Polysaccharides: bowel health and gut microbiota

References

• Alarifi, S., A. Bell, and G. Walton. 2018. In vitro fermentation of gum acacia–impact on the faecal microbiota. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 69 (6):696–704. doi: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1404970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlEssa, H. B., R. Cohen, V. S. Malik, S. N. Adebamowo, E. B. Rimm, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. 2018. Carbohydrate quality and quantity and risk of coronary heart disease among US women and men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 107 (2):257–67. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuma, K., T. Osaki, S. Ifuku, H. Maeda, M. Morimoto, O. Takashima, T. Tsuka, T. Imagawa, Y. Okamoto, H. Saimoto, et al. 2013. Suppressive effects of cellulose nanofibers—made from adlay and seaweed—on colon inflammation in an inflammatory bowel-disease model. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2 (1):65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.09.006.
   Google Scholar
• Badel, S., T. Bernardi, and P. Michaud. 2011. New perspectives for Lactobacilli exopolysaccharides. Biotechnology Advances 29 (1):54–66. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, A. S. 1993. Carbohydrates and sugars. In Biochemistry labfax, ed. J. A. A. Chambers and D. Rickwood, 305–15. Cambridge: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Basaranoglu, M., G. Basaranoglu, and E. Bugianesi. 2015. Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Fructose as a weapon of mass destruction. Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 4 (2):109–16. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassaganya-Riera, J., M. DiGuardo, M. Viladomiu, A. de Horna, S. Sanchez, A. W. C. Einerhand, L. Sanders, and R. Hontecillas. 2011. Soluble fibers and resistant starch ameliorate disease activity in interleukin-10–deficient mice with inflammatory bowel disease. The Journal of Nutrition 141 (7):1318–25. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.139022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobadilla, F., C. Rodriguez-Tirado, M. Imarai, M. J. Galotto, and R. Andersson. 2013. Soluble β-1, 3/1, 6-glucan in seaweed from the southern hemisphere and its immunomodulatory effect. Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (1):241–8. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitán-Cañadas, F., B. Ocón, C. J. Aranda, A. Anzola, M. D. Suárez, A. Zarzuelo, F. S. de Medina, and O. Martínez-Augustin. 2016. Fructooligosaccharides exert intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in the CD4+ CD62L + T cell transfer model of colitis in C57BL/6J mice. European Journal of Nutrition 55 (4):1445–54. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0962-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champ, M., L. Martin, L. Noah, and M. Grams. 1999. Analytical metods for resistant starch. In Complex carbohydrates in food, eds. S. S. Cho, L. Prosky and M. Dreher, 184–87. New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Cheetham, N. W., and L. Tao. 1998. Variation in crystalline type with amylose content in maize starch granules: An X-ray powder diffraction study. Carbohydrate Polymers 36 (4):277–84. doi: 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00007-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-L., Y.-H. Fan, M.-E. Chen, and Y. Chan. 2005. Unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed konjac glucomannans modulated cecal and fecal microflora in Balb/c mice. Nutrition 21 (10):1059–64. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.02.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, S., S. Das, D. Bhattacharjee, P. K. Saha, S. Mukherjee, and B. K. Bhattacharyya. 2015. Prebiotics—Clinical relevance. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 6 (2):91–97.
   Google Scholar
• Conlon, M. A., and A. R. Bird. 2015. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 7 (1):17–44. doi: 10.3390/nu7010017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, L. A., C. F. Maurice, R. N. Carmody, D. B. Gootenberg, J. E. Button, B. E. Wolfe, A. V. Ling, A. S. Devlin, Y. Varma, M. A. Fischbach, et al. 2014. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505 (7484):559–63. doi: 10.1038/nature12820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo, C., D. Cavalieri, M. Di Paola, M. Ramazzotti, J. B. Poullet, S. Massart, S. Collini, G. Pieraccini, and P. Lionetti. 2010. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (33):14691–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005963107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dertli, E., E. Mercan, M. Arıcı, M. T. Yılmaz, and O. Sağdıç. 2016. Characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from Turkish sourdough and determination of their exopolysaccharide (EPS) production characteristics. Lwt - Food Science and Technology 71:116–24. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewulf, E. M., P. D. Cani, S. P. Claus, S. Fuentes, P. G. Puylaert, A. M. Neyrinck, L. B. Bindels, W. M. de Vos, G. R. Gibson, J.-P. Thissen, et al. 2013. Insight into the prebiotic concept: Lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 62 (8):1112–21. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do, M., E. Lee, M.-J. Oh, Y. Kim, and H.-Y. Park. 2018. High-glucose or-fructose diet cause changes of the gut microbiota and metabolic disorders in mice without body weight change. Nutrients 10 (6):761. doi: 10.3390/nu10060761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, K. T., and E. B. Chang. 2017. Diet, gut microbes, and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (1):1600129. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endesfelder, D., M. Engel, A. G. Davis-Richardson, A. N. Ardissone, P. Achenbach, S. Hummel, C. Winkler, M. Atkinson, D. Schatz, E. Triplett, et al. 2016. Towards a functional hypothesis relating anti-islet cell autoimmunity to the dietary impact on microbial communities and butyrate production. Microbiome 4 (1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0163-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Englyst, H. N., S. M. Kingman, and J. H. Cummings. 1992. Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46:S33–S50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst, H. N., and G. T. Macfarlane. 1986. Breakdown of resistant and readily digestible starch by human gut bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 37 (7):699–706. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740370717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eswaran, S., J. Muir, and W. D. Chey. 2013. Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 108 (5):718–27. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, R., S. Du, Y. Chen, S. Zheng, W. Zhang, G. Na, Y. Li, and C. Sun. 2015. High carbohydrate intake from starchy foods is positively associated with metabolic disorders: A Cohort Study from a Chinese population. Scientific Reports 5 (1):16919. doi: 10.1038/srep16919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fertah, M., A. Belfkira, E. m Dahmane, M. Taourirte, and F. Brouillette. 2017. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from Moroccan Laminaria digitata brown seaweed. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10:S3707–S14. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forland, D. T., E. Johnson, L. Saetre, T. Lyberg, I. Lygren, and G. Hetland. 2011. Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on expression of cytokines and calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 73 (1):66–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02477.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohberg, C., and M. Quanz. 2008. Use of linear poly-alpha-1, 4-glucans as resistant starch. US Patents 20,080,249,297, filed October 24, 2003, and issued October 9, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, X., R. Li, T. Zhang, M. Li, and H. Mou. 2019. Study on the ability of partially hydrolyzed guar gum to modulate the gut microbiota and relieve constipation. Journal of Food Biochemistry 43 (2):e12715. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, J., and S. N. Sabapathi. 2015. Cellulose nanocrystals: Synthesis, functional properties, and applications. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications 8:45–54. doi: 10.2147/NSA.S64386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. E., and M. R. Antoniewicz. 2017. Tracing metabolism from lignocellulosic biomass and gaseous substrates to products with stable-isotopes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 43:86–95. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haenen, D., J. Zhang, C. Souza da Silva, G. Bosch, I. M. van der Meer, J. van Arkel, J. J. G. C. van den Borne, O. Pérez Gutiérrez, H. Smidt, B. Kemp, et al. 2013. A diet high in resistant starch modulates microbiota composition, SCFA concentrations, and gene expression in pig intestine. The Journal of Nutrition 143 (3):274–83. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.169672.butyrate.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, S., A. G. Schioldan, M. E. Moore, A. Dige, H. N. Laerke, J. Agnholt, K. E. Bach Knudsen, K. Hermansen, M. L. Marco, S. Gregersen, et al. 2016. Effects of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomised crossover study. PloS One 11 (7):e0159223. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmos, E. P., C. T. Christophersen, A. R. Bird, S. J. Shepherd, P. R. Gibson, and J. G. Muir. 2015. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 64 (1):93–100. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijová, E., V. Szabadosova, J. Štofilová, and G. Hrčková. 2013. Chemopreventive and metabolic effects of inulin on colon cancer development. Journal of Veterinary Science 14 (4):387–93. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongpattarakere, T., N. Cherntong, S. Wichienchot, S. Kolida, and R. A. Rastall. 2012. In vitro prebiotic evaluation of exopolysaccharides produced by marine isolated lactic acid bacteria. Carbohydrate Polymers 87 (1):846–52. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horniblow, R. D., P. Mistry, N. Mohammed Quraishi, A. D. Beggs, T. Van de Wiele, Tariq H. Iqbal, and C. Tselepis. 2019. The safety and tolerability of a potential alginate-based iron chelator; results of a healthy participant study. Nutrients 11 (3):674. doi: 10.3390/nu11030674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iraha, A., H. Chinen, A. Hokama, T. Yonashiro, T. Kinjo, K. Kishimoto, M. Nakamoto, T. Hirata, N. Kinjo, and F. Higa. 2013. Fucoidan enhances intestinal barrier function by upregulating the expression of claudin-1. World Journal of Gastroenterology 19 (33):5500. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i33.5500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, H. E., A. M. Rodriguez-Piñeiro, A. Schütte, A. Ermund, P. Boysen, M. Bemark, F. Sommer, F. Bäckhed, G. C. Hansson, and M. E. V. Johansson. 2015. The composition of the gut microbiota shapes the colon mucus barrier. EMBO Reports 16 (2):164–77. doi: 10.15252/embr.201439263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, R., and J. D. Berrocoso. 2015. Dietary fiber utilization and its effects on physiological functions and gut health of swine. Animal 9 (9):1441–52. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115000919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, M. E., J. M. H. Larsson, and G. C. Hansson. 2011. The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host–microbial interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (Supplement_1):4659–65. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006451107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanauchi, O., K. Mitsuyama, T. Homma, K. Takahama, Y. Fujiyama, A. Andoh, Y. Araki, T. Suga, T. Hibi, M. Naganuma, et al. 2003. Treatment of ulcerative colitis patients by long-term administration of germinated barley foodstuff: Multi-center open trial. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 12:701–4. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.12.5.701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanmani, P., L. Albarracin, H. Kobayashi, H. Iida, R. Komatsu, A. K. M. Humayun Kober, W. Ikeda-Ohtsubo, Y. Suda, H. Aso, S. Makino, et al. 2018. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLL1073R-1 modulate innate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Molecular Immunology 93:253–65. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, H., J.-H. Bae, B. H. Sung, M.-J. Kim, H.-J. Park, and J.-H. Sohn. 2019. Microbial production of medium chain fructooligosaccharides by recombinant yeast secreting bacterial inulosucrase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 130:109364. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondepudi, K. K., P. Ambalam, I. Nilsson, T. Wadström, and Å. Ljungh. 2012. Prebiotic-non-digestible oligosaccharides preference of probiotic bifidobacteria and antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 18 (5):489–97. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koropatkin, N. M., E. A. Cameron, and E. C. Martens. 2012. How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota. Nature Reviews Microbiology 10 (5):323–35. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krylova, S. G., L. A. Efimova, E. P. Zueva, M. U. Khotimchenko, E. N. Amosova, T. G. Razina, K. A. Lopatina, and U. S. Khotimchenko. 2008. Gastroprotective effect of nonstarch polysaccharide calcium pectate under experimental conditions. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 145 (6):731–4. doi: 10.1007/s10517-008-0192-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavi, I., D. Levinson, I. Peri, L. Nimri, Y. Hadar, and B. Schwartz. 2010. Orally administered glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius reduce acute inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. British Journal of Nutrition 103 (3):393–402. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lean, Q. Y., R. D. Eri, J. H. Fitton, R. P. Patel, and N. Gueven. 2015. Fucoidan extracts ameliorate acute colitis. PLoS One 10 (6):e0128453. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitch, E. C. M., A. W. Walker, S. H. Duncan, G. Holtrop, and H. J. Flint. 2007. Selective colonization of insoluble substrates by human faecal bacteria. Environmental Microbiology 9 (3):667–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01186.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieszek, M., and W. Rzeski. 2012. Anticancer properties of polysaccharides isolated from fungi of the Basidiomycetes class. Współczesna Onkologia 4:285–9. doi: 10.5114/wo.2012.30055.
   Google Scholar
• Lesmes, U., E. J. Beards, G. R. Gibson, K. M. Tuohy, and E. Shimoni. 2008. Effects of resistant starch type III polymorphs on human colon microbiota and short chain fatty acids in human gut models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (13):5415–21. doi: 10.1021/jf800284d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., J. P. Limenitakis, T. Fuhrer, M. B. Geuking, M. A. Lawson, M. Wyss, S. Brugiroux, I. Keller, J. A. Macpherson, S. Rupp, et al. 2015. The outer mucus layer hosts a distinct intestinal microbial niche. Nature Communications 6 (1):8292., doi: 10.1038/ncomms9292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, L.-Q., A.-X. Song, J.-Y. Yin, K.-C. Siu, W.-T. Wong, and J.-Y. Wu. 2020. Anti-inflammation activity of exopolysaccharides produced by a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1 in cell and animal models. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 149:1042–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., J. Li, G. Mao, T. Wu, Y. Hu, X. Ye, D. Tian, R. J. Linhardt, and S. Chen. 2018. A fucoidan from sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei with well-repeated structure alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic syndromes in HFD-fed mice. Food & Function 9 (10):5371–80. doi: 10.1039/C8FO01174E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R., and G. Xu. 2008. Effects of resistant starch on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (8):2672–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhuri, K., and K. Prabhakar. 2014. Microbial exopolysaccharides: Biosynthesis and potential applications. Oriental Journal of Chemistry 30 (3):1401–10. doi: 10.13005/ojc/300362.
   Google Scholar
• Marsono, Y. 2016. The role and mechanism of Resistant Starch (RS) in reducing plasma glucose concentration. In International Food Conference 2016, eds. I. Epriliat, I. Kuswardani, A. Ingani, Y. Marsono, E. S. Rahayu, E. T. Otunola, P. A. Sopade, S. Ristiarini and E. Chukeatirote, 23–28. Surabaya, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya.
   Google Scholar
• Martens, E. C., M. Neumann, and M. S. Desai. 2018. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16 (8):457–70. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0036-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, I., J. Kim, P. R. Duffy, V. L. Schlegel, and J. Walter. 2010. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PloS One. 5 (11):e15046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler-Zebeli, B. U., R. T. Zijlstra, R. Mosenthin, and M. G. Gänzle. 2011. Dietary calcium phosphate content and oat β-glucan influence gastrointestinal microbiota, butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate fermentation in weaned pigs. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75 (3):402–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01017.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsou, E. K., N. Panopoulou, K. Turunen, V. Spiliotis, and A. Kyriacou. 2010. Prebiotic potential of barley derived β-glucan at low intake levels: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study. Food Research International 43 (4):1086–92. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moens, F., M. Verce, and L. De Vuyst. 2017. Lactate-and acetate-based cross-feeding interactions between selected strains of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and colon bacteria in the presence of inulin-type fructans. International Journal of Food Microbiology 241:225–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau, N. M., L. J. Martin, C. S. Toquet, C. L. Laboisse, P. G. Nguyen, B. S. Siliart, H. J. Dumon, and M. M. Champ. 2003. Restoration of the integrity of rat caeco-colonic mucosa by resistant starch, but not by fructo-oligosaccharides, in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. British Journal of Nutrition 90 (1):75–85. doi: 10.1079/BJN2003867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita, T., H. Tanabe, K. Sugiyama, S. Kasaoka, and S. Kiriyama. 2004. Dietary resistant starch alters the characteristics of colonic mucosa and exerts a protective effect on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 68 (10):2155–64. doi: 10.1271/bbb.68.2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudgil, D., S. Barak, and B. S. Khatkar. 2016. Development of functional yoghurt via soluble fiber fortification utilizing enzymatically hydrolyzed guar gum. Food Bioscience 14:28–33. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy-Szakal, D., E. B. Hollister, R. A. Luna, R. Szigeti, N. Tatevian, C. W. Smith, J. Versalovic, and R. Kellermayer. 2013. Cellulose supplementation early in life ameliorates colitis in adult mice. PloS One. 8 (2):e56685. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najafzadeh, M., P. D. Reynolds, A. Baumgartner, D. Jerwood, and D. Anderson. 2007. Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. BioFactors 31 (3-4):191–200. doi: 10.1002/biof.5520310306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, C. P., M. E. Rhodes, K. L. Arnolds, C. B. Collins, J. Donnelly, N. Nusbacher, P. Jedlicka, J. M. Schneider, M. D. McCarter, M. Shaffer, et al. 2016. Diverse intestinal bacteria contain putative zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides with anti-inflammatory properties. Cell Host & Microbe 20 (4):535–47. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, Y., Q. Lin, and F. Luo. 2017. Effects of non-starch polysaccharides on inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 (7):1372. doi: 10.3390/ijms18071372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niv, E., A. Halak, E. Tiommny, H. Yanai, H. Strul, T. Naftali, and N. Vaisman. 2016. Randomized clinical study: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition & Metabolism 13 (1):10. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0070-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noack, J., D. Timm, A. Hospattankar, and J. Slavin. 2013. Fermentation profiles of wheat dextrin, inulin and partially hydrolyzed guar gum using an in vitro digestion pretreatment and in vitro batch fermentation system model. Nutrients 5 (5):1500–10. doi: 10.3390/nu5051500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea, C. J., J. V. O'Doherty, J. J. Callanan, D. Doyle, K. Thornton, and T. Sweeney. 2016. The effect of algal polysaccharides laminarin and fucoidan on colonic pathology, cytokine gene expression and Enterobacteriaceae in a dextran sodium sulfate-challenged porcine model. Journal of Nutritional Science 5:1–9. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Mahony, L., J. McCarthy, P. Kelly, G. Hurley, F. Luo, K. Chen, G. C. O’Sullivan, B. Kiely, J. K. Collins, F. Shanahan, et al. 2005. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 128 (3):541–51. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi, Y., K. Sumitani, M. Tokunaga, N. Ishihara, T. Okubo, and T. Fujisawa. 2015. Consumption of partially hydrolysed guar gum stimulates Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing bacteria in the human large intestine. Beneficial Microbes 6 (4):451–5. doi: 10.3920/BM2014.0118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, G. O., T. Ogasawara, and K. Ushida. 2008. The regulatory and scientific approach to defining gum arabic (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal) as a dietary fibre. Food Hydrocolloids. 22 (1):24–35. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.12.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J., J. G. Muir, A. Birkett, Z. X. Lu, G. P. Jones, K. O'Dea, and G. P. Young. 1995. Effect of resistant starch on fecal bulk and fermentation-dependent events in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 (1):121–30. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.1.121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Png, C. W., S. K. Lindén, K. S. Gilshenan, E. G. Zoetendal, C. S. McSweeney, L. I. Sly, M. A. McGuckin, and T. H. J. Florin. 2010. Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 105 (11):2420–8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratiwi, M., D. Nur Faridah, and H. N. Lioe. 2018. Structural changes to starch after acid hydrolysis, debranching, autoclaving‐cooling cycles, and heat moisture treatment (HMT): A review. Starch - Stärke 70 (1-2):1700028. doi: 10.1002/star.201700028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raigond, P., R. Ezekiel, and B. Raigond. 2015. Resistant starch in food: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95 (10):1968–78. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remya, R.,. A. N. Jyothi, and J. Sreekumar. 2017. Comparative study of RS4 type resistant starches derived from cassava and potato starches via octenyl succinylation. Starch - Stärke 69 (7-8):1600264. doi: 10.1002/star.201600264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinninella, E., M. Mele, N. Merendino, M. Cintoni, G. Anselmi, A. Caporossi, A. Gasbarrini, and A. Minnella. 2018. The role of diet, micronutrients and the gut microbiota in age-related macular degeneration: New perspectives from the gut–retina axis. Nutrients 10 (11):1677. doi: 10.3390/nu10111677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios-Covian, D., I. Cuesta, J. R. Alvarez-Buylla, P. Ruas-Madiedo, M. Gueimonde, and G. Clara. 2016. Bacteroides fragilis metabolises exopolysaccharides produced by bifidobacteria. BMC Microbiology 16 (1):150. doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0773-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruas-Madiedo, P., and C. G. De Los Reyes-Gavilán. 2005. Invited review: Methods for the screening, isolation, and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (3):843–56. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72750-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco, N., S. Costantini, S. Guariniello, and M. Costantini. 2016. Polysaccharides from the marine environment with pharmacological, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical potential. Molecules 21 (5):551. doi: 10.3390/molecules21050551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, M. T., C. J. O'Shea, C. B. Collins, J. V. O'Doherty, and T. Sweeney. 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria digitata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the IL-17 pathway in the porcine colon. Journal of Animal Science 90 (Suppl_4):263–5. doi: 10.2527/jas53802.
