegovic, Yngve Falck-Ytter, et al. 2011b. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—Study limitations (Risk of bias). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (4):407–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Regina Kunz, James Woodcock, Jan Brozek, Mark Helfand, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Paul Glasziou, Roman Jaeschke, Elie A. Akl, et al. 2011c. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence—Inconsistency. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1294–302. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Regina Kunz, James Woodcock, Jan Brozek, Mark Helfand, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Yngve Falck-Ytter, Roman Jaeschke, Gunn Vist, et al. 2011d. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—Indirectness. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1303–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Regina Kunz, Jan Brozek, Pablo Alonso-Coello, David Rind, P. J. Devereaux, Victor M. Montori, Bo Freyschuss, Gunn Vist, et al. 2011e. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence—Imprecision. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1283–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Shahnaz Sultan, Paul Glasziou, Elie A. Akl, Pablo Alonso-Coello, David Atkins, Regina Kunz, Jan Brozek, Victor Montori, et al. 2011f. GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1311–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, Gordon H., Andrew D. Oxman, Victor Montori, Gunn Vist, Regina Kunz, Jan Brozek, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Ben Djulbegovic, David Atkins, Yngve Falck-Ytter, et al. 2011g. GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—Publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1277–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, Julian P. T., Douglas G. Altman, Peter C. Gotzsche, Peter Juni, David Moher, Andrew D. Oxman, Jelena Savovic, Kenneth F. Schulz, Laura Weeks, Jonathan A. C. Sterne, et al. 2011. The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 343 (oct18 2):d5928. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, Julian P. T., and Sally Green, eds. 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. United Kingdom: The Cochrane Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, Allison M., Julie K. Bassett, Pierre-Antoine Dugué, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, R. L. Milne, Dallas R. English, and Graham G. Giles. 2018. Dietary inflammatory index or Mediterranean diet score as risk factors for total and cardiovascular mortality. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 28 (5):461–9. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, Richard. 2005. Expression of concern: Indo-Mediterranean diet heart study. Lancet (London, England) 366 (9483):354–6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67006-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Preventing the Global Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease: Meeting the Challenges in Developing countries. 2010. Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: A critical challenge to achieve global health, edited by Valentín Fuster and Bridget B. Kelly. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/12815.
   Google Scholar
• Kouvari, Matina, C. Chrysohoou, Panagiotis Aggelopoulos, E. Tsiamis, K. Tsioufis, Christos Pitsavos, and D. Tousoulis. 2017. Mediterranean diet and prognosis of first-diagnosed acute coronary syndrome patients according to heart failure phenotype: Hellenic heart failure study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (11):1321–8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, Kui-Kai, Yuen-Kwun Wong, Yap-Hang Chan, Oi-Yi Li, Philip Yat-Sing Lee, Gabrielle G. Yuen, Yee-Kiu Wong, Samuel Tong, Dicken Wong, Koon-Ho Chan, et al. 2015. Mediterranean-style diet is associated with reduced blood pressure variability and subsequent stroke risk in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Hypertension 28 (4):501–7. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liyanage, Thaminda, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Amanda Wang, Bruce Neal, Min Jun, Muh Geot Wong, Meg Jardine, Graham S. Hillis, and Vlado Perkovic. 2016. Effects of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, edited by James M. Wright. PLoS One 11 (8):e0159252. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo, Tricia Y. Li, Teresa T. Fung, Shanshan Li, Walter C. Willett, Eric B. Rimm, and Frank B. Hu. 2014. The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern and mortality among men and women with cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99 (1):172–80. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.068106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-González, Miguel A., M. García-López, Maira Bes-Rastrollo, Estefania Toledo, Elena H. Martínez-Lapiscina, M. Delgado-Rodriguez, Zenaida Vazquez, S. Benito, and J. J. Beunza. 2010. Mediterranean diet and the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A Spanish cohort. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21 (4):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel Angel, and Maira Bes-Rastrollo. 2014. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 25 (1):20–6. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misirli, Gesthimani, V. Benetou, Pagona Lagiou, Christina Bamia, Dimitirios Trichopoulos, and Antonia Trichopoulou. 2012. Relation of the traditional Mediterranean diet to cerebrovascular disease in a Mediterranean population. American Journal of Epidemiology 176 (12):1185–92. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini, Nicola, Rino Bellocco, and Sander Greenland. 2006. Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose–response data. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 6 (1):40–57. doi: 10.1177/1536867X0600600103.
