References
- Al-Jeboory, A. A., and K. E. H. Dizaye. 2006. Cardiovascular effects of vitexin. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 27:e146.
- An, F., G. D. Yang, J. M. Tian, and S. H. Wang. 2012. Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice. Neural Regeneration Research 7 (33):2565–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.33.001.
- An, F., S. Wang, D. Yuan, Y. Gong, and S. Wang. 2016. Attenuation of oxidative stress of erythrocytes by the plant-derived flavonoids vitexin and apigenin. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016:1–732. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3401269.
- Aseervatham, G. S., U. Suryakala, S., S. Doulethunisha, P. C. Bose, and T. Sivasudha. 2016. Expression pattern of NMDA receptors reveals antiepileptic potential of apigenin 8-C-glucoside and chlorogenic acid in pilocarpine induced epileptic mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 82:54–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.066.
- Ashokkumar, R., S. Jamuna, M. S. S. Sadullah, and S. N. Devaraj. 2018. Vitexin protects isoproterenol induced post myocardial injury by modulating hipposignaling and ER stress responses. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 496 (2):731–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.104.
- Bai, Y., J. Chang, Y. Xu, D. Cheng, H. Liu, Y. Zhao, and Z. Yu. 2016. Antioxidant and myocardial preservation activities of natural phytochemicals from mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64 (22):4648–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01538.
- Bai, Y., Q. Zhang, B. Wang, M. Zhang, Y. Xu, S. Li, Y. Zhao, and Z. Yu. 2017. Plasma pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and tissue distribution of four C-glycosyl flavones from mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seed extracts in rat by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (27):5570–80.
- Bedell, S., J. Wells, Q. F. Liu, and C. Breivogel. 2019. Vitexin as an active ingredient in passion flower with potential as an agent for nicotine cessation: Vitexin antagonism of the expression of nicotine locomotor sensitization in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology 57 (1):8–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1561725.
- Belguith-Hadriche, O., S. Ammar, M. d M. Contreras, M. Turki, A. Segura-Carretero, A. El Feki, F. Makni-Ayedi, and M. Bouaziz. 2016. Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of edible Tunisian Ficus carica L. fruits in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 71 (2):183–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-016-0541-x.
- Bhardwaj, M., H. J. Cho, S. Paul, R. Jakhar, I. Khan, S. J. Lee, B. Y. Kim, M. Krishnan, T. P. Khaket, H. G. Lee, et al. 2018. Vitexin induces apoptosis by suppressing autophagy in multi-drug resistant colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 9 (3):3278–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22890.
- Bhardwaj, M., S. Paul, R. Jakhar, I. Khan, J. I. Kang, H. M. Kim, J. W. Yun, S. J. Lee, H. J. Cho, H. G. Lee, et al. 2017. Vitexin confers HSF-1 mediated autophagic cell death by activating JNK and ApoL1 in colorectal carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 8 (68):112426–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20113.
- Borghi, S. M., T. T. Carvalho, L. Staurengo-Ferrari, M. S. N. Hohmann, P. Pinge, R. Casagrande, and W. A. Verri. 2013. Vitexin inhibits inflammatory pain in mice by targeting TRPV1, oxidative stress, and cytokines. Journal of Natural Products 76 (6):1141–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/np400222v.
- Braune, A., and M. Blaut. 2012. Intestinal bacterium Eubacterium cellulosolvens deglycosylates flavonoid C- and O-glucosides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (22):8151–3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02115-12.
- Brunet, A., S. R. Datta, and M. E. Greenberg. 2001. Transcription-dependent and -independent control of neuronal survival by the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11 (3):297–305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00211-7.
- Cao, D., H. Li, J. Yi, J. Zhang, H. Che, J. Cao, L. Yang, C. Zhu, and W. Jiang. 2011. Antioxidant properties of the mung bean flavonoids on alleviating heat stress. PLoS One 6 (6):e21071. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021071.
- Che, X., X. Wang, J. Y. Zhang, C. F. Peng, Y. L. Zhen, X. Shao, G. L. Zhang, and L. Y. Dong. 2016. Vitexin exerts cardioprotective effect on chronic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting myocardial apoptosis and lipid peroxidation. American Journal of Translational Research 8 (8):3319–28.
- Chen, J. F., J. C. Zhong, Y. Y. Liu, Y. Huang, F. Luo, Y. J. Zhou, X. Pan, S. S. Cao, L. L. Zhang, Y. J. Zhang, et al. 2018. Purified vitexin compound 1, a new neolignan isolated compound, promotes PUMA-dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Medicine 7 (12):6158–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1769.
- Chen, L. L., B. Zhang, S. Q. Shan, and X. Zhao. 2016. Neuroprotective effects of vitexin against isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity by targeting the TRPV1 and NR2B signaling pathways. Molecular Medicine Reports 14 (6):5607–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5948.
- Cheng, D., R. Wang, C. Wang, and L. Hou. 2017. Mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) polyphenol extract attenuates aluminum-induced cardiotoxicity through an ROS-triggered Ca2+/JNK/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in rats. Food & Function 8 (2):851–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01817C.
- Choi, H. J., J. S. Eun, B. G. Kim, S. Y. Kim, H. Jeon, and Y. Soh. 2006. Vitexin, an HIF-1 alpha a inhibitor, has anti-metastatic potential in PC12 cells. Molecules and Cells 22 (3):291–9.
- Choi, J. S., M. N. Islam, M. Y. Ali, E. J. Kim, Y. M. Kim, and H. A. Jung. 2014. Effects of C-glycosylation on anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer’s disease and anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin. Food and Chemical Toxicology 64:27–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.020.
- Colomeu, T. C., D. De Figueiredo, P. Silva Matos, V. D. Carvalho, N. S. G. Schumacher, D. M. Abram, L. G. R. Fernandes, and R. D. Zollner. 2017. Effect of aqueous leaves extract from passiflora alata curtis and vitexin, isoorientin in co-culture of min6/lymphocytes from nod mice in oxidative stress and cell death. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 71:391–2.
- Cui, Y. H., X. Q. Zhang, N. D. Wang, M. D. Zheng, and J. Yan. 2019. Vitexin protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain endothelial permeability. European Journal of Pharmacology 853:210–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.015.
- Czemplik, M., J. Mierziak, J. Szopa, and A. Kulma. 2016. Flavonoid C-glucosides derived from flax straw extracts reduce human breast cancer cell growth in vitro and induce apoptosis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7:282–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00282.
- Das, M. C., P. Sandhu, P. Gupta, P. Rudrapaul, U. C. De, P. Tribedi, Y. Akhter, and S. Bhattacharjee. 2016. Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by vitexin: A combinatorial study with azithromycin and gentamicin. Scientific Reports 6 (1):23347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23347.
- Ding, F., and J. Liu. 2019. Qualitative and quantitative analysis for the chemical constituents of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum diels et gilg using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry and preliminary screening for anti-influenza virus components. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019:9414926.
- Doshi, S., and D. R. Lynch. 2009. Calpain and the glutamatergic synapse. Frontiers in Bioscience S1 (2):466–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.2741/s38.
- Duncan, S. H., M. Schreiner, P. Louis, R. Maul, S. Rohn, F. Yan, Y. Yang, L. Yu, and X. Zheng. 2017. Effects of C-glycosides from Apios americana leaves against oxidative stress during hyperglycemia through regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (34):7457–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03163.
- Etxeberria, U., A. Fernández-Quintela, F. I. Milagro, L. Aguirre, J. A. Martínez, and M. P. Portillo. 2013. Impact of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich dietary sources on gut microbiota composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (40):9517–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402506c.
- Galli, S. J., and M. Tsai. 2012. IgE and mast cells in allergic disease. Nature Medicine 18 (5):693–704. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2755.
- Ganesan, K., and B. J. Xu. 2017. Molecular targets of vitexin and isovitexin in cancer therapy: A critical review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1401 (1):102–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13446.
- Ganesan, K., and B. J. Xu. 2018. A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Food Science and Human Wellness 7 (1):11–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2017.11.002.
- Gao, Y. C., Y. Du, Z. M. Ying, A. J. Leng, W. J. Zhang, Y. H. Meng, C. Y. Li, L. Xu, X. X. Ying, and T. G. Kang. 2016. Hepatic, gastric and intestinal first-pass effects of vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomedical Chromatography 30 (2):111–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3522.
- Gazola, A. C., G. M. Costa, S. M. Zucolotto, L. Castellanos, F. A. Ramos, T. C. M. de Lima, and E. P. Schenkel. 2018. The sedative activity of flavonoids from Passiflora quadrangularis is mediated through the GABAergic pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 100:388–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.002.
- Girish, T. K., K. A. Kumar, and U. J. S. Prasada Rao. 2016. C-Glycosylated flavonoids from black gram husk: Protection against DNA and erythrocytes from oxidative damage and their cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells. Toxicology Reports 3:652–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.006.
- Glick, D., S. Barth, and K. F. Macleod. 2010. Autophagy: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. The Journal of Pathology 221 (1):3–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697.
- Goncalves, R. F. S., J. T. Martins, C. M. M. Duarte, A. A. Vicente, and A. C. Pinheiro. 2018. Advances in nutraceutical delivery systems: From formulation design for bioavailability enhancement to efficacy and safety evaluation. Trends in Food Science & Technology 78:270–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.06.011.
- Gu, C. B., Z. W. Liu, X. H. Yuan, W. Li, Y. G. Zu, and Y. J. Fu. 2017. Preparation of vitexin nanoparticles by combining the antisolvent precipitation and high pressure homogenization approaches followed by lyophilization for dissolution rate enhancement. Molecules 22 (11):e2038. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22112038.
- Hashem, A. N., M. S. Soliman, M. A. Hamed, N. F. Swilam, U. Lindequist, and M. A. Nawwar. 2016. Beta vulgaris subspecies cicla var. flavescens (Swiss chard): flavonoids, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activities. Die Pharmazie 71 (4):227–32.
- He, J. D., Z. Wang, S. P. Li, Y. J. Xu, Y. Yu, Y. J. Ding, W. L. Yu, R. X. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, and H. Y. Du. 2016. Vitexin suppresses autophagy to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma via activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 7 (51):84520–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.11731.
- Hein, E. M., K. Rose, G. van’t Slot, A. W. Friedrich, and H. U. Humpf. 2008. Deconjugation and degradation of flavonol glycosides by pig cecal microbiota characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (6):2281–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073444o.
- Hu, M., F. M. Li, and W. D. Wang. 2018. Vitexin protects dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therapy Volume 12:565–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S156920.
- Je, H. G., S. M. Hong, H. D. Je, U. D. Sohn, Y. S. Choi, S. Y. Seo, Y. S. Min, S. J. Chung, Y. K. Shin, T. J. Lee, et al. 2014. The inhibitory effect of vitexin on the agonist-induced regulation of vascular contractility. Die Pharmazie 69 (3):224–8.
- Jiang, J.,. J. C. Dai, and H. Cui. 2018. Vitexin reverses the autophagy dysfunction to attenuate MCAO-induced cerebral ischemic stroke via mTOR/Ulk1 pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99:583–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.067.
- Jiang, J.,. Y. Jia, X. Lu, T. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Fu, C. Pang, and Y. Qian. 2019. Vitexin suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteolysis. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234 (10):17549–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28378.
- Kalmar-Nagy, K.,. P. Degrell, A. Szabo, K. Sumegi, I. Wittmann, F. Gallyas, Jr., and B. Sumegi. 2013. PARP inhibition attenuates acute kidney allograft rejection by suppressing cell death pathways and activating PI-3K-Akt cascade. PLoS One 8 (12):e81928. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081928.
- Kim, G. H., K. Lim, H. S. Yang, J. K. Lee, Y. Kim, S. K. Park, S. H. Kim, S. Park, T. H. Kim, J. S. Moon, et al. 2019. Improvement in neurogenesis and memory function by administration of Passiflora incarnata L. extract applied to sleep disorder in rodent models. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 98:27–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.03.005.
- Kim, H. J., Y. R. Nam, E. J. Kim, J. H. Nam, and W. K. Kim. 2018. Spirodela polyrhiza and its chemical constituent vitexin exert anti-allergic effect via ORAI1 channel inhibition. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46 (06):1243–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X18500659.
- Kim, Y.-H., T. Oh, E. Park, N.-H. Yim, K. Park, W. Cho, and J. Ma. 2018. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Acer palmatum Thumb. extract, KIOM-2015EW, in a hyperosmolar-stress-induced in vitro dry eye model. Nutrients 10 (3):e282. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030282.
- Krcatovic, E., G. Rusak, N. Bezic, and M. Krajacic. 2008. Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus infection by quercetin and vitexin. Acta Virol 52:119–24.
- Kumar, D., V. Arya, Z. A. Bhat, N. A. Khan, and D. N. Prasad. 2012. The genus Crataegus: Chemical and pharmacological perspectives. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 22 (5):1187–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000094.
- Lee, S. J., M. D. Hossaine, and S. C. Park. 2016. A potential anti-inflammation activity and depigmentation effect of Lespedeza bicolor extract and its fractions. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23 (1):9–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.01.016.
- Li, Y. L., S. C. Ma, Y. T. Yang, S. M. Ye, and P. P. But. 2002. Antiviral activities of flavonoids and organic acid from Trollius chinensis Bunge. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (3):365–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00410-X.
- Li, Z. M., N. Liu, Y. P. Jiang, J. M. Yang, J. Zheng, M. Sun, Y. X. Li, T. Sun, J. Wu, and J. Q. Yu. 2019. Vitexin alleviates streptozotocin-induced sexual dysfunction and fertility impairments in male mice via modulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Chem Biol Interact 297:119–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.013.
- Liang, M., W. Xu, W. Zhang, C. Zhang, R. Liu, Y. Shen, H. Li, X. Wang, X. Wang, Q. Pan, et al. 2007. Quantitative LC/MS/MS method and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of vitexin rhamnoside, a bioactive constituent on cardiovascular system from hawthorn. Biomedical Chromatography 21 (4):422–9.
- Liao, M., X. Cheng, X. Diao, Y. Sun, and L. Zhang. 2017. Metabolites identificaion of two bioactive constituents in Trollius ledebourii in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1068–1069:297–312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.061.
- Liu, N. A., K. S. Wang, M. Qi, Y. J. Zhou, G. Y. Zeng, J. Tao, J. D. Zhou, J. L. Zhang, X. Chen, and C. Peng. 2018. Vitexin compound 1, a novel extraction from a Chinese herb, suppresses melanoma cell growth through DNA damage by increasing ROS levels. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 37 (1):e269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-018-0897-x.
- Liu, X. L., Q. F. Jiang, H. M. Liu, and S. X. Luo. 2019. Vitexin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Biological Research 52 (1):e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0214-y.
- Lorizola, I., C. Furlan, M. Portovedo, M. Milanski, P. Botelho, R. Bezerra, B. Sumere, M. Rostagno, and C. Capitani. 2018. Beet stalks and leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) protect against high-fat diet-induced oxidative damage in the liver in mice. Nutrients 10 (7):e872. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070872.
- Lu, Y., T. Yu, J. Y. Liu, and L. N. Gu. 2018. Vitexin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by controlling the Nrf2 pathway. PLoS One 13 (4):e0196405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196405.
- Luo, J., M. Chen, Y. Liu, H. Xie, J. Yuan, Y. Zhou, J. Ding, Z. Deng, and J. Li. 2018a. Nature-derived lignan compound VB-1 exerts hair growth-promoting effects by augmenting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human dermal papilla cells. PeerJ 6:e4737. doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4737.
- Luo, J., W. Cai, T. Wu, and B. Xu. 2016. Phytochemical distribution in hull and cotyledon of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate L.), and their contribution to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. Food Chemistry 201:350–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.101.
- Luo, W. D., J. W. Min, W. X. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Y. Peng, S. Han, J. Yin, W. H. Liu, X. H. He, and B. W. Peng. 2018b. Vitexin reduces epilepsy after hypoxic ischemia in the neonatal brain via inhibition of NKCC1. Journal of Neuroinflammation 15 (1):e186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1221-6.
- Luo, Y. J., Z. L. Wang, D. L. Shi, Z. Q. Luo, and N. L. Yu. 2017. Preparation, characterization, and physicochemical properties of vitexin-phospholipid nano-complex. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 9 (12):2067–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2017.2542.
- Lyu, Z. P., J. Cao, J. Wang, and H. M. Lian. 2018. Protective effect of vitexin reduces sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis through HIF-1 alpha, VEGF and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in vitro and in newborn rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15:3117–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5758.
- Malar, D. S., M. I. Prasanth, R. B. Shafreen, K. Balamurugan, and K. P. Devi. 2018a. Grewia tiliaefolia and its active compound vitexin regulate the expression of glutamate transporters and protect Neuro-2a cells from glutamate toxicity. Life Sciences 203:233–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.047.
- Malar, D. S., V. Suryanarayanan, M. I. Prasanth, S. K. Singh, K. Balamurugan, and K. P. Devi. 2018b. Vitexin inhibits A beta(25-35) induced toxicity in Neuro-2a cells by augmenting Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent antioxidant pathway and regulating lipid homeostasis by the activation of LXR-alpha. Toxicology in Vitro 50:160–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2018.03.003.
- McClements, D. J., and H. Xiao. 2017. Designing food structure and composition to enhance nutraceutical bioactivity to support cancer inhibition. Seminars in Cancer Biology 46:215–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.003.
- Min, J. W., J. J. Hu, M. He, R. M. Sanchez, W. X. Huang, Y. Q. Liu, N. B. Bsoul, S. Han, J. Yin, W. H. Liu, et al. 2015. Vitexin reduces hypoxia-ischemia neonatal brain injury by the inhibition of HIF-1 alpha in a rat pup model. Neuropharmacology 99:38–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.007.
- Min, J. W., W. L. Kong, S. Han, N. Bsoul, W. H. Liu, X. H. He, R. M. Sanchez, and B. W. Peng. 2017. Vitexin protects against hypoxic-ischemic injury via inhibiting Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and apoptosis signaling in the neonatal mouse brain. Oncotarget 8 (15):25513–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16065.
- Moharram, F. A., R. El-Dib, M. S. Marzouk, S. M. El-Shenawy, and H. A. Ibrahim. 2017. New apigenin glycoside, polyphenolic constituents, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of Gaillardia grandiflora and Gaillardia pulchella aerial parts. Pharmacognosy Magazine 13 (50):244–S249. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_344_16.
- Ngwoke, K. G., C. Ezenkwu, D. L. Ajaghaku, and P. Proksch. 2017. Vitexin with its derivatives is responsible for the cholinomimetic properties of Penianthus longifolius extract which stimulates muscarinic receptors. Natural Products Journal 7:231–6.
- Nikfarjam, B. A., F. Hajiali, M. Adineh, and M. Nassiri-Asl. 2017. Anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin and vitexin on activated human peripheral blood neutrophils - The effects of quercetin and vitexin on human neutrophils. J Pharmacopuncture 20:127–31.
- Ninfali, P., E. Antonini, A. Frati, and E. S. Scarpa. 2017. C-Glycosyl flavonoids from Beta vulgaris Cicla and betalains from Beta vulgaris rubra: Antioxidant, anticancer and antiinflammatory activities-A review. Phytotherapy Research 31 (6):871–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5819.
- Nurdiana, S., Y. M. Goh, A. Hafandi, S. M. Dom, A. Nur Syimal'ain, N. M. Noor Syaffinaz, and M. Ebrahimi. 2018. Improvement of spatial learning and memory, cortical gyrification patterns and brain oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats treated with Ficus deltoidea leaf extract and vitexin. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 8 (1):190–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.05.006.
- Nurdiana, S., Y. M. Goh, H. Ahmad, S. M. Dom, N. Syimal’ain Azmi, N. S. Noor Mohamad Zin, and M. Ebrahimi. 2017. Changes in pancreatic histology, insulin secretion and oxidative status in diabetic rats following treatment with Ficus deltoidea and vitexin. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 (1):e290. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1762-8.
- Pahlavan, S., M. S. Tousi, M. Ayyari, A. Alirezalu, H. Ansari, T. Saric, and H. Baharvand. 2018. Effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pentagyna) leaf extract on electrophysiologic properties of cardiomyocytes derived from human cardiac arrhythmia-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. The FASEB Journal 32 (3):1440–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700494RR.
- Papalia, T., D. Barreca, and M. R. Panuccio. 2017. Assessment of antioxidant and cytoprotective potential of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) grown in southern Italy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 (3):e660. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030660.
- Peng, Y., Q. Sun, and Y. Park. 2019b. The bioactive effects of chicoric acid as a functional food ingredient. Journal of Medicinal Food 22 (7):645–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.0211.
- Peng, Y., Q. Sun, and Y. Park. 2019c. Chicoric acid promotes glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation via AMP-activated protein kinase α-dependent pathway. Journal of Functional Foods 59:8–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.020.
- Peng, Y., Q. Sun, R. Gao, and Y. Park. 2019a. AAK-2 and SKN-1 are involved in chicoric-acid-induced lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67 (33):9178–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00705.
- Peng, Y., Q. Sun, W. Xu, Y. He, W. Jin, L. Yuan, and R. Gao. 2019d. Vitexin ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in male C57BL/6J mice via the AMPKalpha-mediated pathway. Food & Function 10 (4):1940–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO00148D.
- Porta, C., C. Paglino, and A. Mosca. 2014. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer. Frontiers in Oncology 4:64. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00064.
- Rath, S. N., M. Ray, A. Pattnaik, and S. K. Pradhan. 2016. Drug target identification and elucidation of natural inhibitors for Bordetella petrii: An in silico study. Genomics & Informatics 14 (4):241–254. doi: https://doi.org/10.5808/GI.2016.14.4.241.
- Rosa, S. I. G., F. Rios-Santos, S. O. Balogun, and D. T. D. Martins. 2016. Vitexin reduces neutrophil migration to inflammatory focus by down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators via inhibition of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK pathway. Phytomedicine 23 (1):9–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.003.
- Rosa, S. I. G., F. Rios-Santos, S. O. Balogun, D. A. T. de Almeida, A. S. Damazo, T. C. D. da Cruz, E. Pavan, R. D. S. Barbosa, T. D. C. Alvim, I. M. Soares, et al. 2017. Hydroethanolic extract from Echinodorus scaber Rataj leaves inhibits inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 203:191–199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.025.
- Rosenfeldt, M. T., and K. M. Ryan. 2011. The multiple roles of autophagy in cancer. Carcinogenesis 32 (7):955–963. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgr031.
- Sadati, S. M., N. Gheibi, S. Ranjbar, and M. S. Hashemzadeh. 2019. Docking study of flavonoid derivatives as potent inhibitors of influenza H1N1 virus neuraminidase. Biomedical Reports 10 (1):33–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1173.
- Sadot, E., B. Geiger, M. Oren, and A. Ben-Ze'ev. 2001. Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 (20):6768–6781. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.20.6768-6781.2001.
- Sayed, N., A. Khurana, and C. Godugu. 2019. Pharmaceutical perspective on the translational hurdles of phytoconstituents and strategies to overcome. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 53:101201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101201.
- Scarpa, E. S., E. Antonini, F. Palma, M. Mari, and P. Ninfali. 2018. Antiproliferative activity of vitexin-2-O-xyloside and avenanthramides on CaCo-2 and HepG2 cancer cells occurs through apoptosis induction and reduction of pro-survival mechanisms. European Journal of Nutrition 57 (4):1381–1395. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1418-y.
- Scarpa, E. S., M. Emanuelli, A. Frati, V. Pozzi, E. Antonini, G. Diamantini, G. Di Ruscio, D. Sartini, T. Armeni, F. Palma, et al. 2016. Betacyanins enhance vitexin-2-O-xyloside mediated inhibition of proliferation of T24 bladder cancer cells dagger. Food & Function 7 (12):4772–4780. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO01130F.
- Schuster, R., W. Holzer, H. Doerfler, W. Weckwerth, H. Viernstein, S. Okonogi, and M. Mueller. 2016. Cajanus cajan- a source of PPARgamma activators leading to anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Food & Function 7 (9):3798–3806. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO00689B.
- Seyedan, A., Z. Mohamed, M. A. Alshagga, S. Koosha, and M. A. Alshawsh. 2019. Cynometra cauliflora Linn. attenuates metabolic abnormalities in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 236:173–182. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.001.
- Shang, S.,. F. Hua, and Z. W. Hu, 2017. The regulation of β-catenin activity and function in cancer: Therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 8 (20):33972–33989. doi: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15687.
- Shuayprom, A., D. Sanguansermsri, P. Sanguansermsri, I. H. Fraser, and N. Wongkattiya, 2016. Quantitative determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn. leaves using HPTLC. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6 (3):216–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.11.006.
- Sun, Q., J. Lin, Y. Peng, R. Gao, and Y. Peng, 2018. Flubendiamide enhances adipogenesis and inhibits AMPKα in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Molecules 23 (11):e2950. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112950.
- Sun, Z., B. Yan, W. Y. Yu, X. P. Yao, X. J. Ma, G. L. Sheng, and Q. Ma, 2016. Vitexin attenuates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats via the suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and the activation of FOXO3a. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12 (3):1879–1884. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3518.
- Tang, Z. B., L. Yang, and X. S. Zhang, 2017. Vitexin mitigates myocardial ischemia reperfusion-induced damage by inhibiting excessive autophagy to suppress apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. RSC Advances 7 (89):56406–56416. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA12151B.
- Venturini, C. L., A. Macho, K. Arunachalam, D. A. T. de Almeida, S. I. G. Rosa, E. Pavan, S. O. Balogun, A. S. Damazo, and D. T. D. Martins, 2018. Vitexin inhibits inflammation in murine ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 97:143–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.073.
- Wang, C. L., T. Y. Li, L. Zhang, Y. T. Zhu, K. Z. Zhu, and Z. Y. Li, 2019. Vitexin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury via triggering AMPK/FOXO3a signaling pathway in newborn rats. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 38:558–564.
- Wang, F., J. Yin, Y. Ma, H. Jiang, and Y. Li, 2017. Vitexin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced islet cell injury by inhibiting HMGB1 release. Molecular Medicine Reports 15 (3):1079–1086. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6114.
- Wang, Y. J., C. H. Han, A. J. Leng, W. J. Zhang, H. F. Xue, Y. H. Chen, J. J. Yin, D. R. Lu, and X. X. Ying, 2012. Pharmacokinetics of vitexin in rats after intravenous and oral administration. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6 (31):2368–2373. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.534.
- Wirawan, E., S. Lippens, T. Vanden-Berghe, A. Romagnoli, G. M. Fimia, M. Piacentini, and P. Vandenabeele, 2012. Beclin1: A role in membrane dynamics and beyond. Autophagy 8 (1):6–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.8.1.16645.
- Wu, H., G. Zhang, L. Huang, H. Pang, N. Zhang, Y. Chen, and G. Wang, 2017. Hepatoprotective effect of polyphenol-enriched fraction from Folium Microcos on oxidative stress and apoptosis in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017:1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3631565.
- Xiao, J., E. Capanoglu, A. R. Jassbi, and A. Miron, 2016. Advance on the flavonoid C-glycosides and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56 (sup1):S29–S45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1067595.
- Xie, C. L., J. L. Li, E. X. Xue, H. C. Dou, J. T. Lin, K. Chen, H. Q. Wu, L. Wu, J. Xuan, and Q. S. Huang, 2018. Vitexin alleviates ER-stress-activated apoptosis and the related inflammation in chondrocytes and inhibits the degeneration of cartilage in rats. Food & Function 9 (11):5740–5749. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01509K.
- Xue, H. F., Z. M. Ying, W. J. Zhang, Y. H. Meng, X. X. Ying, and T. G. Kang, 2014. Hepatic, gastric, and intestinal first-pass effects of vitexin in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology 52 (8):967–971. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.874464.
- Yang, H., J. Huang, Y. Mao, L. Wang, R. Li, and C. Ha, 2019. Vitexin alleviates interleukin-1beta induced inflammatory responses in chondrocytes from osteoarthritis patients: Involvement of HIF-1alpha pathway. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 90 (2):e12773. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12773.
- Yang, J. H., M. H. Choi, S. H. Yang, S. S. Cho, S. J. Park, H. J. Shin, and S. H. Ki, 2017. Potent anti-inflammatory and antiadipogenic properties of Bamboo (Sasa coreana Nakai) leaves extract and its major constituent flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (31):6665–6673. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02203.
- Yun, C. W., and S. H. Lee, 2018. The roles of autophagy in cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19 (11):e3466. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113466.
- Zhang, G. N., D. Y. Li, H. Chen, J. C. Zhang, and X. Y. Jin, 2018. Vitexin induces G2/M-phase arrest and apoptosis via Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human glioblastoma cells. Molecular Medicine Reports 17:4599–4604.
- Zhang, S. L., C. L. Guo, Z. G. Chen, P. Y. Zhang, J. H. Li, and Y. Li, 2017b. Vitexin alleviates ox-LDL-mediated endothelial injury by inducing autophagy via AMPK signaling activation. Molecular Immunology 85:214–221. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.020.
- Zhang, S., Y. Xie, J. Wang, Y. Geng, Y. Zhou, C. Sun, and G. Wang, 2017a. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of two pairs of isomeric flavonoid glycosides and other ones in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomedical Chromatography 31 (10):e3972. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3972.
- Zhu, Q., L. N. Mao, C. P. Liu, Y. H. Sun, B. Jiang, W. Zhang, and J. X. Li, 2016. Antinociceptive effects of vitexin in a mouse model of postoperative pain. Scientific Reports 6 (1):e19266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19266.