Bacterial metabolism as responsible of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on human health

References

• Aarestrup, J., C. Kyrø, K. E. B. Knudsen, E. Weiderpass, J. Christensen, M. Kristensen, A. M. L. Würtz, N. F. Johnsen, K. Overvad, A. Tjønneland, and A. Olsen. 2013. Plasma enterolactone and incidence of endometrial cancer in a case–cohort study of Danish women. British Journal of Nutrition 109 (12):2269–75. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512004424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdi, F., Z. Alimoradi, P. Haqi, and F. Mahdizad. 2016. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Climacteric 19 (6):535–45. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1238451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz, H., E. Hämäläinen, S. Gorbach, and B. Goldin. 1992. Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the menopause in Japan. Lancet (London, England) 339 (8803):1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahuja, V., K. Miura, A. Vishnu, A. Fujiyoshi, R. Evans, M. Zaid, N. Miyagawa, T. Hisamatsu, A. Kadota, T. Okamura, et al. 2017. Significant inverse association of equol-producer status with coronary artery calcification but not dietary isoflavones in healthy Japanese men. British Journal of Nutrition 117 (2):260–6. doi: 10.1017/S000711451600458X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aso, T., S. Uchiyama, Y. Matsumura, M. Taguchi, M. Nozaki, K. Takamatsu, B. Ishizuka, T. Kubota, H. Mizunuma, and H. Ohta. 2012. A natural S-equol supplement alleviates hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in equol nonproducing postmenopausal Japanese women. Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt) 21 (1):92–100. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, C., C. L. Frankenfeld, and J. W. Lampe. 2005. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. Experimental Biology and Medicine 230 (3):155–70. doi: 10.1177/153537020523000302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atteritano, M., F. Pernice, S. Mazzaferro, S. Mantuano, A. Frisina, R. D'Anna, M. L. Cannata, A. Bitto, F. Squadrito, N. Frisina, and M. Buemi. 2008. Effects of phytoestrogen genistein on cytogenetic biomarkers in postmenopausal women: 1 year randomized, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Pharmacology 589 (1–3):22–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhathena, S. J., and M. T. Velasquez. 2002. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (6):1191–201. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolaños, R., A. Del Castillo, and J. Francia. 2010. Soy isoflavones versus placebo in the treatment of climacteric vasomotor symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 17 (1):660–666. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181cb4fb5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braune, A., and M. Blaut. 2016. Bacterial species involved in the conversion of dietary flavonoids in the human gut. Gut Microbes 7 (3):216–34. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1158395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, D., Á. Peirotén, I. Alvarez, and J. M. Landete. 2017. Phytoestrogen metabolism by lactic acid bacteria: Enterolignan production by Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus gasseri strains. Journal of Functional Foods 37:373–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredsdorff, L., T. Obel, C. Dethlefsen, A. Tjonneland, E. B. Schmidt, S. E. Rasmussen, and K. Overvad. 2013. Urinary flavonoid excretion and risk of acute coronary syndrome in a nested case-control study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (1):209–16. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.046169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, E., V. Coxam, S. Robins, K. Wahala, A. Cassidy, and F. Branca. 2008. Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (3):761–70. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, K., A. K. Zaineddin, A. Vrieling, J. Linseisen, and J. Chang-Claude. 2010. Meta-analyses of lignans and enterolignans in relation to breast cancer risk. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (1):141–53. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Y., K. Guo, C. Chen, P. Wang, B. Zhang, Q. Zhou, F. Mei, and Y. Su. 2012. Soya isoflavone consumption in relation to carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese equol excretors aged 40–65 years. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (9):1698–704. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511007331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano, A., M. A. García-Pérez, and J. J. Tarín. 2010. Isoflavones and cardiovascular disease. Maturitas 67 (3):219–26. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreau, C., G. Flouriot, C. Bennetau-Pelissero, and M. Potier. 2008. Enterodiol and enterolactone, two major diet-derived polyphenol metabolites have different impact on ERalpha transcriptional activation in human breast cancer cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 110 (1–2):176–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, A. 2005. Dietary phyto-oestrogens: Molecular mechanisms, bioavailability and importance to menopausal health. Nutrition Research Reviews 18 (2):183–201. doi: 10.1079/NRR2005102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clavel, T., J. Dore, and M. Blaut. 2006. Bioavailability of lignans in human subjects. Nutrition Research Reviews 19 (2):187–96. doi: 10.1017/S0954422407249704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clavel, T., R. Lippman, F. Gavini, J. Doré, and M. Blaut. 2007. Clostridium saccharogumia sp. nov. and Lactonifactor longoviformis gen. nov., sp. nov., two novel human faecal bacteria involved in the conversion of the dietary phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 30 (1):16–26. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, S. L., E. A. Jackson, L. Churchill, J. W. Lampe, K. Leung, and J. K. Ockene. 2013. Impact of dose, frequency of administration, and equol production on efficacy of isoflavones for menopausal hot flashes: A pilot randomized trial. Menopause 20:936–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M. N., C. C. Lin, and C. F. Liu. 2015. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society 18 (2):260–9. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.966241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Cremoux, P., P. This, G. Leclercq, and Y. Jacquot. 2010. Controversies concerning the use of phytoestrogens in menopause management: Bioavailability and metabolism. Maturitas 65 (4):334–9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kleijn, M. J., Y. T. van der Schouw, P. W. Wilson, D. E. Grobbee, and P. F. Jacques. 2002. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal U.S. women: The Framingham study. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (2):276–82. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.2.276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca, J. A. A., E. L. García-Villatoro, and C. D. Allred. 2018. Flaxseed bioactive compounds and colorectal cancer prevention. Current Oncology Reports 20 (8):59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Tonkelaar, I., L. Keinan-Boker, P. V. Veer, C. J. Arts, H. Adlercreutz, J. H. Thijssen, and P. H. Peeters. 2001. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 10:223–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deVere White, R. W., A. Tsodikov, E. C. Stapp, S. E. Soares, H. Fujii, and R. M. Hackman. 2010. Effects of a high dose, aglycone-rich soy extract on prostate-specific antigen and serum isoflavone concentrations in men with localized prostate cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 62 (8):1036–43. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2010.492085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, M., A. A. Franke, B. A. Rosner, E. Giovannucci, R. M. van Dam, S. S. Tworoger, F. B. Hu, and Q. Sun. 2015. Urinary isoflavonoids and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective investigation in US women. British Journal of Nutrition 114 (10):1694–701. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, R. A. 2004. Phytoestrogens. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55:225–61. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elghali, S., S. Mustafa, M. Amid, M. Y. A. B. D. Manap, A. Ismail, and F. Abas. 2012. Bioconversion of daidzein to equol by Bifidobacterium breve 15700 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536. Journal of Functional Foods 4 (4):736–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.04.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espín, J. C., M. Larrosa, M. T. García-Conesa, and F. A. Tomás-Barberán. 2013. Biological significance of urolithins, the gut microbial ellagic acid-derived metabolites: The evidence so far. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10:270418. doi: 10.1155/2013/270418.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, K., H. Dong, D. Wang, J. Gong, W. Huang, and F. Lu. 2016. Soy isoflavones and glucose metabolism in menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 60:1602–14. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201501024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooq, A. 2015. Structural and functional diversity of estrogen receptor ligands. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 15 (14):1372–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenfeld, C. L. 2011. O-Desmethylangolensin: The importance of equol’s lesser known cousin to human health. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 2 (4):317–24. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenfeld, C. L. 2014. Cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with high urinary enterolactone concentration, independent of urinary enterodiol concentration and dietary fiber intake in adults. The Journal of Nutrition 144 (9):1445–53. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.190512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenfeld, C. L. 2017. Cardiometabolic risk and gut microbial phytoestrogen metabolite phenotypes. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (1). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenfeld, C. L., A. McTiernan, W. K. Thomas, K. LaCroix, L. McVarish, V. L. Holt, S. M. Schwartz, and J. W. Lampe. 2006. Postmenopausal bone mineral density in relation to soy isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Maturitas 53 (3):315–24. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Muñoz, C., and F. Vaillant. 2014. Metabolic fate of ellagitannins: Implications for health, and research perspectives for innovative functional foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54:1584–98. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.644643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaya, P., Á. Peirotén, I. Álvarez, M. Medina, and J. M. Landete. 2018a. Production of the bioactive isoflavone O-desmethylangolensin by Enterococcus faecium INIA P553 with high efficiency. Journal of Functional Foods 40:180–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaya, P., Á. Peirotén, and J. M. Landete. 2017. Transformation of plant isoflavones into bioactive isoflavones by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Journal of Functional Foods 39:198–205. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaya, P., Á. Peirotén, M. Medina, I. Álvarez, and J. M. Landete. 2018b. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum INIA P815: The first bacterium able to produce urolithins A and B from ellagic acid. Journal of Functional Foods 45:95–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaya, P., Á. Peirotén, M. Medina, and J. M. Landete. 2017. Bifidobacterium adolescentis INIA P784: The first probiotic bacterium capable of producing enterodiol from lignan extracts. Journal of Functional Foods 29:269–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glisic, M., N. Kastrati, V. González-Jaramillo, W. M. Bramer, F. Ahmadizar, R. Chowdhury, A. H. J. Danser, A. J. M. Roks, T. Voortman, O. H. Franco, and T. Muka. 2018. Associations between phytoestrogens, glucose homeostasis, and risk of diabetes in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition 9 (6):726–40. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Barrio, R., P. Truchado, H. Ito, J. C. Espín, and F. A. Tomás-Barberán, 2011. UV and MS identification of urolithins and nasutins, the bioavailable metabolites of ellagitannins and ellagic acid in different mammals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (4):1152–62. doi: 10.1021/jf103894m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Sarrías, A., M. Angeles Núñez-Sánchez, R. García-Villalba, F. A. Tomás-Barberán, and J. C. Espín. 2017. Antiproliferative activity of the ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota isourolithin a and comparison with its urolithin a isomer: The role of cell metabolism. European Journal of Nutrition 56 (2):831–41. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1131-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González Cañete, N., and S. Durán Agüero. 2014. [Soya isoflavones and evidences on cardiovascular protection]. Nutricion Hospitalaria 29:1271–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, M. T., Y. B. Shvetsov, L. R. Wilkens, A. A. Franke, L. Le Marchand, K. K. Kakazu, A. M. Nomura, B. E. Henderson, and L. N. Kolonel. 2009. Urinary phytoestrogen excretion and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2 (10):887–94. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale, G. A., C. H. Tseng, W. Han, M. H. Huang, K. Leung, S. Crawford, E. B. Gold, L. E. Waetjen, and A. S. Karlamangla. 2015. Dietary isoflavones and bone mineral density during midlife and the menopausal transition: Cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the Study of Women’s Health across the Nation Phytoestrogen Study. Menopause 22 (3):279–88. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso, G., J. Godos, R. Lamuela-Raventos, S. Ray, A. Micek, A. Pajak, S. Sciacca, N. D'Orazio, D. Del Rio, and F. Galvano. 2017. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (4). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha, B. G., M. Nagaoka, T. Yonezawa, R. Tanabe, J. T. Woo, H. Kato, U. I. Chung, and K. Yagasaki. 2012. Regulatory mechanism for the stimulatory action of genistein on glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 23 (5):501–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W. L., K. Vafeiadou, J. Hallund, S. Bugel, C. Koebnick, M. Reimann, M. Ferrari, F. Branca, D. Talbot, T. Dadd, et al. 2005. Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women: Interactions with genotype and equol production. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (6):1260–8; quiz 1365–66. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W. L., K. Vafeiadou, J. Hallund, S. Bugel, M. Reimann, C. Koebnick, H. J. Zunft, M. Ferrari, F. Branca, T. Dadd, et al. 2006. Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women: Interactions with genotype and equol production. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (3):592–600. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara, A., S. Sasazuki, M. Inoue, T. Miura, M. Iwasaki, N. Sawada, T. Shimazu, T. Yamaji, and S. Tsugane. 2013. Plasma isoflavone concentrations are not associated with gastric cancer risk among Japanese men and women. The Journal of Nutrition 143:1293–8. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.175505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, J., S. Wang, M. Zhou, W. Yu, Y. Zhang, and X. He. 2015. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 13:231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heald, C. L., M. R. Ritchie, C. Bolton-Smith, M. S. Morton, and F. E. Alexander. 2007. Phyto-oestrogens and risk of prostate cancer in Scottish men. British Journal of Nutrition 98 (2):388–96. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507700703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedelin, M., A. Klint, E. T. Chang, R. Bellocco, J. E. Johansson, S. O. Andersson, S. M. Heinonen, H. Adlercreutz, H. O. Adami, H. Gronberg, and K. A. Balter. 2006. Dietary phytoestrogen, serum enterolactone and risk of prostate cancer: The cancer prostate Sweden study (Sweden). Cancer Causes & Control 17:169–80. doi: 10.1007/s10552-005-0342-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hullar, M. A. J., S. M. Lancaster, F. Li, E. Tseng, K. Beer, C. Atkinson, K. Wähälä, W. K. Copeland, T. W. Randolph, K. M. Newton, and J. W. Lampe. 2015. Enterolignan producing phenotypes are associated with increased gut microbial diversity and altered composition in premenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 24:546–54. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hur, H. G., R. D. Beger, T. M. Heinze, J. O. Lay, Jr., J. P. Freeman, J. Dore, and F. Rafii. 2002. Isolation of an anaerobic intestinal bacterium capable of cleaving the C-ring of the isoflavonoid daidzein. Archives in Microbiology 178 (1):8–12. doi: 10.1007/s00203-002-0414-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiwata, N., M. K. Melby, S. Mizuno, and S. Watanabe. 2009. New equol supplement for relieving menopausal symptoms: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Japanese women. Menopause 16 (1):141–8. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31818379fa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, M., M. Inoue, T. Otani, S. Sasazuki, N. Kurahashi, T. Miura, S. Yamamoto, and S. Tsugane. 2008. Plasma isoflavone level and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: A nested case-control study from the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (10):1677–83. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.9964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. D., N. D. McFarlane-Anderson, G. A. Simon, F. I. Bennett, and S. P. Walker. 2010. Urinary phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer in Jamaican men. Cancer Causes & Control 21 (12):2249–57. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9648-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, J.-S., N. Kakiuchi, and M. Hattori. 2007. Enantioselective oxidation of enterodiol to enterolactone by human intestinal bacteria. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30 (11):2204–6. doi: 10.1248/bpb.30.2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, J.