   Google Scholar
• Orsini, Nicola, Ruifeng Li, Alicja Wolk, Polyna Khudyakov, and Donna Spiegelman. 2012. Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: Examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software. American Journal of Epidemiology 175 (1):66–73. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B., Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou, Christos H. Pitsavos, Christina A. Chrysohoou, Ioannis Skoumas, Evangelia Pitaraki, Georgios. A. Georgiopoulos, Maria. Ntertimani, Aimilia Christou, Christodoulos Stefanadis, et al. 2015. Exploring the path of Mediterranean diet on 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: The ATTICA study (2002–2012). Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD 25 (3):327–35. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Yong-Moon, Susan E. Steck, T. T. Fung, Jiajia Zhang, Linda J. Hazlett, Han Kyungdon, and Anwar T. Merchant. 2016. Mediterranean diet and mortality risk in metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy obese phenotypes. International Journal of Obesity 40 (10):1541–9. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatelli, Pasquale, Daniele Pastori, Alessio Farcomeni, Cristina Nocella, Simona Bartimoccia, Tommasa Vicario, Tommaso Bucci, Roberto Carnevale, and Francesco Violi. 2015. Mediterranean diet reduces thromboxane A2 production in atrial fibrillation patients. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 34 (5):899–903. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaltopoulou, Theodora, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Ioannis N. Sergentanis, Rena Kosti, and Nikolaos Scarmeas. 2013. Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: A meta-analysis. Annals of Neurology 74 (4):580–91. doi: 10.1002/ana.23944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reedy, Jill, Susan M. Krebs-Smith, Paige E. Miller, Angela D. Liese, Lisa L. Kahle, Yikyung Park, and Amy F. Subar. 2014. Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults. The Journal of Nutrition 144 (6):881–9. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.189407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosato, Valentina, Norman J. Temple, Carlo La Vecchia, Giorgio Castellan, Alessandra Tavani, and Valentina Guercio. 2017. Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1582-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas-Salvadó, Jordi, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Jesús Francisco García-Gavilán, Mònica Bulló, and Laura Barrubés. 2018. Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease prevention: What do we know? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 61 (1):62–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, Helmut, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Miguel Angel Martínez-González, Montserrat Fíto, Dolores Corella, Ramón Estruch, and Emilio Ros. 2014. Baseline adherence to the Mediterranean diet and major cardiovascular events: Prevención con dieta Mediterránea trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (10):1690. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, Nilay S., David Leonard, Carrie E. Finley, Fatima Rodriguez, Ashish Sarraju, Carolyn E. Barlow, Laura F. DeFina, Benjamin L. Willis, William L. Haskell, and David J. Maron. 2018. Dietary patterns and long-term survival: A retrospective study of healthy primary care patients. The American Journal of Medicine 131 (1):48–55. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvetsov, Yurii B., Brook E. Harmon, Reynolette Ettienne, Lynne R. Wilkens, Loic Le Marchand, Laurence N. Kolonel, and Carol J. Boushey. 2016. The influence of energy standardisation on the alternate Mediterranean diet score and its association with mortality in the multiethnic cohort. British Journal of Nutrition 116 (09):1592–601. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516003482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh, Ram B., Gal Dubnov, Mohammad A. Niaz, Saraswati Ghosh, Reema Singh, Shanti S. Rastogi, Orly Manor, Daniel Pella, and Elliot M. Berry. 2002. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean diet heart study): A randomised single-blind trial. The Lancet 360 (9344):1455–61. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11472-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi, Francesco, Claudio Macchi, Rosanna Abbate, Gian Franco Gensini, and Alessandro Casini. 2014. Mediterranean diet and health status: An updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score. Public Health Nutrition 17 (12):2769–82. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013003169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, Ralph A. H., Lars Wallentin, Jocelyne Benatar, Nicolas Danchin, Emil Hagström, Claes Held, Steen Husted, Eva Lonn, Amanda Stebbins, Karen Chiswell, et al. 2016. Dietary patterns and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in a global study of high-risk patients with stable coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal 37 (25):1993–2001. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup, Donna F., Jesse A. Berlin, Scally C. Morton, Ingram Olkin, G. David Williamson, Drummond Rennie, David Moher, Betsy J. Becker, Therasa A. Sipe, and Stephen B. Thacker. 2000. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283 (15):2008–12. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons, M. J., and D. T. Moore. 2002. Hazard rate ratio and prospective epidemiological studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 55 (9):893–9. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00443-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tektonidis, Thanasis G., Agneta Åkesson, Bruna Gigante, Alicja Wolk, and Susanna C. Larsson. 2015. A Mediterranean diet and risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke: A population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis 243 (1):93–8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, N. Sarwar, P. Gao, S. R. Kondapally Seshasai, R. Gobin, S. Kaptoge, E. Di Angelantonio, et al. 2010. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. The Lancet 375 (9733):2215–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tognon, Gianluca, Lauren Lissner, Ditte Saebye, Karen Z. Walker, and Berit L. Heitmann. 2014. The Mediterranean diet in relation to mortality and CVD: A Danish cohort study. British Journal of Nutrition 111 (01):151–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tognon, Gianluca, Lena Maria Nilsson, Lauren Lissner, Ingegerd Johansson, Göran Hallmans, Bernt Lindahl, and Anna Winkvist. 2012. The Mediterranean diet score and mortality are inversely associated in adults living in the subarctic region. The Journal of Nutrition 142 (8):1547–53. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.160499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, Tammy Y. N., Nicholas J. Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Fumiaki Imamura, and Nita G. Forouhi. 2016. Prospective association of the Mediterranean diet with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and its population impact in a non-Mediterranean population: The EPIC-Norfolk study. BMC Medicine 14 (1):135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0677-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trichopoulou, Antonia, Tina Costacou, Christina Bamia, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos. 2003. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. New England Journal of Medicine 348 (26):2599–608. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa025039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsivgoulis, Georgios, Theodora Psaltopoulou, Virginia G. Wadley, Andrei V. Alexandrov, George Howard, Frederick W. Unverzagt, Claudia Moy, Virginia J. Howard, Brett Kissela, and Suzanne E. Judd. 2015. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and prediction of incident stroke. Stroke 46 (3):780–5. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vormund, Kerstin, Julia Braun, Sabine Rohrmann, Matthias Bopp, Peter Ballmer, and David Faeh. 2015. Mediterranean diet and mortality in Switzerland: An alpine paradox? European Journal of Nutrition 54 (1):139–48. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0695-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warensjö Lemming, Eva, Liisa Byberg, Alicja Wolk, and Karl Michaëlsson. 2018. A comparison between two healthy diet scores, the modified Mediterranean diet score and the healthy Nordic food index, in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. British Journal of Nutrition 119 (7):836–46. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518000387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, George A., Beverley Shea, Dianne O’Connell, Je Peterson, Vivian Welch, M. Losos, and Peter Tugwell. 2014. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa, Canada: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Whalen, Kristine A., Suzanne Judd, Marjorie L. McCullough, W. Dana Flanders, Terryl J. Hartman, and Roberd M. Bostick. 2017. Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores are inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in adults. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (4):612–20. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.241919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2017. WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Jun, and Kai Fun Yu. 1998. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA 280 (19):1690–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar