References
- Abbaspour, N., R. Hurrell, and R. Kelishadi. 2014. Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 19:164–74.
- Achamrah, N., M. Coëffier, P. Jésus, J. Charles, A. Rimbert, P. Déchelotte, and S. Grigioni. 2017. Bone mineral density after weight gain in 160 patients with anorexia nervosa. Frontiers in Nutrition (4). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00046.
- Allison, R. M., C. S. Birken, G. Lebovic, A. W. Howard, M. R. L'Abbe, M.-E. Morency, and J. L. Maguire. 2020. Consumption of cow's milk in early childhood and fracture risk: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology 189 (2):146–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz216.
- American Diabetes Association. 2012. Introduction: The American Diabetes Association's (ADA) evidence-based practice guidelines, standards, and related recommendations and documents for diabetes care. Diabetes Care 35 (Suppl 1):S1–S2.
- Andres, A., P. H. Casey, M. A. Cleves, and T. M. Badger. 2013. Body fat and bone mineral content of infants fed breast milk, cow's milk formula, or soy formula during the first year of life. The Journal of Pediatrics 163 (1):49–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.12.067.
- Aslam, H., K. L. Holloway-Kew, M. Mohebbi, F. N. Jacka, and J. A. Pasco. 2019. Association between dairy intake and fracture in an Australian-based cohort of women: A prospective study. BMJ Open 9 (11):e031594. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031594.
- Astrup, A. 2014. Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: Epidemiologic and experimental studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99 (5 Suppl):1235S–42S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073015.
- Bahtiri, E., H. Islami, R. Hoxha, H. QorrajBytyqi, T. MalokuGjergji, S. Rexhepi, S. Krasniqi, V. Zhjeqi, E. Halimi, S. Thaci, et al. 2014. Calcium and dairy products consumption and association with total hip bone mineral density in women from Kosovo. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 68 (4):259–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2014.68.259-262.
- Bailey, R. L., S. Sahni, P. Chocano-Bedoya, R. M. Daly, A. A. Welch, H. Bischoff-Ferrari, and C. M. Weaver. 2019. Best practices for conducting observational research to assess the relation between nutrition and bone: An international working group summary. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 10 (3):391–409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy111.
- Bailey, R. L., P. Zou, T. C. Wallace, G. P. McCabe, B. A. Craig, S. Jun, J. A. Cauley, and C. M. Weaver. 2020. Calcium supplement use is associated with less bone mineral density loss but does not lessen the risk of bone fracture across the menopause transition: Data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. JBMR Plus 4 (1):e10246. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10246.
- Benetou, V., P. Orfanos, D. Zylis, S. Sieri, P. Contiero, R. Tumino, M. C. Giurdanella, P. H. M. Peeters, J. Linseisen, A. Nieters, et al. 2011. Diet and hip fractures among elderly Europeans in the EPIC cohort. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (1):132–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.226.
- Betancourt, A. I., and H. F. Gaitan. 2012. Micronutrients: Sources, properties and health effects. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
- Bian, S., J. Hu, K. Zhang, Y. Wang, M. Yu, and J. Ma. 2018. Dairy product consumption and risk of hip fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 18 (1):165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5.
- Bierhals, I. O., J. dos Santos Vaz, A. M. Baptista Menezes, F. C. Wehrmeister, L. Pozza, and F. M. C. Assuncao. 2019. Milk consumption, dietary calcium intake and nutrient patterns from adolescence to early adulthood and its effect on bone mass: The 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Cadernos de Saude Publica 35 (8):e00192418.
- Biver, E., C. Durosier-Izart, F. Merminod, T. Chevalley, B. van Rietbergen, S. L. Ferrari, and R. Rizzoli. 2018. Fermented dairy products consumption is associated with attenuated cortical bone loss independently of total calcium, protein, and energy intakes in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 29 (8):1771–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-018-4535-4.
- Black, R. E., S. M. Williams, I. E. Jones, and A. Goulding. 2002. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (3):675–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.675.
- Blumberg, J., R. P. Heaney, M. Huncharek, T. Scholl, M. Stampfer, R. Vieth, C. M. Weaver, and S. H. Zeisel. 2010. Evidence-based criteria in the nutritional context. Nutrition Reviews 68 (8):478–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00307.x.
- Boers, H. M., M. Alssema, D. J. Mela, H. P. F. Peters, R. J. Vonk, and M. G. Priebe. 2019. The rate of glucose appearance is related to postprandial glucose and insulin responses in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of stable isotope studies. The Journal of Nutrition 149 (11):1896–903. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz150.
- Budek, A. Z., C. Hoppe, K. F. Michaelsen, and C. Molgaard. 2007. High intake of milk, but not meat, decreases bone turnover in prepubertal boys after 7 days. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (8):957–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602605.
- Butte, N. F., W. W. Wong, J. M. Hopkinson, E. O. Smith, and K. J. Ellis. 2000. Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition. Pediatrics 106 (6):1355–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.6.1355.
- Cadogan, J., R. Eastell, N. Jones, and M. E. Barker. 1997. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: Randomised, controlled intervention trial. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 315 (7118):1255–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7118.1255.
- Chan, C. Y., S. Subramaniam, N. Mohamed, S. Ima-Nirwana, N. Muhammad, A. Fairus, P. Y. Ng, N. A. Jamil, N. Abd Aziz, and K.-Y. Chin. 2020. Determinants of bone health status in a multi-ethnic population in Klang Valley. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (2):384. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020384.
- Chan, G. M., K. Hoffman, and M. McMurry. 1995. Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls. The Journal of Pediatrics 126 (4):551–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70348-9.
- Chee, W. S., A. R. Suriah, S. P. Chan, Y. Zaitun, and Y. M. Chan. 2003. The effect of milk supplementation on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women in Malaysia. Osteoporosis International 14 (10):828–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-003-1448-6.
- Chen, Y., Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Xiao, R. Fu, H. Bao, and M. Liu. 2015. Estimating the causal effect of milk powder supplementation on bone mineral density: A randomized controlled trial with both non-compliance and loss to follow-up. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (7):824–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.3.
- Cheng, S., A. Lyytikainen, H. Kroger, C. Lamberg-Allardt, M. Alen, A. Koistinen, Q. J. Wang, M. Suuriniemi, H. Suominen, A. Mahonen, et al. 2005. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: A 2-y randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (5):1115–26, quiz 47–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1115.
- Cho, S. S., L. Qi, G. C. Fahey, Jr., and D. M. Klurfeld. 2013. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (2):594–619. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.067629.
- Cole, Z. A., C. R. Gale, M. K. Javaid, S. M. Robinson, C. Law, B. J. Boucher, S. R. Crozier, K. M. Godfrey, E. M. Dennison, and C. Cooper. 2009. Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and childhood bone mass: A longitudinal study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (4):663–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.081212.
- Cosman, F., S. J. de Beur, M. S. LeBoff, E. M. Lewiecki, B. Tanner, S. Randall, and R. Lindsay. 2014. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 25 (10):2359–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2.
- Crichton, G. E., P. R. Howe, J. D. Buckley, A. M. Coates, K. J. Murphy, and J. Bryan. 2012. Long-term dietary intervention trials: Critical issues and challenges. Trials 13:111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-111.
- Cumming, R. G., S. R. Cummings, M. C. Nevitt, J. Scott, K. E. Ensrud, T. M. Vogt, and K. Fox. 1997. Calcium intake and fracture risk: Results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. American Journal of Epidemiology 145 (10):926–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009052.
- Cumming, R. G., and R. J. Klineberg. 1994. Case-control study of risk factors for hip fractures in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology 139 (5):493–503. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117032.
- Daly, R. M., M. Brown, S. Bass, S. Kukuljan, and C. Nowson. 2005. Calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk reduces bone loss at clinically relevant skeletal sites in older men: A 2-year randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (3):397–405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/JBMR.051206.
- Daly, R. M., N. Petrass, S. Bass, and C. A. Nowson. 2008. The skeletal benefits of calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk are sustained in older men after withdrawal of supplementation: An 18-mo follow-up study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (3):771–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.771.
- de Lamas, C., M. J. de Castro, M. Gil-Campos, Á. Gil, M. L. Couce, and R. Leis. 2019. Effects of dairy product consumption on height and bone mineral content in children: A systematic review of controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 10 (suppl_2):S88–S96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy096.
- Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2015. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
- Du, X. Q., H. Greenfield, D. R. Fraser, K. Y. Ge, Z. H. Liu, and W. He. 2002. Milk consumption and bone mineral content in Chinese adolescent girls. Bone 30 (3):521–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00698-6.
- Du, X., K. Zhu, A. Trube, Q. Zhang, G. Ma, X. Hu, D. R. Fraser, and H. Greenfield. 2004. School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. The British Journal of Nutrition 92 (1):159–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041118.
- Durosier-Izart, C., E. Biver, F. Merminod, B. van Rietbergen, T. Chevalley, F. R. Herrmann, S. L. Ferrari, and R. Rizzoli. 2017. Peripheral skeleton bone strength is positively correlated with total and dairy protein intakes in healthy postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (2):513–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.134676.
- Eden, J., L. Levit, A. Berg, and S. Morton. 2011. Finding what works in health care: Standards for systematic reviews. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Esterle, L., J. P. Sabatier, F. Guillon-Metz, O. Walrant-Debray, G. Guaydier-Souquieres, F. Jehan, and M. Garabedian. 2009. Milk, rather than other foods, is associated with vertebral bone mass and circulating IGF-1 in female adolescents. Osteoporosis International 20 (4):567–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-008-0708-x.
- Eysteinsdottir, T., T. I. Halldorsson, I. Thorsdottir, G. Sigurdsson, S. Sigurðsson, T. Harris, L. J. Launer, V. Gudnason, I. Gunnarsdottir, and L. Steingrimsdottir. 2014. Milk consumption throughout life and bone mineral content and density in elderly men and women. Osteoporosis International 25 (2):663–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2476-5.
- Fabiani, R., G. Naldini, and M. Chiavarini. 2019. Dietary patterns in relation to low bone mineral density and fracture risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition 10 (2):219–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy073.
- Feart, C., S. Lorrain, V. Ginder Coupez, C. Samieri, L. Letenneur, D. Paineau, and P. Barberger-Gateau. 2013. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of fractures in French older persons. Osteoporosis International 24 (12):3031–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2421-7.
- Feskanich, D., H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, A. L. Frazier, and W. C. Willett. 2014. Milk consumption during teenage years and risk of hip fractures in older adults. JAMA Pediatrics 168 (1):54–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3821.
- Feskanich, D., H. E. Meyer, T. T. Fung, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, and W. C. Willett. 2018. Milk and other dairy foods and risk of hip fracture in men and women. Osteoporosis International 29 (2):385–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4285-8.
- Feskanich, D., W. C. Willett, and G. A. Colditz. 2003. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: A prospective study among postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2):504–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.2.504.
- Feskanich, D., W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, and G. A. Colditz. 1997. Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Public Health 87 (6):992–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.6.992.
- Fujiwara, S., F. Kasagi, M. Yamada, and K. Kodama. 1997. Risk factors for hip fracture in a Japanese cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12 (7):998–1004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.7.998.
- Ganpule, A., C. S. Yajnik, C. H D. Fall, S. Rao, D. J. Fisher, A. Kanade, C. Cooper, S. Naik, N. Joshi, H. Lubree, et al. 2006. Bone mass in Indian children - relationships to maternal nutritional status and diet during pregnancy: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91 (8):2994–3001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2431.
- Geiker, N. R. W., C. Mølgaard, S. Iuliano, R. Rizzoli, Y. Manios, L. J. C. van Loon, J.-M. Lecerf, G. Moschonis, J.-Y. Reginster, I. Givens, et al. 2020. Impact of whole dairy matrix on musculoskeletal health and aging-current knowledge and research gaps. Osteoporosis International 31 (4):601–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05229-7.
- Gibbons, M. J., N. L. Gilchrist, C. Frampton, P. Maguire, P. H. Reilly, R. L. March, and C. R. Wall. 2004. The effects of a high calcium dairy food on bone health in pre-pubertal children in New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13:341–7.
- Goulding, A., J. E. Rockell, R. E. Black, A. M. Grant, I. E. Jones, and S. M. Williams. 2004. Children who avoid drinking cow's milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104 (2):250–3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.008.
- Gui, J.-C., J. R. Brašić, X.-D. Liu, G.-Y. Gong, G.-M. Zhang, C.-J. Liu, and G.-Q. Gao. 2012. Bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women treated with calcium fortification in soymilk and cow's milk. Osteoporosis International 23 (5):1563–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-1895-z.
- Haussler, M. R., G. K. Whitfield, I. Kaneko, C. A. Haussler, D. Hsieh, J. C. Hsieh, and P. W. Jurutka. 2013. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcified Tissue International 92 (2):77–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0.
- Health Canada. 2018. Welcome to Canada’s food guide. Accessed August 16, 2019. https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/.
- Heaney, R. P. 2000. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (2 Suppl):83S–99S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718088.
- Heaney, R. P. 2009. Dairy and bone health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28 (sup1):82S–90S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2009.10719808.
- Heaney, R. P., S. Abrams, B. Dawson-Hughes, A. Looker, R. Marcus, V. Matkovic, and C. Weaver. 2000. Peak bone mass. Osteoporosis International 11 (12):985–1009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980070020.
- Hillman, L. S. 1988. Bone mineral content in term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based formula, or soy-based formula. The Journal of Pediatrics 113 (1 Pt 2):208–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80613-9.
- Hillman, L. S., W. Chow, S. S. Salmons, E. Weaver, M. Erickson, and J. Hansen. 1988. Vitamin D metabolism, mineral homeostasis, and bone mineralization in term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based formula, or soy-based formula. The Journal of Pediatrics 112 (6):864–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80206-3.
- Holvik, K., H. E. Meyer, I. Laake, D. Feskanich, T. K. Omsland, and A.-J. Sogaard. 2019. Milk drinking and risk of hip fracture: The Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). British Journal of Nutrition 121 (6):709–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518003823.
- Huncharek, M., J. Muscat, and B. Kupelnick. 2008. Impact of dairy products and dietary calcium on bone-mineral content in children: Results of a meta-analysis. Bone 43 (2):312–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.022.
- Hunt, J. R., L. K. Johnson, and Z. K. Fariba Roughead. 2009. Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: A controlled feeding study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (5):1357–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27238.
- Ilich, J. Z., O. J. Kelly, P.-Y. Liu, H. Shin, Y. Kim, Y. Chi, K. K. A. S. Wickrama, and I. Colic-Baric. 2019. Role of calcium and low-fat dairy foods in weight-loss outcomes revisited: Results from the randomized trial of effects on bone and body composition in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. Nutrients 11 (5):1157. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051157.
- Jadad, A. R., R. A. Moore, D. Carroll, C. Jenkinson, D. J. M. Reynolds, D. J. Gavaghan, and H. J. McQuay. 1996. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials 17 (1):1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4.
- Jha, R. M., A. Mithal, N. Malhotra, and E. M. Brown. 2010. Pilot case-control investigation of risk factors for hip fractures in the urban Indian population. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 11:49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-49.
- Jitapunkul, S., P. Yuktananandana, and V. Parkpian. 2001. Risk factors of hip fracture among Thai female patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet 84 (11):1576–81.
- Johnell, O., Gullberg, B. Kanis, J. Allander, A. E. Elffors, L. Dequeker, J. Dilsen, G. Gennari, C. Vaz, A. L. Lyritis, et al. 1995. Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: The MEDOS study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10 (11):1802–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650101125.
- Jones, G., K. L. Hynes, and T. Dwyer. 2013. The association between breastfeeding, maternal smoking in utero, and birth weight with bone mass and fractures in adolescents: A 16-year longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International 24 (5):1605–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2207-3.
- Jones, G., M. Riley, and T. Dwyer. 2000. Breastfeeding in early life and bone mass in prepubertal children: A longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International 11 (2):146–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00004176.
- Kalkwarf, H. J., J. C. Khoury, and B. P. Lanphear. 2003. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (1):257–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.1.257.
- Kalkwarf, H. J., B. S. Zemel, K. Yolton, and J. E. Heubi. 2013. Bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine of infants and toddlers: Influence of age, sex, race, growth, and human milk feeding. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 28 (1):206–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1730.
- Kanis, J., O. Johnell, B. Gullberg, E. Allander, L. Elffors, J. Ranstam, J. Dequeker, G. Dilsen, C. Gennari, A. Vaz, et al. 1999. Risk factors for hip fracture in men from southern Europe: The MEDOS study. Osteoporosis International 9 (1):45–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980050115.
- Kerstetter, J. E., K. O. O’Brien, D. M. Caseria, D. E. Wall, and K. L. Insogna. 2005. The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (1):26–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0179.
- Konstantynowicz, J., T. V. Nguyen, M. Kaczmarski, J. Jamiolkowski, J. Piotrowska-Jastrzebska, and E. Seeman. 2007. Fractures during growth: Potential role of a milk-free diet. Osteoporosis International 18 (12):1601–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0397-x.
- Labouesse, M. A., E. R. Gertz, B. D. Piccolo, E. C. Souza, G. U. Schuster, M. G. Witbracht, L. R. Woodhouse, S. H. Adams, N. L. Keim, and M. D. Van Loan. 2014. Associations among endocrine, inflammatory, and bone markers, body composition and weight loss induced bone loss. Bone 64:138–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.047.
- Lan, T.-Y., S.-M. Hou, C.-Y. Chen, W.-C. Chang, J. Lin, C.-C. Lin, W.-J. Liu, T.-F. Shih, and T.-Y. Tai. 2010. Risk factors for hip fracture in older adults: A case-control study in Taiwan. Osteoporosis International 21 (5):773–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1013-z.
- Lanyan, A., P. Marques-Vidal, E. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D. Hans, and O. Lamy. 2020. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis consume high amounts of vegetables but insuffient dairy products and calcium to benefit their virtues: The CoLaus/OsteoLaus cohort. Osteoporosis International 31 (5):875–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05225-x.
- Lappe, J. M., P. Watson, V. Gilsanz, T. Hangartner, H. J. Kalkwarf, S. Oberfield, J. Shepherd, K. K. Winer, and B. Zemel. 2015. The longitudinal effects of physical activity and dietary calcium on bone mass accrual across stages of pubertal development. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 30 (1):156–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2319.
- Lau, E. M., H. Lynn, Y. H. Chan, W. Lau, and J. Woo. 2004. Benefits of milk powder supplementation on bone accretion in Chinese children. Osteoporosis International 15 (8):654–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1593-6.
- Lau, E. M., H. Lynn, Y. H. Chan, and J. Woo. 2002. Milk supplementation prevents bone loss in postmenopausal Chinese women over 3 years. Bone 31 (4):536–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00853-0.
- Lau, E. M., J. Woo, V. Lam, and A. Hong. 2001. Milk supplementation of the diet of postmenopausal Chinese women on a low calcium intake retards bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16 (9):1704–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1704.
- Liu, Z., L. Qiu, Y. M. Chen, and Y. X. Su. 2011. Effect of milk and calcium supplementation on bone density and bone turnover in pregnant Chinese women: A randomized controlled trail. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 283 (2):205–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1345-0.
- Lu, J. X., H. Pan, X. Q. Hu, Z. W. Huang, and Q. Zhang. 2019. Effects of milk powder intervention on bone mineral density and indicators related to bone metabolism in Chinese adolescents. Osteoporosis International 30 (11):2231–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05105-4.
- Lunt, M., P. Masaryk, C. Scheidt-Nave, J. Nijs, G. Poor, H. Pols, J. A. Falch, G. Hammermeister, D. M. Reid, L. Benevolenskaya, et al. 2001. The effects of lifestyle, dietary dairy intake and diabetes on bone density and vertebral deformity prevalence: The EVOS study. Osteoporosis International 12 (8):688–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980170069.
- Ma, D., and G. Jones. 2003. The association between bone mineral density, metacarpal morphometry, and upper limb fractures in children: A population-based case-control study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88 (4):1486–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021682.
- Malpeli, A., M. Apezteguia, J. L. Mansur, A. Armanini, M. Macias Couret, R. Villalobos, M. Kuzminczuk, and H. F. Gonzalez. 2012. Calcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum period. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición 62:30–6.
- Mangano, K. M., S. E. Noel, S. Sahni, and K. L. Tucker. 2019. Higher dairy intakes are associated with higher bone mineral density among adults with sufficient vitamin D status: Results from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study. The Journal of Nutrition 149 (1):139–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy234.
- Manios, Y., Moschonis, G. Trovas, G. and G. P. Lyritis. 2007. Changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism and bone mineral density after a 12-mo dietary intervention program: The postmenopausal health study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (3):781–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.3.781.
- Matkovic, V., J. D. Landoll, N. E. Badenhop-Stevens, E.-Y. Ha, Z. Crncevic-Orlic, B. Li, and P. Goel. 2004. Nutrition influences skeletal development from childhood to adulthood: A study of hip, spine, and forearm in adolescent females. The Journal of Nutrition 134 (3):701S–5S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.3.701S.
- McCabe, L. D., B. R. Martin, G. P. McCabe, C. C. Johnston, C. M. Weaver, and M. Peacock. 2004. Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (4):1066–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1066.
- Merrilees, M. J., E. J. Smart, N. L. Gilchrist, C. Frampton, J. G. Turner, E. Hooke, R. L. March, and P. Maguire. 2000. Effects of diary food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls. European Journal of Nutrition 39 (6):256–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003940070004.
- Meyer, H. E., J. I. Pedersen, E. B. Loken, and A. Tverdal. 1997. Dietary factors and the incidence of hip fracture in middle-aged Norwegians: A prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology 145 (2):117–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009082.
- Michaelsson, K., A. Wolk, S. Langenskiold, S. Basu, E. Warensjo Lemming, H. Melhus, and L. Byberg. 2014. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: Cohort studies. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 349:g6015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6015.
- Michaelsson, K., A. Wolk, E. W. Lemming, H. Melhus, and L. Byberg. 2018. Intake of milk or fermented milk combined with fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to hip fracture rates: A cohort study of Swedish women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 33 (3):449–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3324.
- Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6 (7):e1000097. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
- Moore, L. L., M. L. Bradlee, D. Gao, and M. R. Singer. 2008. Effects of average childhood dairy intake on adolescent bone health. The Journal of Pediatrics 153 (5):667–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.016.
- Moschonis, G., S. Kanellakis, N. Papaioannou, A. Schaafsma, and Y. Manios. 2011. Possible site-specific effect of an intervention combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with consumption of fortified dairy products on bone mass: The Postmenopausal Health Study II. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 29 (4):501–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-010-0256-2.
- Movassagh, E. Z., S. Kontulainen, A. D. G. Baxter-Jones, S. Whiting, M. Szafron, M. Papadimitropoulos, and H. Vatanparast. 2017. Are milk and alternatives and fruit and vegetable intakes during adolescence associated with cortical and trabecular bone structure, density, and strength in adulthood? Osteoporosis International 28 (2):609–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3775-4.
- Murphy, S., K. T. Khaw, H. May, and J. E. Compston. 1994. Milk consumption and bone mineral density in middle aged and elderly women. BMJ 308 (6934):939–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6934.939.
- Nevitt, M. C., S. R. Cummings, K. L. Stone, L. Palermo, D. M. Black, D. C. Bauer, H. K. Genant, M. C. Hochberg, K. E. Ensrud, T. A. Hillier, et al. 2005. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracute in women ≥65 years of age: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (1):131–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2005.20.1.131.
- Nieves, J. W., J. A. Grisso, and J. L. A. Kelsey. 1992. A case-control study of hip fracture: Evaluation of selected dietary variables and teenage physical activity. Osteoporosis International 2 (3):122–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623818.
- Nieves, J. W., K. Melsop, M. Curtis, J. L. Kelsey, L. K. Bachrach, G. Greendale, M. F. Sowers, and K. L. Sainani. 2010. Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross-country runners. PM&R 2 (8):740–50, quiz 94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.020.
- Obbagy, J. E, L. K. English, Y. P. Wong, N. F. Butte, K. G. Dewey, M. K. Fox, F. R. Greer, N. F. Krebs, K. S. Scanlon, and E. E. Stoody. 2019. Complementary feeding and bone health: A systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109 (Suppl_7):872S–8S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy227.
- Opotowsky, A. R., and J. P. Bilezikian. 2003. Racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 (11):1978–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.1978.
- Ott, S. M. 2018. Cortical or trabecular bone: What's the difference? American Journal of Nephrology 47 (6):373–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000489672.
- Owusu, W., W. C. Willett, D. Feskanich, A. Ascherio, D. Spiegelman, and G. A. Colditz. 1997. Calcium intake and the incidence of forearm and hip fractures among men. The Journal of Nutrition 127 (9):1782–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.9.1782.
- Park, M. J., R. Namgung, D. H. Kim, and R. C. Tsang. 1998. Bone mineral content is not reduced despite low vitamin D status in breast milk-fed infants versus cow's milk based formula-fed infants. J. Pediatr 132 (4):641–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70353-1.
- Petridou, E., T. Karpathios, N. Dessypris, E. Simou, and D. Trichopoulos. 1997. The role of dairy products and non alcoholic beverages in bone fractures among schoolage children. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 25 (2):119–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/140349489702500209.
- Prentice, A., T. J. Parsons, and T. J. Cole. 1994. Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (6):837–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.6.837.
- Prince, R., A. Devine, I. Dick, A. Criddle, D. Kerr, N. Kent, R. Price, and A. Randell. 2009. The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10 (7):1068–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650100711.
- Rizzoli, R. 2008. Nutrition: Its role in bone health. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 22 (5):813–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2008.08.005.
- Rizzoli, R., M. L. Bianchi, M. Garabedian, H. A. McKay, and L. A. Moreno. 2010. Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone 46 (2):294–305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.005.
- Rizzoli, R., E. Biver, J. P. Bonjour, V. Coxam, D. Goltzman, J. A. Kanis, J. Lappe, L. Rejnmark, S. Sahni, C. Weaver, et al. 2018. Benefits and safety of dietary protein for bone health-an expert consensus paper endorsed by the European Society for Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteopororosis, Osteoarthritis, and Musculoskeletal Diseases and by the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis International 29 (9):1933–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-018-4534-5.
- Rogers, T. S., M. G. Garrod, J. M. Peerson, D. J. Hillegonds, B. A. Buchholz, E. Demmer, C. Richardson, E. R. Gertz, and M. D. Van Loan. 2016. Is bone equally responsive to calcium and vitamin D intake from food vs. supplements? Use of (41)calcium tracer kinetic model. Bone Reports 5:117–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2016.05.001.
- Rosado, J. L., O. P. Garcia, D. Ronquillo, D. Hervert-Hernández, M. D. C. Caamaño, G. Martínez, J. Gutiérrez, and S. García. 2011. Intake of milk with added micronutrients increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to reduce body weight: A randomized controlled clinical trial in Mexican women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111 (10):1507–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.07.011.
- Ross, A. C., C. L. Taylor, A. L. Yaktine, and H. B. Del Valle. 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Roughead, Z. K., L. K. Johnson, G. I. Lykken, and J. R. Hunt. 2003. Controlled high meat diets do not affect calcium retention or indices of bone status in healthy postmenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition 133 (4):1020–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1020.
- Roy, D. K., T. W. O'Neill, J. D. Finn, M. Lunt, A. J. Silman, D. Felsenberg, G. Armbrecht, D. Banzer, L. I. Benevolenskaya, A. Bhalla, et al. 2003. Determinants of incident vertebral fracture in men and women: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Osteoporosis International 14 (1):19–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-002-1317-8.
- Rulu, P., M. Dhall, R. Tyagi, K. S. Devi, N. Feroz, S. Kapoor, M. G. Tungdim, and S. Thakur. 2019. Factors influencing bone mineral density among adults of Delhi: A gender differential. Journal of Health Management 21 (2):199–209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063419835096.
- Sahni, S., K. M. Mangano, D. P. Kiel, K. L. Tucker, and M. T. Hannan. 2017. Dairy intake is protective against bone loss in older vitamin D supplement users: The Framingham Study. Journal of Nutrition 147:646–52.
- Sahni, S., K. M. Mangano, K. L. Tucker, D. P. Kiel, V. A. Casey, and M. T. Hannan. 2014. Protective association of milk intake on the risk of hip fracture: Results from the Framingham Original Cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 29 (8):1756–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2219.
- Sahni, S., K. L. Tucker, D. P. Kiel, L. Quach, V. A. Casey, and M. T. Hannan. 2013. Milk and yogurt consumption are linked with higher bone mineral density but not with hip fracture: The Framingham Offspring Study. Archives of Osteoporosis 8:119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-013-0119-2.
- Sato, Y., M. Iki, Y. Fujita, J. Tamaki, K. Kouda, A. Yura, J. S. Moon, R. Winzenrieth, H. Iwaki, R. Ishizuka, et al. 2015. Greater milk intake is associated with lower bone turnover, higher bone density, and higher bone microarchitecture index in a population of elderly Japanese men with relatively low dietary calcium intake: Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study. Osteoporosis International 26:1585–94.
- Seeman, E. 2013. Age- and menopause-related bone loss compromise cortical and trabecular microstructure. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 68 (10):1218–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt071.
- Shams-White, M. M., M. Chung, M. Du, Z. Fu, K. L. Insogna, M. C. Karlsen, M. S. LeBoff, S. A. Shapses, J. Sackey, T. C. Wallace, et al. 2017. Dietary protein and bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (6):1528–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.145110.
- Shi, Y., Y. Zhan, Y. Chen, and Y. Jiang. 2020. Effects of dairy products on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Osteoporosis 15 (1):48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-020-0694-y.
- Siris, E. S., R. Adler, J. Bilezikian, M. Bolognese, B. Dawson-Hughes, M. J. Favus, S. T. Harris, S. M. Jan de Beur, S. Khosla, N. E. Lane, et al. 2014. The clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis: A position statement from the National Bone Health Alliance Working Group. Osteoporosis International 25 (5):1439–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2655-z.
- Sowers, M. F. R., S. L. Crawford, B. Sternfeld, D. Morganstein, E. B. Gold, G. A. Greendale, D. A. Evans, R. Neer, K. A. Matthews, and S. Sherman. 2000. SWAN: A multicenter, multiethnic, community-based cohort study of women and the menopausal transition. In Menopause: Biology and pathobiology, eds. Rogerio A. Lobo, Robert Marcus and Jennifer Kelsey. 175–88. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Specker, B. M., A. H. Beck, Kalkwarf, and M. Ho. 1997. Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life. Pediatrics 99 (6):E12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.6.e12.
- Storm, D. E., R. E. S. Porter, K. Musgrave, D. Vereault, C. Patton, C. Kessenich, S. Mohan, T. Chen, M. F. Holick, and C. J. Rosen. 1998. Calcium supplementation prevents seasonal bone loss and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly New England women: A randomized placebo controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83 (11):3817–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.11.5289.
- Szulc, P., K. Naylor, N. R. Hoyle, R. Eastell, and E. T. Leary. 2017. Use of CTX-I and PINP as bone turnover markers: National Bone Health Alliance recommendations to standardize sample handling and patient preparation to reduce pre-analytical variability. Osteoporosis International 28 (9):2541–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4082-4.
- Tavani, A., E. Negri, and L. C. Vecchia. 1995. Calcium, dairy products, and the risk of hip fracture in women in northern Italy. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 6 (5):554–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199509000-00017.
- Teegarden, D., R. M. Lyle, G. P. McCabe, L. D. McCabe, W. R. Proulx, K. Michon, A. P. Knight, C. C. Johnston, and C. M. Weaver. 1998. Dietary calcium, protein, and phosphorus are related to bone mineral density and content in young women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (3):749–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.3.749.
- Thorning, T. K., H. C. Bertram, J.-P. Bonjour, L. de Groot, E. Feeney, R. Ipsen, J. M. Lecerf, A. Mackie, M. C. McKinley, M.-C. Michalski, et al. 2017. Whole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: Current evidence and knowledge gaps. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (5):1033–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.151548.
- Ting, G. P., S. Y. Tan, S. P. Chan, C. Karuthan, Y. Zaitun, A. R. Suriah, and W. S. Chee. 2007. A follow-up study on the effects of a milk supplement on bone mineral density of postmenopausal Chinese women in Malaysia. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 11:69–73.
- Torres-Costoso, A., P. Lopez-Munoz, A. Ferri-Morales, E. Bravo-Morales, V. Martinez-Vizcaino, and M. Garrido-Miguel. 2019. Body mass index, lean mass, and body fat percentage as mediators of the relationship between milk consumption and bone health in young adults. Nutrients 11 (10):2500. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102500.
- Tsai, A. J. 2019. Disparities in osteoporosis by race/ethnicity, education, work status, immigrant status, and economic status in the United States. European Journal of Internal Medicine 64:85–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2019.04.011.
- Tu, M. Y., H. L. Chen, Y. T. Tung, C. C. Kao, F. C. Hu, and C. M. Chen. 2015. Short-term effects of kefir-fermented milk consumption on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in a randomized clinical trial of osteoporotic patients. PLoS One 10 (12):e0144231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144231.
- van den Heuvel, E., and J. Steijns. 2018. Dairy products and bone health: How strong is the scientific evidence? Nutrition Research Reviews 31 (2):164–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095442241800001X.
- van den Hooven, E. H., D. H. Heppe, J. C. Kiefte-de Jong, C. Medina-Gomez, H. A. Moll, A. Hofman, V. W. Jaddoe, F. Rivadeneira, and O. H. Franco. 2015. Infant dietary patterns and bone mass in childhood: The Generation R Study. Osteoporosis International 26 (5):1595–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3033-1.
- Vasikaran, S., R. Eastell, O. Bruyere, A. J. Foldes, P. Garnero, A. Griesmacher, M. McClung, H. A. Morris, S. Silverman, T. Trenti, et al. 2011. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: A need for international reference standards. Osteoporosis International 22 (2):391–420. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1501-1.
- Vogel, K. A., B. R. Martin, L. D. McCabe, M. Peacock, S. J. Warden, G. P. McCabe, and C. M. Weaver. 2017. The effect of dairy intake on bone mass and body composition in early pubertal girls and boys: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (5):1214–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.140418.
- Volek, J. S., A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, M. J. Sharman, D. N. French, M. R. Rubin, N. A. Ratamess, M. M. McGuigan, and W. J. Kraemer. 2003. Increasing fluid milk favorably affects bone mineral density responses to resistance training in adolescent boys. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 (10):1353–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(03)01073-3.
- Wadolowska, L., K. Sobas, J. W. Szczepanska, M. A. Slowinska, M. Czlapka-Matyasik, and E. Niedzwiedzka. 2013. Dairy products, dietary calcium and bone health: Possibility of prevention of osteoporosis in women: The Polish experience. Nutrients 5 (7):2684–707. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072684.
- Wallace, T. C. 2019. Optimizing dietary protein for lifelong bone health: A paradox unraveled. Nutrition Today 54 (3):107–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000340.
- Wallace, T. C., D. C. Bauer, R. F. Gagel, S. L. Greenspan, J. M. Lappe, M. S. LeBoff, R. R. Recker, K. G. Saag, and A. J. Singer. 2016. The National Osteoporosis Foundation's methods and processes for developing position statements. Archives of Osteoporosis 11:22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-016-0276-1.
- Wallace, T. C., and C. L. Frankenfeld. 2017. Dietary protein intake above the current RDA and bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 36 (6):481–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1322924.
- Wallace, T. C., S. Jun, P. Zou, G. P. McCabe, C. Bruce, J. A. Cauley, C. M. Weaver, and R. L. Bailey. 2020. Dairy intake is not associated with improvements in bone mineral density or risk of fractures across the menopause transition: Data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 27:879–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001555.
- Weaver, C. M. 2017. Nutrition and bone health. Oral Diseases 23 (4):412–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12515.
- Weaver, C. M., C. M. Gordon, K. F. Janz, H. J. Kalkwarf, J. M. Lappe, R. Lewis, M. O'Karma, T. C. Wallace, and B. S. Zemel. 2016. The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: A systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporosis International 27 (4):1281–386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3.
- Weaver, C. M., E. Janle, B. Martin, S. Browne, H. Guiden, P. Lachcik, and W. H. Lee. 2009. Dairy versus calcium carbonate in promoting peak bone mass and bone maintenance during subsequent calcium deficiency. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (8):1411–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090303.
- Woolf, S. H. 2006. Weighing the evidence to formulate dietary guidelines. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25 (3 Suppl):277S–84S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719578.
- Wren, T. A., X. Liu, P. Pitukcheewanont, and V. Gilsanz. 2005. Bone acquisition in healthy children and adolescents: Comparisons of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography measures. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (4):1925–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1351.
- Wright, N. C., A. C. Looker, K. G. Saag, J. R. Curtis, E. S. Delzell, S. Randall, and B. Dawson-Hughes. 2014. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 29 (11):2520–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2269.
- Wright, N. C., K. G. Saag, B. Dawson-Hughes, S. Khosla, and E. S. Siris. 2017. The impact of the new National Bone Health Alliance (NBHA) diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of osteoporosis in the USA. Osteoporosis International 28 (4):1225–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3865-3.
- Zhu, K., H. Greenfield, X. Du, Q. Zhang, G. Ma, X. Hu, C. T. Cowell, and D. R. Fraser. 2008. Effects of two years' milk supplementation on size-corrected bone mineral density of Chinese girls. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17 (Suppl 1):147–50.
- Zhu, K., Q. Zhang, L. H. Foo, A. Trube, G. Ma, X. Hu, X. Du, C. T. Cowell, D. R. Fraser, and H. Greenfield. 2006. Growth, bone mass, and vitamin D status of Chinese adolescent girls 3 y after withdrawal of milk supplementation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (3):714–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.83.3.714.
- Zhu, Y., S. Liu, W. Chen, B. Liu, H. Lv, X. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2018. Epidemiology of low-energy fracture in Chinese postmenopausal women: Changing trend of incidence since menopause and associated risk factors, a national population-based survey. Menopause 26 (3):286–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001211.