   Google Scholar
• Sarma, S. M., D. P. Singh, P. Singh, P. Khare, P. Mangal, S. Singh, V. Bijalwan, J. Kaur, S. Mantri, R. K. Boparai, et al. 2018. Finger millet arabinoxylan protects mice from high-fat diet induced lipid derangements, inflammation, endotoxemia and gut bacterial dysbiosis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 106:994–1003. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz-Ahrens, K. E., B. Adolphi, F. Rochat, D. V. Barclay, M. de Vrese, Y. Açil, and J. Schrezenmeir. 2016. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on mineral metabolism in ovariectomized rats—impact of bacterial mass, intestinal absorptive area and reduction of bone turn-over. NFS Journal 3:41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.nfs.2016.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Şengül, N., S. Işık, B. Aslım, G. Uçar, and A. E. Demirbağ. 2011. The effect of exopolysaccharide-producing probiotic strains on gut oxidative damage in experimental colitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56 (3):707–14. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1362-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamai, K., H. Bianco-Peled, and E. Shimoni. 2003. Polymorphism of resistant starch type III. Carbohydrate Polymers 54 (3):363–9. doi: 10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00192-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, Q., G. Song, M. Zhang, J. Shi, C. Xu, J. Hao, G. Li, and G. Yu. 2017. Dietary fucoidan improves metabolic syndrome in association with increased Akkermansia population in the gut microbiota of high-fat diet-fed mice. Journal of Functional Foods 28:138–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, L., Q. Lin, T. Yang, Y. Nie, X. Li, B. Liu, J. Shen, Y. Liang, Y. Tang, and F. Luo. 2016. Oral administration of: Lentinus edodes β-glucans ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via MAPK-Elk-1 and MAPK-PPARγ pathways. Food & Function 7 (11):4614–27. doi: 10.1039/C6FO01043A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, N.-R., J. C. Lee, H. Y. Lee, M. S. Kim, T. W. Whon, M. S. Lee, and J. W. Bae. 2014. An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Gut 63 (5):727–35. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silk, D. B. A., A. Davis, J. Vulevic, G. Tzortzis, and G. R. Gibson. 2009. Clinical trial: The effects of a trans‐galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 29 (5):508–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03911.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R. K., H.-W. Chang, D. Yan, K. M. Lee, D. Ucmak, K. Wong, M. Abrouk, B. Farahnik, M. Nakamura, T. H. Zhu, et al. 2017. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. Journal of Translational Medicine 15 (1):73. doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenburg, E. D., S. A. Smits, M. Tikhonov, S. K. Higginbottom, N. S. Wingreen, and J. L. Sonnenburg. 2016. Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Nature 529 (7585):212–5. doi: 10.1038/nature16504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorndech, W., S. Rodtong, A. Blennow, and S. Tongta. 2019. Impact of Resistant Maltodextrins and Resistant Starch on Human Gut Microbiota and Organic Acids Production. Starch‐Stärke 71 (5-6):1800231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchecka, D., J. P. Harasym, J. Wilczak, M. Gajewska, M. Oczkowski, S. Gudej, K. Błaszczyk, D. Kamola, R. Filip, and J. Gromadzka-Ostrowska. 2015. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of high beta-glucan concentration purified aqueous extract from oat in experimental model of LPS-induced chronic enteritis. Journal of Functional Foods 14:244–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhithasri, V., N. Nisha, L. Biswas, V. Anil Kumar, and R. Biswas. 2013. Innate immune recognition of microbial cell wall components and microbial strategies to evade such recognitions. Microbiological Research 168 (7):396–406. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., W. Liang, X. Yang, Q. Li, and G. Zhang. 2019. Cytoprotective effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on colon epithelial cells via up-regulating miR-19b. Life Sciences 231:116589. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwannaporn, P., K. Thepwong, R. Tester, F. Al-Ghazzewi, J. Piggott, N. Shen, Z. Chen, F. Chen, J. Yang, D. Zhang, et al. 2013. Tolerance and nutritional therapy of dietary fibre from konjac glucomannan hydrolysates for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2 (2):93–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.09.005.
   Google Scholar
• Tachon, S., J. Zhou, M. Keenan, R. Martin, and M. L. Marco. 2013. The intestinal microbiota in aged mice is modulated by dietary resistant starch and correlated with improvements in host responses. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 83 (2):299–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01475.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi, T.,. Y. Naito, Y. Higashimura, C. Ushiroda, K. Mizushima, Y. Ohashi, Z. Yasukawa, M. Ozeki, M. Tokunaga, T. Okubo, et al. 2016. Partially hydrolysed guar gum ameliorates murine intestinal inflammation in association with modulating luminal microbiota and SCFA. British Journal of Nutrition 116 (7):1199–205. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516003068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe, K., S. Nakamura, M. Moriyama-Hashiguchi, M. Kitajima, H. Ejima, C. Imori, and T. Oku. 2019. Dietary Fructooligosaccharide and Glucomannan Alter Gut Microbiota and Improve Bone Metabolism in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67 (3):867–74. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada, A., H. Hara, and T. Mitsuoka. 1995. Effect of dietary alginate on the faecal microbiota and faecal metabolic activity in humans. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 8 (6):259–66. doi: 10.3109/08910609509140105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharanathan, R. N., and S. Mahadevamma. 2003. Grain legumes—a boon to human nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14 (12):507–18. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thies, F., L. F. Masson, P. Boffetta, and P. Kris-Etherton. 2014. Oats and bowel disease: A systematic literature review. British Journal of Nutrition 112 (S2):S31–S43. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Topping, D. L., and P. M. Clifton. 2001. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiological Reviews 81 (3):1031–64. doi: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuck, C. J., K. M. Taylor, P. R. Gibson, J. S. Barrett, and J. G. Muir. 2018. Increasing Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Symptoms With Ingestion of Galacto-Oligosaccharides Are Mitigated by α-Galactosidase Treatment. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 113 (1):124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyaya, B., L. McCormack, A. R. Fardin-Kia, R. Juenemann, S. Nichenametla, J. Clapper, B. Specker, and M. Dey. 2016. Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and immunometabolic functions. Scientific Reports 6 (1):28797. doi: 10.1038/srep28797.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Amelsvoort, J. M., and J. A. Weststrate. 1992. Amylose-amylopectin ratio in a meal affects postprandial variables in male volunteers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55 (3):712–8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/55.3.712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eunen, K., G. den Besten, A. K. Groen, D.-J. Reijngoud, K. Venema, and B. M. Bakker. 2013. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research 54 (9):2325–40. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R036012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hung, T., and T. Suzuki. 2017. Guar gum fiber increases suppressor of cytokine signaling‐1 expression via toll‐like receptor 2 and dectin‐1 pathways, regulating inflammatory response in small intestinal epithelial cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (10):1700048. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Weelden, G., M. Bobiński, K. Okła, W. van Weelden, A. Romano, and J. Pijnenborg. 2019. Fucoidan structure and activity in relation to anti-cancer mechanisms. Marine Drugs 17 (1):32. doi: 10.3390/md17010032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velez, E., N. Castillo, O. Mesón, A. Grau, M. E. B. Bonet, and G. Perdigón. 2013. Study of the effect exerted by fructo-oligosaccharides from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root flour in an intestinal infection model with Salmonella Typhimurium. British Journal of Nutrition 109 (11):1971–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512004230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A. W., J. Ince, S. H. Duncan, L. M. Webster, G. Holtrop, X. Ze, D. Brown, M. D. Stares, P. Scott, A. Bergerat, et al. 2011. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. The ISME Journal 5 (2):220–30. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrzosek, L., S. Miquel, M.-L. Noordine, S. Bouet, M. Chevalier-Curt, V. Robert, C. Philippe, C. Bridonneau, C. Cherbuy, C. Robbe-Masselot, et al. 2013. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent. BMC Biology 11 (1):61. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, L., W. Yu, J. Jiang, X. Feng, and N. Li. 2015. Efficacy of pectin in the treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 18:267–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, X., K. O. Darko, Y. Huang, C. He, H. Yang, S. He, J. Li, J. Li, B. Hocher, and Y. Yin. 2017. Resistant starch regulates gut microbiota: Structure, biochemistry and cell signalling. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 42 (1):306–18. doi: 10.1159/000477386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, Y.,. S. Wu, Z. Li, J. Li, X. Li, J. Xiang, and H. Ding. 2015. Wild jujube polysaccharides protect against experimental inflammatory bowel disease by enabling enhanced intestinal barrier function. Food & Function 6 (8):2568–77. doi: 10.1039/C5FO00378D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., P. Xu, and H. Zhang. 2015. Pectin in cancer therapy: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 44 (2):258–71. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C., Q. Hu, X. Wu, G. Chen, H. Wu, and J. Ren. 2019. Alginate and Probiotics Synergistically Reversed Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-Induced Gut Barrier Damage. Macromolecular Research 27 (9):888–7. doi: 10.1007/s13233-019-7122-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., W. Qi, T. Hong, T. Xiong, D. Gong, M. Xie, and S. Nie. 2018. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 regulate intestinal barrier function via STAT3 signaling pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (37):9719–27. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar