Biomarkers of fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

References

• Abbott, K. A., T. L. Burrows, R. N. Thota, S. Acharya, and M. L. Garg. 2016 . Do ω-3 PUFAs affect insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104 (5):1470–84. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akash, M. S., K. Rehman, and S. Chen. 2013. Role of inflammatory mechanisms in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 114 (3):525–31. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akter, S., K. Kurotani, M. Sato, T. Hayashi, K. Kuwahara, Y. Matsushita, T. Nakagawa, M. Konishi, T. Honda, S. Yamamoto, et al. 2017 . High serum phospholipid dihomo-γ-linoleic acid concentration and low Δ5-desaturase activity are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults in the Hitachi Health Study. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (8):1558–66. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.248997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardisson Korat, A. V., V. S. Malik, J. D. Furtado, F. Sacks, B. Rosner, K. M. Rexrode, W. C. Willett, D. Mozaffarian, F. B. Hu, and Q. Sun. 2020. Circulating very-long-chain SFA concentrations are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Journal of Nutrition 150:340–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune, D., T. Norat, P. Romundstad, and L. Vatten. 2013. Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (4):1066–83. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.059030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzetto, L., A. Prinster, G. Annuzzi, L. Costagliola, A. Mangione, A. Vitelli, R. Mazzarella, M. Longobardo, M. Mancini, C. Vigorito, et al. 2012. Liver fat is reduced by an isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled randomized study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 35 (7):1429–35. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevik, A., M. B. Veierod, C. A. Drevon, and L. F. Andersen. 2005. Evaluation of the odd fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 in serum and adipose tissue as markers of intake of milk and dairy fat. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (12):1417–22. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. J., J. Brainard, F. Song, X. Wang, A. Abdelhamid, L. Hooper, and PUFAH Group. 2019. Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 366:l4697. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4697.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao, H. M., K. Gerhold, J. R. Mayers, M. M. Wiest, S. M. Watkins, and G. S. Hotamisligil. 2008. Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism. Cell 134 (6):933–44. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chene, G., and S. G. Thompson. 1996. Methods for summarizing the risk associations of quantitative variables in epidemiologic studies in a consistent form. American Journal of Epidemiology 144 (6):610–21. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza, R. J., A. Mente, A. Maroleanu, A. I. Cozma, V. Ha, T. Kishibe, E. Uleryk, P. Budylowski, H. Schunemann, J. Beyene, et al. 2015. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 351:h3978. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos, N., M. Watson, K. Sakamoto, and H. S. Hundal. 2006. Differential effects of palmitate and palmitoleate on insulin action and glucose utilization in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. The Biochemical Journal 399 (3):473–81. doi: 10.1042/BJ20060244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djousse, L., M. L. Biggs, R. N. Lemaitre, I. B. King, X. Song, J. H. Ix, K. J. Mukamal, D. S. Siscovick, and D. Mozaffarian. 2011. Plasma omega-3 fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (2):527–33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Real, J. M., M. Broch, J. Vendrell, and W. Ricart. 2003. Insulin resistance, inflammation, and serum fatty acid composition. Diabetes Care 26 (5):1362–8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouhi, N. G., A. Koulman, S. J. Sharp, F. Imamura, J. Kröger, M. B. Schulze, F. L. Crowe, J. M. Huerta, M. Guevara, J. W. J. Beulens, et al. 2014. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 2 (10):810–8. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70146-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouhi, N. G., F. Imamura, S. J. Sharp, A. Koulman, M. B. Schulze, J. Zheng, Z. Ye, I. Sluijs, M. Guevara, J. M. Huerta, et al. 2016. Association of plasma phospholipid n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study. PLoS Medicine 13 (7):e1002094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fretts, A. M., F. Imamura, M. Marklund, R. Micha, J. H. Y. Wu, R. A. Murphy, K. L. Chien, B. Mcknight, N. Tintle, N. G. Forouhi, et al. 2019. Associations of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109 (4):1216–23. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, D., N. Ning, C. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Li, Z. Meng, Y. Liu, and Q. Li. 2013. Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS One 8 (9):e73965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, H., T. Geng, T. Huang, and Q. Zhao. 2017. Fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids in Health and Disease 16 (1):131. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0528-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, W. S., J. Luo, J. V. Pottala, K. L. Margolis, M. A. Espeland, and J. G. Robinson. 2016 . Red blood cell fatty acids and incident diabetes mellitus in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. PLoS One 11 (2):e0147894. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellerstein, M. K., J. M. Schwarz, and R. A. Neese. 1996. Regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in humans. Annual Review of Nutrition 16:523–57. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, A. M., D. R. English, K. O'Dea, A. J. Sinclair, M. Makrides, R. A. Gibson, and G. G. Giles. 2007. Plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids as predictors of type 2 diabetes: Interpreting the role of linoleic acid. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (1):189–97. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.1.189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., J. S. Lin, I. M. Aris, G. Yang, W. Q. Chen, and L. J. Li. 2019. Circulating saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11 (5):998. doi: 10.3390/nu11050998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura, F., A. Fretts, M. Marklund, A. V. Ardisson Korat, W. S. Yang, M. Lankinen, W. Qureshi, C. Helmer, T. A. Chen, K. Wong, et al. 2018. Fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS Medicine 15 (10):e1002670. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura, F., R. Micha, J. H. Wu, M. C. de Oliveira Otto, F. O. Otite, A. I. Abioye, and D. Mozaffarian. 2016. Effects of saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate on glucose-insulin homeostasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled feeding trials. PLoS Medicine 13 (7):e1002087. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, B., J. A. West, and A. Koulman. 2015. A review of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism and the role of pentadecanoic Acid (c15:0) and heptadecanoic Acid (c17:0) in health and disease. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20 (2):2425–44. doi: 10.3390/molecules20022425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krachler, B., M. Norberg, J. W. Eriksson, G. Hallmans, I. Johansson, B. Vessby, L. Weinehall, and B. Lindahl. 2008. Fatty acid profile of the erythrocyte membrane preceding development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD 18 (7):503–10. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröger, J., V. Zietemann, C. Enzenbach, C. Weikert, E. H. Jansen, F. Döring, H.-G. Joost, H. Boeing, and M. B. Schulze. 2011. Erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fatty acids, desaturase activity, and dietary fatty acids in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (1):127–42. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen, D. E., T. A. Lakka, H. M. Lakka, K. Nyyssönen, T. Rissanen, L. K. Niskanen, and J. T. Salonen. 2002. Serum fatty acid composition predicts development of impaired fasting glycaemia and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetic Medicine 19 (6):456–64. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00707.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankinen, M. A., A. Stancakova, M. Uusitupa, J. Agren, J. Pihlajamaki, J. Kuusisto, U. Schwab, and M. Laakso. 2015. Plasma fatty acids as predictors of glycaemia and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 58 (11):2533–44. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3730-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaitre, R. N., A. M. Fretts, C. M. Sitlani, M. L. Biggs, K. Mukamal, I. B. King, X. Song, L. Djoussé, D. S. Siscovick, B. McKnight, et al. 2015. Plasma phospholipid very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (5):1047–54. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.101857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. S., H. L. Dong, G. D. Chen, Z. Y. Chen, X. W. Dong, J. S. Zheng, and Y. M. Chen. 2018. Erythrocyte saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes in Chinese men and women: A prospective cohort study. Nutrients 10 (10):e1393. doi: 10.3390/nu10101393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Y. Wang, L. Zou, X. Liang, C. N. Ong, S. Tavintharan, J. M. Yuan, W. P. Koh, and A. Pan. 2018. Serum lipids in association with type 2 diabetes risk and prevalence in a Chinese population. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103 (2):671–80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-02176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendran, Y., H. Cederberg, J. Vangipurapu, A. J. Kangas, P. Soininen, J. Kuusisto, M. Uusitupa, M. Ala-Korpela, and M. Laakso. 2013. Glycerol and fatty acids in serum predict the development of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in Finnish men. Diabetes Care 36 (11):3732–8. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendran, Y., J. Ågren, M. Uusitupa, H. Cederberg, J. Vangipurapu, A. Stančáková, U. Schwab, J. Kuusisto, and M. Laakso. 2014. Association of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with changes in glycemia and risk of type 2 diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99 (1):79–85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli, N., D. Girelli, G. Malerba, P. Guarini, T. Illig, E. Trabetti, M. Sandri, S. Friso, F. Pizzolo, L. Schaeffer, et al. 2008. FADS genotypes and desaturase activity estimated by the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid are associated with inflammation and coronary artery disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88 (4):941–9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazidi, M., D. P. Mikhailidis, N. Sattar, P. P. Toth, S. Judd, M. J. Blaha, A. V. Hernandez, P. E. Penson, and M. Banach. 2020. Association of types of dietary fats and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of prospective studies with 1,148,117 participants. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) S0261-5614 (20):30146–1.
   Google Scholar
• Micha, R., I. B. King, R. N. Lemaitre, E. B. Rimm, F. Sacks, X. Song, D. S. Siscovick, and D. Mozaffarian. 2010. Food sources of individual plasma phospholipid trans fatty acid isomers: The Cardiovascular Health Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (4):883–93. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian, D., H. Cao, I. B. King, R. N. Lemaitre, X. Song, D. S. Siscovick, and G. S. Hotamisligil. 2010. Circulating palmitoleic acid and risk of metabolic abnormalities and new-onset diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (6):1350–8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.003970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian, D., M. C. D. O. Otto, R. N. Lemaitre, A. M. Fretts, G. Hotamisligil, M. Y. Tsai, D. S. Siscovick, and J. A. Nettleton. 2013. trans-Palmitoleic acid, other dairy fat biomarkers, and incident diabetes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (4):854–61. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, P. S., S. J. Sharp, E. Jansen, R. N. Luben, K. T. Khaw, N. J. Wareham, and N. G. Forouhi. 2010. Fatty acids measured in plasma and erythrocyte-membrane phospholipids and derived by food-frequency questionnaire and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes: A pilot study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (5):1214–22. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersson, H., S. Basu, T. Cederholm, and U. Riserus. 2008. Serum fatty acid composition and indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity are associated with systemic inflammation: Longitudinal analyses in middle-aged men. The British Journal of Nutrition 99 (6):1186–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507871674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, F., A. A. Korat, V. Malik, and F. B. Hu. 2016. Metabolic effects of monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets compared with carbohydrate or polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 39 (8):1448–57. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, W., I. D. Santaren, A. J. Hanley, S. M. Watkins, C. Lorenzo, and L. E. Wagenknecht. 2019. Risk of diabetes associated with fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway is independent of insulin sensitivity and response: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 7 (1):e000691. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainsbury, C. A., N. Sattar, J. M. Connell, C. Hillier, and J. R. Petrie. 2004. Non-esterified fatty acids impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat mesenteric resistance vessels. Clinical Science 107 (6):625–9. doi: 10.1042/CS20040140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santaren, I. D., S. M. Watkins, A. D. Liese, L. E. Wagenknecht, M. J. Rewers, S. M. Haffner, C. Lorenzo, and A. J. Hanley. 2014. Serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a short-term marker of dairy food intake, is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and its underlying disorders. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (6):1532–40. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savolainen, O., M. V. Lind, G. Bergstrom, B. Fagerberg, A. S. Sandberg, and A. Ross. 2017. Biomarkers of food intake and nutrient status are associated with glucose tolerance status and development of type 2 diabetes in older Swedish women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106:1302–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieber, J., M. T. Lindenmeyer, K. Kampe, K. N. Campbell, C. D. Cohen, H. Hopfer, P. Mundel, and A. W. Jehle. 2010. Regulation of podocyte survival and endoplasmic reticulum stress by fatty acids. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 299 (4):F821–9. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00196.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takkunen, M. J., U. S. Schwab, V. D. de Mello, J. G. Eriksson, J. Lindstrom, J. Tuomilehto, M. I. Uusitupa, and DPS Study Group. 2016. Longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes risk and markers of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. European Journal of Nutrition 55 (3):967–79. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0911-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, X., J. Y. Dong, Z. W. Wu, W. Li, and L. Q. Qin. 2011. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (9):1027–31. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaittinen, M., P. Walle, E. Kuosmanen, V. Mannisto, P. Kakela, J. Agren, U. Schwab, and J. Pihlajamaki. 2016. FADS2 genotype regulates delta-6 desaturase activity and inflammation in human adipose tissue. Journal of Lipid Research 57 (1):56–65. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M059113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessby, B., A. Aro, E. Skarfors, L. Berglund, I. Salminen, and H. Lithell. 1994. The risk to develop NIDDM is related to the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters. Diabetes 43 (11):1353–7. doi: 10.2337/diab.43.11.1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessby, B., I. B. Gustafsson, S. Tengblad, and L. Berglund. 2013. Indices of fatty acid desaturase activity in healthy human subjects: Effects of different types of dietary fat. The British Journal of Nutrition 110 (5):871–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen, J. K., J. Mursu, S. Voutilainen, M. Uusitupa, and T. P. Tuomainen. 2014. Serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study. Diabetes Care 37 (1):189–96. doi: 10.2337/dc13-1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., A. R. Folsom, Z. J. Zheng, J. S. Pankow, J. H. Eckfeldt, and ARIC Study Investigators. 2003. Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study 1-3. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (1):91–8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., F. Imamura, W. Ma, M. Wang, R. N. Lemaitre, I. B. King, X. Song, M. L. Biggs, J. A. Delaney, K. J. Mukamal, et al. 2015. Circulating and dietary trans fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. Diabetes Care 38 (6):1099–107. doi: 10.2337/dc14-2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., X. Meng, X. Deng, A. P. Okekunle, P. Wang, Q. Zhang, L. Ding, X. Guo, M. Lv, C. Sun, et al. 2018. Postprandial saturated fatty acids increase the risk of type 2 diabetes: A cohort study in a Chinese population. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103 (4):1438–46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, G. A., B. Shea, D. O’Connell, J. Peterson, and V. Welch, M. Losos, and P. Tugwell. 2011. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non randomized studies in meta-analyses. www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Wenjie, M., J. H. Y. Wu, Q. Wang, R. N. Lemaitre, K. J. Mukamal, L. Djoussé, I. B. King, X. Song, M. L. Biggs, J. A. Delaney, et al. 2015. Prospective association of fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with risk of type 2 diabetes: The Cardiovascular Health Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (1):153–63. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J. H., R. Micha, F. Imamura, A. Pan, M. L. Biggs, O. Ajaz, L. Djousse, F. B. Hu, and D. Mozaffarian. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 107 (S2):S214–S27. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, J. H. Y., M. Marklund, F. Imamura, N. Tintle, A. V. Ardisson Korat, J. de Goede, X. Zhou, W. S. Yang, M. C. de Oliveira Otto, J. Kroger, et al. 2017. Omega-6 fatty acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: Pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 5 (12):965–74. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30307-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xun, P., and K. He. 2012. Fish consumption and incidence of diabetes: Meta-analysis of data from 438,000 individuals in 12 independent prospective cohorts with an average 11-year follow-up. Diabetes Care 35 (4):930–8. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakoob, M. Y., P. Shi, W. C. Willett, K. M. Rexrode, H. Campos, E. J. Orav, F. B. Hu, and D. Mozaffarian. 2016. Circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and risk of incident diabetes mellitus among men and women in the United States in two large prospective cohorts. Circulation 133 (17):1645–54. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z. H., H. Miyahara, and A. Hatanaka. 2011. Chronic administration of palmitoleic acid reduces insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in KK-Ay Mice with genetic type 2 diabetes. Lipids in Health and Disease 10:120. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yary, T., S. Voutilainen, T. P. Tuomainen, A. Ruusunen, T. Nurmi, and J. K. Virtanen. 2016. Serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Delta5- and Delta6-desaturase activities, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103 (5):1337–43. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.128629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., E. Picard-Deland, and A. Marette. 2013. Fish and marine omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acid consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Endocrinology 2013:1–11. doi: 10.1155/2013/501015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. S., J. S. Lin, H. L. Dong, F. F. Zeng, D. Li, Y. Song, and Y. M. Chen. 2019. Association of erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with incident type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 38 (5):2195–201. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. S., T. Huang, J. Yang, Y. Q. Fu, and D. Li. 2012. Marine N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 7 (9):e44525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., S. H. Ley, and F. B. Hu. 2018. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature reviews. Endocrinology 14 (2):88–98. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zong, G., J. Zhu, L. Sun, X. Ye, L. Lu, Q. Jin, H. Zheng, Z. Yu, Z. Zhu, H. Li, et al. 2013. Associations of erythrocyte fatty acids in the de novo lipogenesis pathway with risk of metabolic syndrome in a cohort study of middle-aged and older Chinese. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (2):319–26. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.061218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar