Role of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids in intestinal innate immunity

References

• Aliberti, J., S. Hieny, C. Reis e Sousa, C. N. Serhan, and A. Sher. 2002. Lipoxin-mediated inhibition of IL-12 production by DCs: A mechanism for regulation of microbial immunity. Nature Immunology 3 (1):76–82. doi: 10.1038/ni745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, J. U., S. H. Hong, and D. K. Oh. 2018. Regiospecificity of a novel bacterial lipoxygenase from Myxococcus xanthus for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1863 (8):823–33. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andoniou, C. E., S. L. van Dommelen, V. Voigt, D. M. Andrews, G. Brizard, C. Asselin-Paturel, T. Delale, K. J. Stacey, G. Trinchieri, and M. A. Degli-Esposti. 2005. Interaction between conventional dendritic cells and natural killer cells is integral to the activation of effective antiviral immunity. Nature Immunology 6 (10):1011–9. doi: 10.1038/ni1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach-Ngohou, K., M. M. Mahé, P. Aubert, H. Abdo, S. Boni, A. Bourreille, M. G. Denis, B. Lardeux, M. Neunlist, and D. Masson. 2010. Enteric glia modulate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation through 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2. The Journal of Physiology 588 (14):2533–44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, J. J., and R. L. Gallo. 2010. Cyclooxygenase-2 enhances antimicrobial peptide expression and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 185 (11):6535–44. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezirtzoglou, E. E. V. J. M.. 2012. Intestinal cytochromes P450 regulating the intestinal microbiota and its probiotic profile. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 23.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. L., T. E. Riehl, M. R. Walker, M. J. Geske, J. M. Doherty, W. F. Stenson, and T. S. Stappenbeck. 2007. Myd88-dependent positioning of Ptgs2-expressing stromal cells maintains colonic epithelial proliferation during injury. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (1):258–69. doi: 10.1172/jci29159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral, M., R. Martin-Venegas, and J. J. Moreno. 2013. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites on the control of non-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell growth. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 45 (8):1620–8. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral, M., R. Martin-Venegas, and J. J. Moreno. 2015. Leukotriene D4-induced Caco-2 cell proliferation is mediated by prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Physiological Reports 3 (7):e12417. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, P. C. 2007. Dietary arachidonic acid: Harmful, harmless or helpful? The British Journal of Nutrition 98 (3):451–3. doi: 10.1017/s0007114507761779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederlund, A., F. Nylén, E. Miraglia, P. Bergman, G. H. Gudmundsson, and B. Agerberth. 2014. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry reveals novel pathways involved in LL-37 expression. Journal of Innate Immunity 6 (3):365–76. doi: 10.1159/000355931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, V. S., S. F. Phillips, and A. F. Hofmann. 1977. Measurements of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). II. Application to normal and abnormal permeability states in man and animals. Gastroenterology 73 (2):247–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, S. R., A. C. Ma, S. A. Tavener, B. McDonald, Z. Goodarzi, M. M. Kelly, K. D. Patel, S. Chakrabarti, E. McAvoy, G. D. Sinclair, et al. 2007. Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nature Medicine 13 (4):463–9. doi: 10.1038/nm1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, J. F., E. W. Spannhake, W. Eisinger, J. J. Potter, and V. W. Yang. 1995. The 5-lipoxygenase pathway in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Prostaglandins 49 (3):155–66. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(95)00003-S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craven, P. A., and F. R. DeRubertis. 1986. Profiles of eicosanoid production by superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells and sub-epithelial colonic tissue. Prostaglandins 32 (3):387–99. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(86)90007-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Los Reyes Jiménez, M., A. Lechner, F. Alessandrini, S. Bohnacker, S. Schindela, A. Trompette, P. Haimerl, D. Thomas, F. Henkel, A. Mourão, et al. 2020. An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products. Science Translational Medicine 12 (540). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Veer, M. J., J. M. Kemp, and E. N. Meeusen. 2007. The innate host defence against nematode parasites. Parasite Immunology 29 (1):1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00910.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, T. A., N. Khorram, S. Lund, A. K. Mehta, M. Croft, and D. H. Broide. 2013. Lung type 2 innate lymphoid cells express cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, which regulates TH2 cytokine production. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 132 (1):205–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druart, C., A. M. Neyrinck, B. Vlaeminck, V. Fievez, P. D. Cani, and N. M. Delzenne. 2014. Role of the lower and upper intestine in the production and absorption of gut microbiota-derived PUFA metabolites. PLoS One 9 (1):e87560doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffin, R., R. A. O'Connor, S. Crittenden, T. Forster, C. Yu, X. Zheng, D. Smyth, C. T. Robb, F. Rossi, C. Skouras, et al. 2016. Prostaglandin E2 constrains systemic inflammation through an innate lymphoid cell-IL-22 axis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 351 (6279):1333–8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad9903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhart, C. E., and R. N. Dubois. 1995. Eicosanoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 109 (1):285–301. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90296-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberl, G., M. Colonna, J. P. Di Santo, and A. N. McKenzie. 2015. Innate lymphoid cells: A new paradigm in immunology. Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6237):aaa6566. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckmann, L., W. F. Stenson, T. C. Savidge, D. C. Lowe, K. E. Barrett, J. Fierer, J. R. Smith, and M. F. Kagnoff. 1997. Role of intestinal epithelial cells in the host secretory response to infection by invasive bacteria. Bacterial entry induces epithelial prostaglandin h synthase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha production. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100 (2):296–309. doi: 10.1172/jci119535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar, M. G., and G. E. Palade. 1963. Junctional complexes in various epithelia. The Journal of Cell Biology 17:375–412. doi: 10.1083/jcb.17.2.375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, R., and J. J. Moreno. 2010. Role of eicosanoids on intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Biochemical Pharmacology 80 (4):431–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flamand, L., P. Borgeat, R. Lalonde, and J. Gosselin. 2004. Release of anti-HIV mediators after administration of leukotriene B4 to humans. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 189 (11):2001–9. doi: 10.1086/386374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel-Petrovic, M., J. A. Long, D. A. Knight, P. J. Thompson, and J. W. Upham. 2004. Activated human dendritic cells express inducible cyclo-oxygenase and synthesize prostaglandin E2 but not prostaglandin D2. Immunology and Cell Biology 82 (1):47–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01213.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, J. H., S. L. Wen, H. Tong, C. H. Wang, W. J. Yang, S. H. Tang, Z. P. Yan, Y. Tai, C. Ye, R. Liu, et al. 2016. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 alleviates liver cirrhosis via improvement of the dysfunctional gut-liver axis in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 310 (11):G962–972. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00428.2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreault, E., and J. Gosselin. 2007. Leukotriene B4-mediated release of antimicrobial peptides against cytomegalovirus is BLT1 dependent. Viral Immunology 20 (3):407–20. doi: 10.1089/vim.2006.0099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosset, P., F. Bureau, V. Angeli, M. Pichavant, C. Faveeuw, A. B. Tonnel, and F. Trottein. 2003. Prostaglandin D2 affects the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: Consequence on the polarization of naive Th cells. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 170 (10):4943–52. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosset, P., A. S. Charbonnier, P. Delerive, J. Fontaine, B. Staels, J. Pestel, A. B. Tonnel, and F. Trottein. 2001. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators affect the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. European Journal of Immunology 31 (10):2857–65. doi: 10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<2857::aid-immu2857>3.0.co;2-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosset, P., M. Pichavant, C. Faveeuw, F. Bureau, A. B. Tonnel, and F. Trottein. 2005. Prostaglandin D2 affects the differentiation and functions of human dendritic cells: Impact on the T cell response. European Journal of Immunology 35 (5):1491–500. doi: 10.1002/eji.200425319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschwitz, K. R., and S. P. Hogan. 2009. Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124 (1):3–20. quiz 21-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, K. B., A. S. Ryan, S. Forsyth, S. Gautier, and N. Salem. Jr. 2016. The essentiality of arachidonic acid in infant development. Nutrients 8 (4):216. doi: 10.3390/nu8040216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, V. S., and E. Hafez. 2018. Synopsis of arachidonic acid metabolism: A review. Journal of Advanced Research 11:23–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harizi, H.,. C. Grosset, and N. Gualde. 2003. Prostaglandin E2 modulates dendritic cell function via EP2 and EP4 receptor subtypes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 73 (6):756–63. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1002483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harizi, H., and N. Gualde. 2002. Dendritic cells produce eicosanoids, which modulate generation and functions of antigen-presenting cells. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 66 (5-6):459–66. doi: 10.1054/plef.2002.0383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heavey, D. J., P. B. Ernst, R. L. Stevens, A. D. Befus, J. Bienenstock, and K. F. Austen. 1988. Generation of leukotriene C4, leukotriene B4, and prostaglandin D2 by immunologically activated rat intestinal mucosa mast cells. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 140 (6):1953–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hedi, H., and G. Norbert. 2004. Inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression by prostaglandin E2-induced IL-10 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Cellular immunology 228 (2):99–109. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.04.003.
   Google Scholar
• Harizi, H.,. G. Norbert, and H. Hedi. 2004. Inhibition of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression by prostaglandin E2-induced IL-10 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Cellular Immunology 228 (2):99–109. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, M., M. Stolina, S. Sharma, J. T. Mao, L. Zhu, P. W. Miller, J. Wollman, H. Herschman, and S. M. Dubinett. 1998. Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: Up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Research 58 (6):1208–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, A., and R. Medzhitov. 2015. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nature Immunology 16 (4):343–53. doi: 10.1038/ni.3123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi, S. K., A. J. Moeser, B. A. Corl, R. J. Harrell, A. T. Blikslager, and J. Odle. 2012. Dietary long-chain PUFA enhance acute repair of ischemia-injured intestine of suckling pigs. The Journal of Nutrition 142 (7):1266–71. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.150995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakaitis, B. M., and P. W. Denning. 2014. Human breast milk and the gastrointestinal innate immune system. Clinics in Perinatology 41 (2):423–35. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2014.02.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janeway, C. A., Jr, and R. Medzhitov. 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annual Review of Immunology 20 (1):197–216. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, G. H., S. Walls, R. Keith, J. Goodfox-Jones, K. Tucker, and K. J. Abraham. MEiH and Disease. 2001. The presence of a cytochrome P450-like protein in the human intestinal microflora Eubacterium aerofaciens. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 13 (1):3–8. doi: 10.1080/089106001750071645.
   Google Scholar
• Jozefowski, S., R. Biedroń, M. Bobek, and J. Marcinkiewicz. 2005. Leukotrienes modulate cytokine release from dendritic cells. Immunology 116 (4):418–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02241.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliński, P., C. M. Hilkens, A. Snijders, F. G. Snijdewint, and M. L. Kapsenberg. 1997. IL-12-deficient dendritic cells, generated in the presence of prostaglandin E2, promote type 2 cytokine production in maturing human naive T helper cells. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 159 (1):28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliński, P., J. H. Schuitemaker, C. M. Hilkens, and M. L. Kapsenberg. 1998. Prostaglandin E2 induces the final maturation of IL-12-deficient CD1a + CD83+ dendritic cells: The levels of IL-12 are determined during the final dendritic cell maturation and are resistant to further modulation. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 161 (6):2804–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamitani, H., M. Geller, and T. Eling. 1998. Expression of 15-lipoxygenase by human colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 cells during apoptosis and cell differentiation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 (34):21569–77. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyasu, S., and K. Moro. 2013. Th2-type innate immune responses mediated by natural helper cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1283:43–9. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucharzik, T., A. T. Gewirtz, D. Merlin, J. L. Madara, and I. R. Williams. 2003. Lateral membrane LXA4 receptors mediate LXA4's anti-inflammatory actions on intestinal epithelium. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 284 (4):C888–896. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00507.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundu, G., and M. C. Noverr. 2011. Exposure to host or fungal PGE2 abrogates protection following immunization with Candida-pulsed dendritic cells. Medical Mycology 49 (4):380–94. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.532514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda, E., and U. Yamashita. 2003. Mechanisms of enhanced macrophage-mediated prostaglandin E2 production and its suppressive role in Th1 activation in Th2-dominant BALB/c mice. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 170 (2):757–64. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamacka, M., and J. Sajbidor. 1995. The occurrence of prostaglandins and related compounds in lower organisms. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 52 (6):357–64. doi: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90062-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Faouder, P., V. Baillif, I. Spreadbury, J.-P. Motta, P. Rousset, G. Chêne, C. Guigné, F. Tercé, S. Vanner, N. Vergnolle, et al. 2013. LC-MS/MS method for rapid and concomitant quantification of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 932:123–33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejeune, M., F. Moreau, and K. Chadee. 2011. Prostaglandin E2 produced by Entamoeba histolytica signals via EP4 receptor and alters claudin-4 to increase ion permeability of tight junctions. The American Journal of Pathology 179 (2):807–18. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos, H. P., R. Grespan, S. M. Vieira, T. M. Cunha, W. A. Verri, Jr., K. S. Fernandes, F. O. Souto, I. B. McInnes, S. H. Ferreira, F. Y. Liew, et al. 2009. Prostaglandin mediates IL-23/IL-17-induced neutrophil migration in inflammation by inhibiting IL-12 and IFN gamma production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (14):5954–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812782106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T.-F., M. J. Zuscik, A. M. Ionescu, X. Zhang, R. N. Rosier, E. M. Schwarz, H. Drissi, and R. J. O'Keefe. 2004. PGE2 inhibits chondrocyte differentiation through PKA and PKC signaling. Experimental Cell Research 300 (1):159–69. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., N. A. Barrett, Y. Kanaoka, E. Yoshimoto, D. Garofalo, H. Cirka, C. Feng, and J. A. Boyce. 2018. Type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptors drive IL-33-dependent type 2 immunopathology and aspirin sensitivity. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 200 (3):915–27. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., H. Yu, L. Yang, C. Li, and L. Li. 2012. 15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) attenuates the biological activities of monocyte/macrophage cell lines. European Journal of Cell Biology 91 (8):654–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, B. C., S. B. Shin, D. Canals Hernaez, I. Refaeli, H. B. Yu, V. Goebeler, A. Cait, W. W. Mohn, B. A. Vallance, and K. M. McNagny. 2019. IL-22 preserves gut epithelial integrity and promotes disease remission during chronic Salmonella infection. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 202 (3):956–65. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, S. J., A. Portillo, K. Cavagnero, R. E. Baum, L. H. Naji, J. H. Badrani, A. Mehta, M. Croft, D. H. Broide, and T. A. Doherty. 2017. Leukotriene C4 potentiates IL-33-induced group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation and lung inflammation. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 199 (3):1096–104. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machida, I., H. Matsuse, Y. Kondo, T. Kawano, S. Saeki, S. Tomari, Y. Obase, C. Fukushima, and S. Kohno. 2004. Cysteinyl leukotrienes regulate dendritic cell functions in a murine model of asthma. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 172 (3):1833–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso, P., P. Nana-Sinkam, and M. Peters-Golden. 2001. Leukotriene B4 augments neutrophil phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 69 (4):2011–6. doi: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2011-2016.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankertz, J., S. Tavalali, H. Schmitz, A. Mankertz, E. O. Riecken, M. Fromm, and J. D. Schulzke. 2000. Expression from the human occludin promoter is affected by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. Journal of Cell Science 113 (Pt 11):2085–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric, J., A. Ravindran, L. Mazzurana, A. K. Bjorklund, A. Van Acker, A. Rao, D. Friberg, S. E. Dahlen, A. Heinemann, V. Konya, et al. 2018. Prostaglandin E2 suppresses human group 2 innate lymphoid cell function. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141 (5):1761–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Venegas, R., O. Jáuregui, and J. J. Moreno. 2014. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of eicosanoids and related compounds in cell models. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 964:41–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Venegas, R., S. Roig-Perez, R. Ferrer, and J. J. Moreno. 2006. Arachidonic acid cascade and epithelial barrier function during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Journal of Lipid Research 47 (7):1416–23. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M500564-JLR200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, T., M. Hirata, H. Tanaka, Y. Takahashi, T. Murata, K. Kabashima, Y. Sugimoto, T. Kobayashi, F. Ushikubi, Y. Aze, et al. 2000. Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma. Science (New York, N.Y.) 287 (5460):2013–7. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5460.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, B. A., P. M. Hofman, J. Kim, D. K. Carnes, S. I. Miller, and J. L. Madara. 1995. Surface attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to intestinal epithelia imprints the subepithelial matrix with gradients chemotactic for neutrophils. The Journal of Cell Biology 131 (6 Pt 1):1599–608. doi: 10.1083/jcb.131.6.1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melillo de Magalhães, P., I. Dupont, A. Hendrickx, A. Joly, T. Raas, S. Dessy, T. Sergent, and Y. J. Schneider. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of cytochrome P450 activities by Artemisia annua tea infusions in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chemistry 134 (2):864–71. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meron, G., Y. Tishler, L. Shaashua, E. Rosenne, B. Levi, R. Melamed, N. Gotlieb, P. Matzner, L. Sorski, and S. Ben-Eliyahu. 2013. PGE2 suppresses NK activity in vivo directly and through adrenal hormones: Effects that cannot be reflected by ex vivo assessment of NK cytotoxicity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 28:128–38. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli, A. E., and A. W. Thomson. 2003. Dendritic cells under the spell of prostaglandins. Trends in Immunology 24 (3):108–11. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00023-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, J. J. 2017. Eicosanoid receptors: Targets for the treatment of disrupted intestinal epithelial homeostasis. European Journal of Pharmacology 796:7–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrsny, R. J., A. T. Gewirtz, D. Siccardi, T. Savidge, B. P. Hurley, J. L. Madara, and B. A. McCormick. 2004. Identification of hepoxilin A3 in inflammatory events: A required role in neutrophil migration across intestinal epithelia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (19):7421–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400832101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill, D. R., and A. N. McKenzie. 2011. Nuocytes and beyond: New insights into helminth expulsion. Trends in Parasitology 27 (5):214–21. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nencioni, A., F. Grünebach, A. Zobywlaski, C. Denzlinger, W. Brugger, and P. Brossart. 2002. Dendritic cell immunogenicity is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 169 (3):1228–35. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newberry, R. D., J. S. McDonough, W. F. Stenson, and R. G. Lorenz. 2001. Spontaneous and continuous cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production by stromal cells in the murine small intestine lamina propria: Directing the tone of the intestinal immune response. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 166 (7):4465–72. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newberry, R. D., W. F. Stenson, and R. G. Lorenz. 1999. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites are essential modulators of the intestinal immune response to dietary antigen. Nature Medicine 5 (8):900–6. doi: 10.1038/11341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves, D., and J. J. Moreno. 2006. Effect of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism on RAW 264.7 macrophage proliferation. Journal of Cellular Physiology 208 (2):428–34. doi: 10.1002/jcp.20678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle, C., X. Mao, J. Wu, J. Ogle, and J. Alexander. 1994. The production of TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and PGE2 by isolated enterocytes and gut macrophages effect of LPS and thermal injury. JJBCR 15:470.
   Google Scholar
• Ohd, J. F., K. Wikstrom, and A. Sjolander. 2000. Leukotrienes induce cell-survival signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 119 (4):1007–18. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.18141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panigrahy, D., A. Kaipainen, E. R. Greene, and S. Huang. 2010. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids: The neglected pathway in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews 29 (4):723–35. doi: 10.1007/s10555-010-9264-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, O. B., D. A. Pociask, Z. Hodzic, J. K. Kolls, and M. Good. 2015. Interleukin-22 Signaling in the Regulation of Intestinal Health and Disease. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 3:85. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, L. W., and D. Artis. 2014. Intestinal epithelial cells: Regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nature Reviews Immunology 14 (3):141–53. doi: 10.1038/nri3608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickert, G., C. Neufert, M. Leppkes, Y. Zheng, N. Wittkopf, M. Warntjen, H. A. Lehr, S. Hirth, B. Weigmann, S. Wirtz, et al. 2009. STAT3 links IL-22 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells to mucosal wound healing. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 206 (7):1465–72. doi: 10.1084/jem.20082683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochard, C., S. Coquenlorge, J. Jaulin, N. Cenac, N. Vergnolle, G. Meurette, M. Freyssinet, M. Neunlist, and M. Rolli-Derkinderen. 2016. Defects in 15-HETE production and control of epithelial permeability by human enteric glial cells from patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 150 (1):168–80. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podolsky, D. K. 2002. Inflammatory bowel disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (6):417–29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra020831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resta-Lenert, S., and K. E. Barrett. 2002. Enteroinvasive bacteria alter barrier and transport properties of human intestinal epithelium: Role of iNOS and COX-2. Gastroenterology 122 (4):1070–87. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.32372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciotti, E., and G. A. FitzGerald. 2011. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 31 (5):986–1000. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.207449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbiani, D. F., R. A. Finch, D. Jäger, W. A. Muller, A. C. Sartorelli, and G. J. Randolph. JC. 2000. The leukotriene C(4) transporter MRP1 regulates CCL19 (MIP-3beta, ELC)-dependent mobilization of dendritic cells to lymph nodes . Cell 103 (5):757–68. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00179-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Lagunas, M. J., R. Ferrer, and J. J. Moreno. 2013. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived prostaglandin E3 on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 88 (5):339–45. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Lagunas, M. J., R. Martín-Venegas, J. J. Moreno, and R. Ferrer. 2010. PGE2 promotes Ca2+-mediated epithelial barrier disruption through EP1 and EP4 receptors in Caco-2 cell monolayers. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 299 (2):C324–334. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00397.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Lagunas, M. J., C. E. Storniolo, R. Ferrer, and J. J. Moreno. 2013. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene D4 increase intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 45 (7):1318–26. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem, N., Jr., and P. Van Dael. 2020. Arachidonic acid in human milk. Nutrients 12 (3):626. doi: 10.3390/nu12030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi, M., L. Stöger, W. Liu, S. Go, I. Pavord, P. Klenerman, G. Ogg, and L. Xue. 2017. Cysteinyl leukotriene E4 activates human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and enhances the effect of prostaglandin D2 and epithelial cytokines. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 140 (4):1090–100. e1011. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, T., and J. J. Moreno. 2002. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 through arachidonic acid mobilization is involved in Caco-2 cell growth. Journal of Cellular Physiology 193 (3):293–8. doi: 10.1002/jcp.10162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scales, W. E., S. W. Chensue, I. Otterness, and S. L. Kunkel. 1989. Regulation of monokine gene expression: Prostaglandin E2 suppresses tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-1 alpha or beta-mRNA and cell-associated bioactivity. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 45 (5):416–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheibanie, A. F., J.-H. Yen, T. Khayrullina, F. Emig, M. Zhang, R. Tuma, and D. Ganea. 2007. The proinflammatory effect of prostaglandin E2 in experimental inflammatory bowel disease is mediated through the IL-23->IL-17 axis. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 178 (12):8138–47. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, S. S., J. Wang, S. L. Castle, G. E. Fernandez, N. Smiley, M. Zobel, E. M. Pontarelli, S. C. Papillon, A. V. Grishin, and H. R. Ford. 2013. Low doses of celecoxib attenuate gut barrier failure during experimental peritonitis. Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 93 (12):1265–75. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sih, C. J., G. Ambrus, P. Foss, and C. J. Lai. 1969. A general biochemical synthesis of oxygenated prostaglandins E. Journal of the American Chemical Society 91 (13):3685–7. doi: 10.1021/ja01041a065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, I. I., D. W. Kawka, S. Schloemann, T. Tessner, T. Riehl, and W. F. Stenson. 1998. Cyclooxygenase 2 is induced in colonic epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 115 (2):297–306. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70196-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjolander, A., A. Schippert, and S. Hammarstrom. 1993. A human epithelial cell line, intestine 407, can produce 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4. Prostaglandins 45 (1):85–96. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(93)90092-l.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, G. S., G. Warhurst, and L. A. Turnberg. 1982. Synthesis and degradation of prostaglandin E2 in the epithelial and sub-epithelial layers of the rat intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 713 (3):684–7. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90331-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spits, H., D. Artis, M. Colonna, A. Diefenbach, J. P. Di Santo, G. Eberl, S. Koyasu, R. M. Locksley, A. N. McKenzie, R. E. Mebius, et al. 2013. Innate lymphoid cells-a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nature Reviews. Immunology 13 (2):145–9. doi: 10.1038/nri3365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spits, H., and J. P. Di Santo. 2011. The expanding family of innate lymphoid cells: Regulators and effectors of immunity and tissue remodeling. Nature Immunology 12 (1):21–7. doi: 10.1038/ni.1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridharan, G. V., K. Choi, C. Klemashevich, C. Wu, D. Prabakaran, L. B. Pan, S. Steinmeyer, C. Mueller, M. Yousofshahi, R. C. Alaniz, et al. 2014. Prediction and quantification of bioactive microbiota metabolites in the mouse gut. Nature Communications 5:5492. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Onge, M., N. Flamand, J. Biarc, S. Picard, L. Bouchard, A. A. Dussault, C. Laflamme, M. J. James, G. E. Caughey, L. G. Cleland, et al. 2007. Characterization of prostaglandin E2 generation through the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway in human neutrophils. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1771 (9):1235–45. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenson, W. F. 2007. Prostaglandins and epithelial response to injury. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 23 (2):107–10. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3280143cb6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taketomi, Y., N. Ueno, T. Kojima, H. Sato, R. Murase, K. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, M. Sakanaka, M. Nakamura, Y. Nishito, et al. 2013. Mast cell maturation is driven via a group III phospholipase A2-prostaglandin D2-DP1 receptor paracrine axis. Nature Immunology 14 (6):554–63. doi: 10.1038/ni.2586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessner, T. G., S. M. Cohn, S. Schloemann, and W. F. Stenson. 1998. Prostaglandins prevent decreased epithelial cell proliferation associated with dextran sodium sulfate injury in mice. Gastroenterology 115 (4):874–82. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70259-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessner, T. G., F. Muhale, T. E. Riehl, S. Anant, and W. F. Stenson. 2004. Prostaglandin E2 reduces radiation-induced epithelial apoptosis through a mechanism involving AKT activation and bax translocation. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 114 (11):1676–85. doi: 10.1172/jci22218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Elssen, C. H., J. Vanderlocht, T. Oth, B. L. Senden-Gijsbers, W. T. Germeraad, and G. M. Bos. 2011. Inflammation-restraining effects of prostaglandin E2 on natural killer-dendritic cell (NK-DC) interaction are imprinted during DC maturation. Blood 118 (9):2473–82. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-307835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, R. E., S. Hong, K. Gronert, C. N. Serhan, and J. J. Mekalanos. 2004. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries a secretable arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (7):2135–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0307308101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, W., and D. Rotondo. 2004. Prostaglandin E2 is a potent regulator of interleukin-12- and interleukin-18-induced natural killer cell interferon-gamma synthesis . Immunology 111 (3):298–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01810.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y., F. Wang, J. Yuan, J. Li, D. Jiang, J. Zhang, H. Li, R. Wang, J. Tang, T. Huang, et al. 2019. Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: A 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial. Gut 68 (8):1417–29. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller, C. L., S. J. Collington, A. Hartnell, D. M. Conroy, T. Kaise, J. E. Barker, M. S. Wilson, G. W. Taylor, P. J. Jose, and T. J. Williams. 2007. Chemotactic action of prostaglandin E2 on mouse mast cells acting via the PGE2 receptor 3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (28):11712–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701700104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth, J. J., and F. Kierszenbaum. 1985a. Effects of leukotriene C4 on macrophage association with and intracellular fate of Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 15 (1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(85)90024-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth, J. J., and F. Kierszenbaum. 1985b. Stimulatory effects of leukotriene B4 on macrophage association with and intracellular destruction of Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 134 (3):1989–93. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(85)90024-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikoff, W. R., A. T. Anfora, J. Liu, P. G. Schultz, S. A. Lesley, E. C. Peters, and G. Siuzdak. 2009. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (10):3698–703. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812874106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, L., M. Salimi, I. Panse, J. M. Mjosberg, A. N. McKenzie, H. Spits, P. Klenerman, and G. Ogg. 2014. Prostaglandin D2 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells through chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133 (4):1184–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakar, I., R. Melamed, G. Shakhar, K. Shakhar, E. Rosenne, N. Abudarham, G. G. Page, and S. Ben-Eliyahu. JAoso. 2003. Prostaglandin e(2) suppresses NK activity in vivo and promotes postoperative tumor metastasis in rats. Annals of Surgical Oncology 10 (4):469–79. doi: 10.1245/aso.2003.08.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane, H., Y. Sugimoto, S. Tanaka, and A. Ichikawa. 2000. Prostaglandin E(2) receptors, EP2 and EP4, differentially modulate TNF-alpha and IL-6 production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse peritoneal neutrophils. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 278 (1):224–8. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamuner, S. R., N. Warrier, A. G. Buret, W. K. MacNaughton, and J. L. Wallace. 2003. Cyclooxygenase 2 mediates post-inflammatory colonic secretory and barrier dysfunction. Gut 52 (12):1714–20. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.12.1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaslona, Z., C. H. Serezani, K. Okunishi, D. M. Aronoff, and M. Peters-Golden. 2012. Prostaglandin E2 restrains macrophage maturation via E prostanoid receptor 2/protein kinase A signaling. Blood 119 (10):2358–67. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenewicz, L. A., G. D. Yancopoulos, D. M. Valenzuela, A. J. Murphy, S. Stevens, and R. A. Flavell. 2008. Innate and adaptive interleukin-22 protects mice from inflammatory bowel disease. Immunity 29 (6):947–57. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, W., S. Toki, J. Zhang, K. Goleniewksa, D. C. Newcomb, J. Y. Cephus, D. E. Dulek, M. H. Bloodworth, M. T. Stier, V. Polosuhkin, R. D. Gangula, S. A. Mallal, D. H. Broide, and R. S. Peebles, Jr. 2016. Prostaglandin I2 signaling and inhibition of group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 193 (1):31–42. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201410-1793OC.
   Google Scholar