-S., M. Kitahara, M. Sakamoto, M. Hattori, and Y. Benno. 2010. Slackia equolifaciens sp. nov., a human intestinal bacterium capable of producing equol. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (8):1721–4. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.016774-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnsen, N. F., A. Olsen, B. L. Thomsen, J. Christensen, R. Egeberg, K. E. Bach Knudsen, S. Loft, K. Overvad, and A. Tjonneland. 2010. Plasma enterolactone and risk of Colon and rectal cancer in a case-cohort study of Danish men and women. Cancer Causes & Control 21 (1):153–62. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9445-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jou, H.-J., S.-C. Wu, F.-W. Chang, P.-Y. Ling, K. S. Chu, and W.-H. Wu. 2008. Effect of intestinal production of equol on menopausal symptoms in women treated with soy isoflavones. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 102:44–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.01.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasimsetty, S. G., D. Bialonska, M. K. Reddy, G. Ma, S. I. Khan, and D. Ferreira. 2010. Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (4):2180–7. doi: 10.1021/jf903762h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, A. M., K. M. Mangano, R. H. Abourizk, R. S. Bruno, D. E. Anamani, A. Kleppinger, S. J. Walsh, K. M. Prestwood, and J. E. Kerstetter. 2009. Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (1):234–42. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilkkinen, A., J. Virtamo, E. Vartiainen, R. Sankila, M. J. Virtanen, H. Adlercreutz, and P. Pietinen. 2004. Serum enterolactone concentration is not associated with breast cancer risk in a nested case-control study. International Journal of Cancer 108 (2):277–80. doi: 10.1002/ijc.11519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilkkinen, A., J. Virtamo, M. J. Virtanen, H. Adlercreutz, D. Albanes, and P. Pietinen. 2003. Serum enterolactone concentration is not associated with prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 12:1209–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitts, D. D., Y. V. Yuan, A. N. Wijewickreme, and L. U. Thompson. 1999. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 202 (1/2):91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyama, R. 2016. Biological effects induced by estrogenic activity of lignans. Trends in Food Science & Technology 54:186–96. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kladna, A., P. Berczynski, I. Kruk, T. Piechowska, and H. Y. Aboul-Enein. 2016. Studies on the antioxidant properties of some phytoestrogens. Luminescence 31:1201–6. doi: 10.1002/bio.3091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, K. P. 2014. Isoflavones: Chemistry, analysis, functions and effects on health and cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 15 (17):7001–10. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.17.7001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ko, K. P., C. S. Kim, Y. Ahn, S. J. Park, Y. J. Kim, J. K. Park, Y. K. Lim, K. Y. Yoo, and S. S. Kim. 2015. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Diabetologia 58 (4):726–35. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3463-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, K. P., S. K. Park, B. Park, J. J. Yang, L. Y. Cho, C. Kang, C. S. Kim, J. Gwack, A. Shin, Y. Kim, et al. 2010. Isoflavones from phytoestrogens and gastric cancer risk: A nested case-control study within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 19 (5):1292–300. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, K. P., Y. Yeo, J. H. Yoon, C. S. Kim, S. Tokudome, L. T. Ngoan, C. Koriyama, Y. K. Lim, S. H. Chang, H. R. Shin, et al. 2018. Plasma phytoestrogens concentration and risk of colorectal cancer in two different Asian populations. Clinical Nutrition 37 (5):1675–82. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreydin, E. I., M. M. Kim, G. W. Barrisford, D. Rodríguez, A. Sánchez, Y. Santiago-Lastra, and D. S. C. Ko. 2015. Urinary lignans are associated with decreased incontinence in postmenopausal women. Urology 86 (4):716–20. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijsten, A., I. C. Arts, P. C. Hollman, P. van't Veer, and E. Kampman. 2006. Plasma enterolignans are associated with lower colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 15 (6):1132–6. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijsten, A., P. C. Hollman, H. C. Boshuizen, M. N. Buijsman, P. van 't Veer, F. J. Kok, I. C. Arts, and H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita. 2008. Plasma enterolignan concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in a nested case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 167 (6):734–42. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurahashi, N., M. Iwasaki, M. Inoue, S. Sasazuki, and S. Tsugane. 2008. Plasma isoflavones and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study: The Japan Public Health Center. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (36):5923–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, J. E., J. Lim, I. Kim, D. Kim, and S. C. Kang. 2018. Isolation and identification of new bacterial stains producing equol from Pueraria lobata extract fermentation. PLoS One 13 (2):e0192490. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete, J. M. 2011. Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and their derived metabolites: A review about source, metabolism, functions and health. Food Research International 44 (5):1150–60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete, J. M. 2012. Plant and mammalian lignans: A review of source, intake, metabolism, intestinal bacteria and health. Food Research International 46 (1):410–24. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete, J. M., J. Arqués, M. Medina, P. Gaya, B. de Las Rivas, and R. Muñoz. 2016. Bioactivation of phytoestrogens: Intestinal bacteria and health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (11):1826–43. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.789823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, T., W. E. Price, and L. Astheimer. 2008. The key importance of soy isoflavone bioavailability to understanding health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48 (6):538–52. doi: 10.1080/10408390701542716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrosa, M., A. González-Sarrías, M. T. García-Conesa, F. A. Tomás-Barberán, and J. C. Espín. 2006. Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora, exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (5):1611–20. doi: 10.1021/jf0527403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecomte, S., F. Demay, F. Ferrière, and F. Pakdel. 2017. Phytochemicals targeting estrogen receptors: Beneficial rather than adverse effects? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18:1381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lethaby, A., J. Marjoribanks, F. Kronenberg, H. Roberts, J. Eden, and J. Brown. 2013. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12):CD001395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., H. Li, C. Zhang, X. L. Wang, B. H. Chen, Q. H. Hao, and S. Y. Wang. 2015. Enhanced biosynthesis of O-desmethylangolensin from daidzein by a novel oxygen-tolerant cock intestinal bacterium in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Journal of Applied Microbiology 118 (3):619–28. doi: 10.1111/jam.12732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., J. Li, T. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Zhao, and Y. Fang. 2017. The effect of genistein on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. Maturitas 97:44–52. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z-m, S. C. Ho, Y-m Chen, J. Liu, and J. Woo. 2014. Cardiovascular risks in relation to daidzein metabolizing phenotypes among Chinese postmenopausal women. PLoS One 9 (2):e87861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruo, T., M. Sakamoto, C. Ito, T. Toda, and Y. Benno. 2008. Adlercreutzia equolifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces, and emended description of the genus Eggerthella. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (5):1221–7. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65404-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthies, A., M. Blaut, and A. Braune. 2009. Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium capable of daidzein and genistein conversion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75 (6):1740–4. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01795-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi-Sartang, M., Z. Sohrabi, R. Barati-Boldaji, H. Raeisi-Dehkordi, and Z. Mazloom. 2018. Flaxseed supplementation on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews 76 (2):125–39. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli, A., C. Clerici, D. Castellani, E. Nardi, G. Sabatino, M. Baldoni, O. Morelli, S. Asciutti, S. Orlandi, V. Giuliano, et al. 2007. Pasta naturally enriched with isoflavone aglycons from soy germ reduces serum lipids and improves markers of cardiovascular risk. The Journal of Nutrition 137:2270–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.10.2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthyala, R. S., Y. H. Ju, S. Sheng, L. D. Williams, D. R. Doerge, B. S. Katzenellenbogen, W. G. Helferich, and J. A. Katzenellenbogen. 2004. Equol, a natural estrogenic metabolite from soy isoflavones: Convenient preparation and resolution of R- and S-equols and their differing binding and biological activity through estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 12 (6):1559–67. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, K. M., S. D. Reed, S. Uchiyama, C. Qu, T. Ueno, S. Iwashita, G. Gunderson, S. Fuller, and J. W. Lampe. 2015. A cross-sectional study of equol producer status and self-reported vasomotor symptoms. Menopause 22 (5):489–95. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, Q., M. Xing, J. Hu, X. Hu, S. Nie, and M. Xie. 2017. Metabolism and health effects of phyto-estrogens AU – Nie, Qixing. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (11):2432–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikander, E., A. Tiitinen, K. Laitinen, M. Tikkanen, and O. Ylikorkala. 2004. Effects of isolated isoflavonoids on lipids, lipoproteins, insulin sensitivity, and ghrelin in postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (7):3567–72. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-032229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooyens, A. C., I. E. Milder, B. M. van Gelder, H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, M. P. van Boxtel, and W. M. Verschuren. 2015. Diet and cognitive decline at middle age: The role of antioxidants. British Journal of Nutrition 113 (9):1410–7. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515000720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, A., K. E. Knudsen, B. L. Thomsen, S. Loft, C. Stripp, K. Overvad, S. Moller, and A. Tjonneland. 2004. Plasma enterolactone and breast cancer incidence by estrogen receptor status. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 13:2084–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozasa, K., M. Nakao, Y. Watanabe, K. Hayashi, T. Miki, K. Mikami, M. Mori, F. Sakauchi, M. Washio, Y. Ito, et al. 2004. Serum phytoestrogens and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study among japanese men. Cancer Science 95 (1):65–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03172.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. Y., L. R. Wilkens, A. A. Franke, L. Le Marchand, K. K. Kakazu, M. T. Goodman, S. P. Murphy, B. E. Henderson, and L. N. Kolonel. 2009. Urinary phytoestrogen excretion and prostate cancer risk: A nested case–control study in the multiethnic cohort. British Journal of Cancer 101 (1):185–91. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlowski, J. W., B. R. Martin, G. P. McCabe, L. McCabe, G. S. Jackson, M. Peacock, S. Barnes, and C. M. Weaver. 2015. Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: A randomized crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102 (3):695–703. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.093906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirotén, Á., P. Gaya, I. Álvarez, D. Bravo, and J. M. Landete. 2019. Influence of different lignan compounds on enterolignan production by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains. International Journal of Food Microbiology 289:17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cornago, A., P. N. Appleby, H. Boeing, L. Gil, C. Kyro, F. Ricceri, N. Murphy, A. Trichopoulou, K. K. Tsilidis, K.-T. Khaw, et al. 2018. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2828 cases and 5593 controls. International Journal of Cancer 143 (11):2677–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J., J. Dwyer, H. Adlercreutz, A. Scalbert, P. Jacques, and M. L. McCullough. 2010. Dietary lignans: Physiology and potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutrition Reviews 68 (10):571–603. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00319.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietinen, P., K. Stumpf, S. Mannisto, V. Kataja, M. Uusitupa, and H. Adlercreutz. 2001. Serum enterolactone and risk of breast cancer: A case-control study in Eastern Finland. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 10:339–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piller, R., J. Chang-Claude, and J. Linseisen. 2006. Plasma enterolactone and genistein and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 15 (3):225–32. doi: 10.1097/01.cej.0000197449.56862.75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poluzzi, E., C. Piccinni, E. Raschi, A. Rampa, M. Recanatini, and F. Ponti. 2014. Phytoestrogens in postmenopause: The state of the art from a chemical, pharmacological and regulatory perspective. Current Medicinal Chemistry 21 (4):417–36. doi: 10.2174/09298673113206660297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad, K. 2000. Antioxidant activity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-derived metabolites, secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, and enterolactone. International Journal of Angiology 9 (4):220–5. doi: 10.1007/BF01623898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin, L.-Q., J.-Y. Xu, P.-Y. Wang, and K. Hoshi. 2006. Soyfood intake in the prevention of breast cancer risk in women: A meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 52 (6):428–36. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.52.428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, Y., F. Shu, Y. Zeng, X. Meng, B. Wang, L. Diao, L. Wang, J. Wan, J. Zhu, J. Wang, and M. Mi. 2014. Daidzein supplementation decreases serum triglyceride and uric acid concentrations in hypercholesterolemic adults with the effect on triglycerides being greater in those with the GA compared with the GG genotype of ESR-beta RsaI. The Journal of Nutrition 144 (1):49–54. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.182725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafii, F. 2015. The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 5 (1):56–73. doi: 10.3390/metabo5010056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, M. K., T. W. Zollinger, Z. Liu, J. Jones, and J. Zhang. 2017. Association between urinary phytoestrogens and C-reactive protein in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 36 (6):434–41. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1318722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci, A., A. Allende, D. Bolton, M. Chemaly, R. Davies, P. S. Fernández Escámez, R. Girones, K. Koutsoumanis, R. Lindqvist, B. Nørrung, et al. 2018. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 8: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2018. EFSA Journal 16:e05315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienks, J., J. Barbaresko, and U. Nothlings. 2017. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrition Reviews 75 (8):616–41. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietjens, I. M. C. M., J. Louisse, and K. Beekmann. 2017. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. British Journal of Pharmacology 174 (11):1263–80. doi: 10.1111/bph.13622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen, N. M., J. Tuominen, L. Pylkkanen, and R. Santti. 2010. Assessment of information to substantiate a health claim on the prevention of prostate cancer by lignans. Nutrients 2 (2):99–115. doi: 10.3390/nu2020099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari Sharif, P., S. Nikfar, and M. Abdollahi. 2011. Prevention of bone resorption by intake of phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 33 (3):421–31. doi: 10.1007/s11357-010-9180-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sánchez-Calvo, J. M., M. A. Rodríguez-Iglesias, J. M. G. Molinillo, and F. A. Macías. 2013. Soy isoflavones and their relationship with microflora: Beneficial effects on human health in equol producers. Phytochemistry Reviews 12 (4):979–1000. doi: 10.1007/s11101-013-9329-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoefer, L., R. Mohan, A. Braune, M. Birringer, and M. Blaut. 2002. Anaerobic C-ring cleavage of genistein and daidzein by Eubacterium ramulus. FEMS Microbiology Letters 208 (2):197–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11081.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selma, M. V., D. Beltrán, R. García-Villalba, J. C. Espín, and F. A. Tomás-Barberán. 2014. Description of urolithin production capacity from ellagic acid of two human intestinal Gordonibacter species. Food & Function 5:1779–84. doi: 10.1039/C4FO00092G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selma, M. V., D. Beltrán, M. C. Luna, M. Romo-Vaquero, R. García-Villalba, A. Mira, J. C. Espín, and F. A. Tomás-Barberán. 2017. Isolation of human intestinal bacteria capable of producing the bioactive metabolite isourolithin a from ellagic acid. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonestedt, E., S. Borgquist, U. Ericson, B. Gullberg, H. Olsson, H. Adlercreutz, G. Landberg, and E. Wirfalt. 2008. Enterolactone is differently associated with estrogen receptor beta-negative and -positive breast cancer in a Swedish nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 17 (11):3241–51. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni, M., L. R. White, A. Kridawati, S. Bandelow, and E. Hogervorst. 2016. Phytoestrogen consumption and risk for cognitive decline and dementia: With consideration of thyroid status and other possible mediators. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 160:67–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotoca, A. M., D. Ratman, P. van der Saag, A. Ström, J. A. Gustafsson, J. Vervoort, I. M. Rietjens, and A. J. Murk. 2008. Phytoestrogen-mediated inhibition of proliferation of the human T47D breast cancer cells depends on the ERalpha/ERbeta ratio. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 112 (4–5):171–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin, P., H. Adlercreutz, L. Tenkanen, E. Jellum, S. Lumme, G. Hallmans, S. Harvei, L. Teppo, K. Stumpf, T. Luostarinen, et al. 2002. Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk: A Nordic nested case-control study. International Journal of Cancer 99 (1):124–9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struja, T., A. Richard, J. Linseisen, M. Eichholzer, and S. Rohrmann. 2014. The association between urinary phytoestrogen excretion and components of the metabolic syndrome in NHANES. European Journal of Nutrition 53 (6):1371–81. doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0639-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Q., N. M. Wedick, A. Pan, M. K. Townsend, A. Cassidy, A. A. Franke, E. B. Rimm, F. B. Hu, and R. M. van Dam. 2014. Gut microbiota metabolites of dietary lignans and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective investigation in two cohorts of U.S. women. Diabetes Care 37 (5):1287–95. doi: 10.2337/dc13-2513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai, T. Y., K. S. Tsai, S. T. Tu, J. S. Wu, C. I. Chang, C. L. Chen, N. S. Shaw, H. Y. Peng, S. Y. Wang, and C. H. Wu. 2012. The effect of soy isoflavone on bone mineral density in postmenopausal taiwanese women with bone loss: A 2-year randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Osteoporosis International 23 (5):1571–80. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1750-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taku, K., M. K. Melby, F. Kronenberg, M. S. Kurzer, and M. Messina. 2012. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 19 (7):776–90. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182410159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaei, M., B. L. Lee, C. N. Ong, R. M. van Dam, J. M. Yuan, W. P. Koh, and A. Pan. 2016. Urine phyto-oestrogen metabolites are not significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes: The Singapore Chinese health study. British Journal of Nutrition 115 (9):1607–15. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516000581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura, M., S. Hori, and H. Nakagawa. 2011. Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 2771: Impact on metabolism of isoflavonoids in the fecal flora from a male equol producer. Current Microbiology 62 (5):1632–7. doi: 10.1007/s00284-011-9904-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaung-Zaw, J. J., P. R. C. Howe, and R. H. X. Wong. 2017. Does phytoestrogen supplementation improve cognition in humans? A systematic review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1403:150–63. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikkanen, M. J., K. Wähälä, S. Ojala, V. Vihma, and H. Adlercreutz. 1998. Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (6):3106–10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomás-Barberán, F. A., A. González-Sarrías, R. García-Villalba, M. A. Núñez-Sánchez, M. V. Selma, M. T. García-Conesa, and J. C. Espín. 2017. Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (1). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousen, Y., J. Ezaki, Y. Fujii, T. Ueno, M. Nishimuta, and Y. Ishimi. 2011. Natural S-equol decreases bone resorption in postmenopausal, non-equol-producing Japanese women: A pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 18 (5):563–74. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181f85aa7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis, R. C., E. A. Spencer, N. E. Allen, P. N. Appleby, A. W. Roddam, K. Overvad, N. F. Johnsen, A. Olsen, R. Kaaks, J. Linseisen, et al. 2009. Plasma phyto-oestrogens and prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. British Journal of Cancer 100 (11):1817–23. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchiyama, S., T. Ueno, K. Masaki, S. Shimizu, T. Aso, and T. Shirota. 2007. Thee cross-sectional study of the relationship between soy isoflavones, equol and the menopausal symptoms in Japanese women. The Journal of the Japan Society for Menopause and Women’s Health 15:28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Uchiyama, S., T. Ueno, and T. Suzuki. 2007. Identification of a newly isolated equol-producing lactic acid bacterium from the human feces. Journal of Intestinal Microbiology 21:217–20.
   Google Scholar
• Vafeiadou, K., W. L. Hall, and C. M. Williams. 2006. Does genotype and equol-production status affect response to isoflavones? Data from a pan-European study on the effects of isoflavones on cardiovascular risk markers in post-menopausal women. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65 (1):106–15. doi: 10.1079/PNS2005483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schouw, Y. T., S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, P. H. Peeters, L. Keinan-Boker, E. B. Rimm, and D. E. Grobbee. 2005. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation 111 (4):465–71. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000153814.87631.B0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Velpen, V., P. C. Hollman, M. van Nielen, E. G. Schouten, M. Mensink, P. Van't Veer, and A. Geelen. 2014. Large inter-individual variation in isoflavone plasma concentration limits use of isoflavone intake data for risk assessment. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (10):1141–7. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanharanta, M., S. Voutilainen, T. H. Rissanen, H. Adlercreutz, and J. T. Salonen. 2003. Risk of cardiovascular disease–related and all-cause death according to serum concentrations of enterolactone: Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (9):1099–104. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.9.1099.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velentzis, L. S., M. M. Cantwell, C. Cardwell, M. R. Keshtgar, A. J. Leathem, and J. V. Woodside. 2009. Lignans and breast cancer risk in pre- and post-menopausal women: Meta-analyses of observational studies. British Journal of Cancer 100 (9):1492. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheus, M., C. H. van Gils, L. Keinan-Boker, P. B. Grace, S. A. Bingham, and P. H. Peeters. 2007. Plasma phytoestrogens and subsequent breast cancer risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (6):648–55. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.0244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virk-Baker, M. K., T. R. Nagy, and S. Barnes. 2010. Role of phytoestrogens in cancer therapy. Planta Medica 76 (11):1132–42. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1250074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale, D. C., C. Piazza, B. Melilli, F. Drago, and S. Salomone. 2013. Isoflavones: Estrogenic activity, biological effect and bioavailability. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 38 (1):15–25. doi: 10.1007/s13318-012-0112-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, H., G. Chapelais, G. G. Kuhnle, R. Luben, K. T. Khaw, and S. Bingham. 2008a. Breast cancer risk in relation to urinary and serum biomarkers of phytoestrogen exposure in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort study. Breast Cancer Research 10:R32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, H., G. Chapelais, G. G. Kuhnle, R. Luben, K. T. Khaw, and S. Bingham. 2008b. Lack of prospective associations between plasma and urinary phytoestrogens and risk of prostate or colorectal cancer in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 17 (10):2891–4. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, S., S. Uesugi, and Y. Kikuchi. 2002. Isoflavones for prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gynecological problems and possible immune potentiation. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56 (6):302–12. doi: 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00182-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woting, A., T. Clavel, G. Loh, and M. Blaut. 2010. Bacterial transformation of dietary lignans in gnotobiotic rats. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 72 (3):507–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00863.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., J. Oka, J. Ezaki, T. Ohtomo, T. Ueno, S. Uchiyama, T. Toda, M. Uehara, and Y. Ishimi. 2007. Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Menopause 14 (5):866–74. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3180305299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuttke, W., H. Jarry, S. Westphalen, V. Christoffel, and D. Seidlova-Wuttke. 2002. Phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy? Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 83 (1–5):133–47. doi: 10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00259-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J., S. S. Tworoger, A. A. Franke, K. L. Terry, M. S. Rice, B. A. Rosner, W. C. Willett, S. E. Hankinson, and A. H. Eliassen. 2013a. Plasma enterolactone and breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 139 (3):801–9. doi: 10.1007/s10549-013-2586-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Q., M. L. Chen, Y. Qin, Q. Y. Zhang, H. X. Xu, Y. Zhou, M. T. Mi, and J. D. Zhu. 2013b. Isoflavone consumption and risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 22:118–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., Y. Zhao, Y. Yao, J. Li, W. Wang, and X. Wu. 2016. Equol induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells via the sustained activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Molecules and Cells 39 (10):742–9. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, J., and T.-F. Yu. 2003. Effects of isoflavones (soy phyto-estrogens) on serum lipids: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Journal 2:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, S., T. Niwa, T. Osawa, and T. Suzuki. 2010. Characterization of an O-desmethylangolensin-producing bacterium isolated from human feces. Archives of Microbiology 192 (1):15–22. doi: 10.1007/s00203-009-0524-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, S., and T. Suzuki. 2008. Isolation and characterization of a novel equol-producing bacterium from human feces. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72 (10):2660–2666. doi: 10.1271/bbb.80329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaineddin, A. K., A. Vrieling, K. Buck, S. Becker, J. Linseisen, D. Flesch-Janys, R. Kaaks, and J. Chang-Claude. 2012. Serum enterolactone and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen, progesterone and herceptin 2 receptor status. International Journal of Cancer 130 (6):1401–1410. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Ros, R., M. Touillaud, J. A. Rothwell, I. Romieu, and A. Scalbert. 2014. Measuring exposure to the polyphenol metabolome in observational epidemiologic studies: Current tools and applications and their limits. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (1):11–26. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.077743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Y. T. Gao, G. Yang, H. Li, Q. Cai, Y. B. Xiang, B. T. Ji, A. A. Franke, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu. 2012. Urinary isoflavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. International Journal of Epidemiology 41 (5):1367–1375. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., K. Kawaguchi, and R. Kiyama. 2017. Differential and directional estrogenic signaling pathways induced by enterolignans and their precursors. PLoS One 12 (2):e0171390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar