Shellfish consumption and health: A comprehensive review of human studies and recommendations for enhanced public policy

References

• Abdallah, M. A. 2013. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mollusca species and assessment of potential risks to human health. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 90 (5):552–7. doi: 10.1007/s00128-013-0959-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. 2012. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2012. Diabetes Care 35 (Suppl 1):S11–S63. doi: 10.2337/dc12-s011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, S. S., K. A. Hubbard, N. Lundholm, M. Montresor, and C. P. Leaw. 2018. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. Harmful Algae 79:3–43. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A. E., Y. G. Hernandez, H. Frucht, and A. L. Lucas. 2014. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Risk factors, screening, and early detection. World Journal of Gastroenterology 20 (32):11182–98. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, J. E., and M. T. Collins. 2015. The PTH-Vitamin D-FGF23 axis. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 16 (2):165–74. doi: 10.1007/s11154-015-9318-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, P. C. 2017. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: From molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions 45 (5):1105–15. doi: 10.1042/BST20160474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao, L. Z., X. D. Peng, J. P. Xie, F. H. Yang, H. L. Wen, and S. Li. 2017. The relationship between iodine intake and the risk of thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine 96 (20):e6734. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W. C. 2011. Dietary intake and the risk of hyperuricemia, gout and chronic kidney disease in elderly Taiwanese men. The Aging Male: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 14 (3):195–202. doi: 10.3109/13685538.2010.512372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, K., K. Malhotra, J. Sowers, and A. Aroor. 2013. Uric acid – Key ingredient in the recipe for cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 3 (3):208–20. doi: 10.1159/000355405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.,. Y. Yang, X. Yu, S. Hu, and S. Shao. 2017. Association between omega-3 fatty acids consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 8 (4):480–8. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., L. Yan, L. Lin, F. Liu, Y. Qiu, J. Wang, J. Wu, F. Liu, J. Huang, L. Cai, et al. 2017. Dietary score and the risk of oral cancer: A case-control study in southeast China. Oncotarget 8 (21):34610–6. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, L., C. Eng, L. Z. Nieman, A. S. Kapadia, and X. L. Du. 2011. Trends in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic site and disease stage in the United States from 1976 to 2005. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 34 (6):573–80. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e3181fe41ed.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childs, M. T., C. S. Dorsett, I. B. King, J. G. Ostrander, and W. K. Yamanaka. 1990. Effects of shellfish consumption on lipoproteins in normolipidemic men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 (6):1020–7. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini, I., and M. J. Bolland. 2018. Calcium supplementation in osteoporosis: Useful or harmful? European Journal of Endocrinology 178 (4):D13–D25. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmielik, E., D. Rusinek, M. Oczko-Wojciechowska, M. Jarzab, J. Krajewska, A. Czarniecka, and B. Jarzab. 2018. Heterogeneity of thyroid cancer. Pathobiology: Journal of Immunopathology, Molecular and Cellular Biology 85 (1-2):117–29. doi: 10.1159/000486422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. K., K. Atkinson, E. W. Karlson, W. Willett, and G. Curhan. 2004. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. New England Journal of Medicine 350 (11):1093–103. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa035700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. K., S. Liu, and G. Curhan. 2005. Intake of purine-rich foods, protein, and dairy products and relationship to serum levels of uric acid: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis & Rheumatism 52 (1):283–9. doi: 10.1002/art.20761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausing, R. J., B. Losen, F. R. Oberhaensli, H. T. Darius, M. Sibat, P. Hess, P. W. Swarzenski, M. Chinain, and M. Y. Dechraoui Bottein. 2018. Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish. Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 200:257–65. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cléro, É., F. Doyon, V. Chungue, F. Rachédi, J. L. Boissin, J. Sebbag, L. Shan, F. Bost-Bezeaud, P. Petitdidier, E. Dewailly, et al. 2012. Dietary iodine and thyroid cancer risk in French Polynesia: A case-control study. Thyroid 22 (4):422–9. doi: 10.1089/thy.2011.0173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottin, S. C., T. A. Sanders, and W. L. Hall. 2011. The differential effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70 (2):215–31. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111000061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming, R. G., and M. C. Nevitt. 1997. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 12 (9):1321–9. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.9.1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuparencu, C., G. Praticó, L. Y. Hemeryck, P. S. C. Sri Harsha, S. Noerman, C. Rombouts, M. Xi, L. Vanhaecke, K. Hanhineva, L. Brennan, et al. 2019. Biomarkers of meat and seafood intake: An extensive literature review. Genes & Nutrition 14:35 doi: 10.1186/s12263-019-0656-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darius, H. T., M. Roué, M. Sibat, J. Viallon, C. M. I. Gatti, M. W. Vandersea, P. A. Tester, R. W. Litaker, Z. Amzil, P. Hess, et al. 2017. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a novel vector of ciguatera poisoning: Detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in toxic samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia. ). Toxins (Basel). 10 (1):2. doi: 10.3390/toxins10010002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechraoui, M. Y., J. Naar, S. Pauillac, and A. M. Legrand. 1999. Ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, neurotoxic polyether compounds active on sodium channels. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology 37 (1):125–43. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00169-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, J. L. 2016. Nutrients and chemical pollutants in fish and shellfish. balancing health benefits and risks of regular fish consumption. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (6):979–88. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2012.742985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'souza, S., and V. Addepalli. 2018. Preventive measures in oral cancer: An overview. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 107:72–80. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duran-Riveroll, L. M., and A. D. Cembella. 2017. Guanidinium toxins and their interactions with voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Marine Drugs 15 (10):303. doi: 10.3390/md15100303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durga, A. V., and S. Manorenj. 2019. Dietary pattern in adult patients with acute stroke in South India: A case-control study from a tertiary care center in Hyderabad. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 10 (02):283–93. doi: 10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_237_18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Echarte, M., M. A. Zulet, and I. Astiasaran. 2001. Oxidation process affecting fatty acids and cholesterol in fried and roasted salmon. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (11):5662–7. doi: 10.1021/jf010199e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority. 2011. Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA Journal 9:2097. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2097.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, F.,. W. Q. Xue, B. H. Wu, M. G. He, H. L. Xie, W. F. Ouyang, S. L. Tu, and Y. M. Chen. 2013. Higher fish intake is associated with a lower risk of hip fractures in Chinese men and women: A matched case-control Study. PLoS One 8 (2):e56849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton, J. S., M. A. Malfatti, M. G. Knize, C. P. Salmon, E. C. Hopmans, and R. W. Wu. 1997. Health risks of heterocyclic amines. Mutation Research 376 (1-2):37–41. doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00023-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization. 2020. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. doi: 10.4060/ca9229en10</seurld.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/hazard-analysis-critical-control-point-haccp</seurld
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. A., M. Fernandez, L. C. Backer, R. W. Dickey, J. Bernstein, K. Schrank, S. Kibler, W. Stephan, M. O. Gribble, P. Bienfang, et al. 2017. An updated review of ciguatera fish poisoning: Clinical, epidemiological, environmental, and public health management. Marine Drugs 15 (3):72. doi: 10.3390/md15030072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehlert, S., W. Bloch, and F. Suhr. 2015. Ca2+-dependent regulations and signaling in skeletal muscle: From electro-mechanical coupling to adaptation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16 (1):1066–95. doi: 10.3390/ijms16011066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K. S., T. M. Burbacher, E. M. Faustman, and L. Gratttan. 2010. Domoic acid: Neurobehavioral consequences of exposure to a prevalent marine biotoxin. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 32 (2):132–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan, L. M., C. Boushey, K. Tracy, V. Trainer, S. M. Roberts, N. Schluterman, and J. G. Morris. Jr. 2016. The association between razor clam consumption and memory in the CoASTAL Cohort. Harmful Algae 57 (B):20–5. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.011.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. D., T. A. Sanders, I. G. Davies, L. M. Morgan, D. J. Millward, F. Lewis, S. Slaughter, J. A. Cooper, G. J. Miller, and B. A. Griffin. 2006. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (6):1290–8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guertin, K. A., S. C. Moore, J. N. Sampson, W. Y. Huang, Q. Xiao, R. Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Sinha, and A. J. Cross. 2014. Metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology: Identifying metabolites associated with diet and quantifying their potential to uncover diet-disease relations in populations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (1):208–17. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallquist, A., L. Hardell, A. Degerman, and L. Boquist. 1994. Thyroid cancer: Reproductive factors, previous diseases, drug intake, family history and diet. A case-control study. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 3 (6):481–8. doi: 10.1097/00008469-199411000-00005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamano, M., M. Kuzuya, R. Fujii, H. Ogura, and M. Yamada. 2005. Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by Noroviruses in Okayama, Japan. Journal of Medical Virology 77 (2):282–9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, K., P. Xun, T. M. Brasky, M. D. Gammon, J. Stevens, and E. White. 2013. Types of fish consumed and fish preparation methods in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence: The VITAL Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 177 (2):152–60. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornross, P. L., J. S. Morris, M. Lee, D. W. West, A. S. Whittemore, I. R. McDougall, K. Nowels, S. L. Stewart, V. L. Spate, A. C. Shiau, et al. 2001. Iodine and thyroid cancer risk among women in a multiethnic population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:979–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Federation Diabetes. 2019. IDF Diabetes Atlas Ninth Edition 2019. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/
   Google Scholar
• Isherwood, C., M. Wong, W. S. Jones, I. G. Davies, and B. A. Griffin. 2010. Lack of effect of cold water prawns on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins in normo-lipidaemic men. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 56 (1):52–8. doi: 10.1170/T879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, F., and J. Truelove. 1994. Toxicology and seafood toxins: Domoic acid. Natural Toxins 2 (5):334–9. doi: 10.1002/nt.2620020514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwamoto, M., T. Ayers, B. E. Mahon, and D. L. Swerdlow. 2010. Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the United States. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23 (2):399–411. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00059-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S., I. Sioen, A. Marques, and W. Verbeke. 2018. Consumer response to health and environmental sustainability information regarding seafood consumption. Environmental Research 161:492–504. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir, M., G. Skurnik, N. Naour, V. Pechtner, E. Meugnier, S. Rome, A. Quignard-Boulange, H. Vidal, G. Slama, K. Clement, et al. 2007. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (6):1670–9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.6.1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik, M., D. Mozaffarian, D. Spiegelman, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. 2009. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (3):613–20. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khora, S. S. 2016. Seafood-associated shellfish allergy: A comprehensive review. Immunological Investigations 45 (6):504–30. doi: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1180301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., J. Lee, H. D. Woo, D. W. Kim, J. H. Oh, H. J. Chang, D. K. Sohn, A. Shin, and J. Kim. 2020. Dietary mercury intake and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 39 (7):2106–13. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, I., M. T. Childs, C. Dorsett, J. G. Ostrander, and E. R. Monsen. 1990. Shellfish: Proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and sterols. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 90 (5):677–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirk, M. D., S. M. Pires, R. E. Black, M. Caipo, J. A. Crump, B. Devleesschauwer, D. Döpfer, A. Fazil, C. L. Fischer-Walker, T. Hald, et al. 2015. World Health Organization Estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Medicine 12 (12):e1001921 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahara, C. M., A. Berrington de González, N. D. Freedman, R. Huxley, Y. Mok, S. H. Jee, and J. M. Samet. 2011. Total cholesterol and cancer risk in a large prospective study in Korea. Journal of Clinical Oncology 29 (12):1592–8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.31.5200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolonel, L., J. Hankin, L. Wilkens, F. Fukunaga, and M. Hinds. 1990. An epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer in Hawaii. Cancer Causes Control 1 (3):223–34. doi: 10.1007/BF00117474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, I. Y., and B. E. Ehrlich. 2015. Signaling in muscle contraction. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7 (2):a006023 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C. C., D. D. Ji, F. T. Wu, J. J. Mu, J. R. Yang, D. D. Jiang, W. Y. Lin, W. T. Chen, M. Y. Yen, H. S. Wu, et al. 2016. Etiology and risk factors of acute gastroenteritis in a Taipei emergency department: Clinical features for bacterial gastroenteritis. Journal of Epidemiology 26 (4):216–23. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20150061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalia, A. Z., and I. R. Lanza. 2016. Insulin-sensitizing effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Lost in translation? Nutrients 8 (6):329. doi: 10.3390/nu8060329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan, P. J., J. J. Stegeman, L. E. Fleming, D. Allemand, D. M. Anderson, L. C. Backer, F. Brucker-Davis, N. Chevalier, L. Corra, D. Czerucka, et al. 2020. Human health and ocean pollution. Annals of Global Health 86 (1):151 doi: 10.5334/aogh.2831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg, P., I. Bülow Pedersen, N. Knudsen, L. Ovesen, and S. Andersen. 2001. Environmental iodine intake affects the type of nonmalignant thyroid disease. Thyroid 11:457–69. doi: 10.1089/105072501300176417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., X. O. Shu, G. Yang, H. Li, Y. T. Gao, and W. Zheng. 2009. Animal origin foods and colorectal cancer risk: A report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Nutrition and Cancer 61 (2):194–205. doi: 10.1080/01635580802419780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. J., R. A. Terkeltaub, and A. Kavanaugh. 2006. Recent developments in diet and gout. Current Rheumatology Reports 7:220–6. doi: 10.1097/01.bor.0000209434.82096.1f.
   Google Scholar
• Leermakers, E. T., A. M. Sonnenschein-van der Voort, D. H. Heppe, J. C. de Jongste, H. A. Moll, O. H. Franco, A. Hofman, V. W. Jaddoe, and L. Duijts. 2013. Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and risks of wheezing and eczema in childhood: The Generation R Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67 (4):353–9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, K. A., P. S. Kendrick, W. Ladiges, E. M. Hiolski, B. E. Ferriss, D. R. Smith, and D. J. Marcinek. 2017. Chronic low-level exposure to the common seafood toxin domoic acid causes cognitive deficits in mice. Harmful Algae 64:20–9. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibson, C. L., A. N. Tosteson, S. E. Gabriel, J. E. Ransom, and L. J. Melton. 2002. Mortality, disability, and nursing home use for persons with and without hip fracture: A population-based study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50 (10):1644–50. doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50455.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. T., and A. H. Lin. 2014. Dietary factors and thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrition and Cancer 66 (7):1165–78. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2014.951734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopata, A. L., R. E. O'Hehir, and S. B. Lehrer. 2010. Shellfish allergy. Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 40 (6):850–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03513.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., L. Zou, J. Su, E. S. Tai, C. Whitton, R. M. V. Dam, and C. N. Ong. 2017. Meat and seafood consumption in relation to plasma metabolic profiles in a Chinese Population: A combined untargeted and targeted metabolomics study. Nutrients 9 (7):683. doi: 10.3390/nu9070683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack, W. J., S. Preston-Martin, L. Bernstein, and D. Qian. 2002. Lifestyle and other risk factors for thyroid Cancer in Los Angeles County females. Annals of Epidemiology 12 (6):395–401. doi: 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00281-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, C. H., S. J. Newberry, W. A. Mojica, P. Khanna, A. M. Issa, M. J. Suttorp, Y. W. Lim, S. B. Traina, L. Hilton, R. Garland, et al. 2006. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: A systematic review. JAMA 295 (4):403–15. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.4.403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahaffey, K. R. 2004. Fish and shellfish as dietary sources of methylmercury and the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: Risks and benefits. Environmental Research 95 (3):414–28. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mambiya, M., M. Shang, Y. Wang, Q. Li, S. Liu, L. Yang, Q. Zhang, K. Zhang, M. Liu, F. Nie, et al. 2019. The play of genes and non-genetic factors on type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Public Health 7:349. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, A. B., M. W. Poulsen, S. Andersen, J. M. Andersen, M. J. Bak, C. Ritz, J. J. Holst, J. Nielsen, B. de Courten, L. O. Dragsted, et al. 2014. Consumption of a diet low in advanced glycation end products for 4 weeks improves insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Diabetes Care 37 (1):88–95. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson, E. M., A. G. Mainous, E. G. Hill, and M. A. Carnemolla. 2009. Shellfish consumption and risk of coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109 (8):1422–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClain, K. M., P. T. Bradshaw, N. K. Khankari, M. D. Gammon, and A. F. Olshan. 2019. Fish/shellfish intake and the risk of head and neck cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention: The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) 28 (2):102–8. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memon, A., A. Varghese, and A. Suresh. 2002. Benign thyroid disease and dietary factors in thyroid cancer: A case-control study in Kuwait. British Journal of Cancer 86 (11):1745–50. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, Z., C. Li, Y. Chen, S. Zhao, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Chen, F. Xu, F. Wang, R. Sun, et al. 2008. Dietary and lifestyle changes associated with high prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in the Shandong coastal cities of Eastern China. The Journal of Rheumatology 35 (9):1859–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missmer, S. A., and D. W. Cramer. 2003. The epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 30 (1):1–19. vii. doi: 10.1016/S0889-8545(02)00050-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito, S., S. Silvestro, and C. Faggio. 2018. How the marine biotoxins affect human health. Natural Product Research 32 (6):621–31. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1329734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouzin, E., L. Mascola, M. P. Tormey, and D. E. Dassey. 1997. Prevention of Vibrio vulnificus infections: Assessment of regulatory educational strategies. JAMA 278 (7):576–8. doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03550070068040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint, P. K., A. A. Welch, S. A. Bingham, R. N. Luben, N. J. Wareham, N. E. Day, and K. T. Khaw. 2006. Habitual fish consumption and risk of incident stroke: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective population study. Public Health Nutrition 9 (7):882–8. doi: 10.1017/phn2006942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazi, N.,. N. R. Brett, N. Bellissimo, B. Larijani, J. Heshmati, and L. Azadbakht. 2019. The association between types of seafood intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Health Promotion Perspectives 9 (3):164–73. doi: 10.15171/hpp.2019.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanri, A., T. Mizoue, M. Noda, Y. Takahashi, Y. Matsushita, K. Poudel-Tandukar, M. Kato, S. Oba, M. Inoue, and S. Tsugane. 2011. Fish intake and type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (3):884–91. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.012252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Fisheries Institute. 2017. About seafood: top 10 list for seafood consumption. https://www.aboutseafood.com/about/top-ten-list-forseafood-consumption/
   Google Scholar
• Nyhan, W. L. 2005. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Molecular Genetics & Metabolism 86:0–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.07.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehlenschläger, J. 2012. Seafood: Nutritional benefits and risk aspects. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82 (3):168–76. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak, N., G. Vera, and H. Araya. 1985. Nutritive value of shellfish consumed in Chile. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 35 (1):63–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paré, A., and A. Joly. 2017. [Oral cancer: Risk factors and management]. Presse Medicale (Paris, France: 1983) 46 (3):320–30. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passi, S., S. Cataudella, P. D. Marco, F. D. Simone, and L. Rastrelli. 2002. Fatty acid composition and antioxidant levels in muscle tissue of different Mediterranean marine species of fish and shellfish. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (25):7314–22. doi: 10.1021/jf020451y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, P. S., N. G. Forouhi, A. Kuijsten, M. B. Schulze, G. J. van Woudenbergh, E. Ardanaz, P. Amiano, L. Arriola, B. Balkau, A. Barricarte, et al. 2012. The prospective association between total and type of fish intake and type 2 diabetes in 8 European countries: EPIC-InterAct Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (6):1445–53. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.029314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, P. S., S. J. Sharp, R. N. Luben, K. T. Khaw, S. A. Bingham, N. J. Wareham, and N. G. Forouhi. 2009. Association between type of dietary fish and seafood intake and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort study. Diabetes Care 32 (10):1857–63. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelé, F., E. Bajeux, H. Gendron, C. Monfort, F. Rouget, L. Multigner, J. F. Viel, and S. Cordier. 2013. Maternal fish and shellfish consumption and wheeze, eczema and food allergy at age two: A prospective cohort study in Brittany. Environmental Health 12 (1):102. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-12-102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popp-Snijders, C., J. A. Schouten, R. J. Heine, J. van der Meer, and E. A. van der Veen. 1987. Dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improves insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Research (Edinburgh, Scotland) 4 (3):141–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preston-Martin, S., F. Jin, M. J. Duda, and W. J. Mack. 1993. A case-control study of thyroid cancer in women under age 55 in Shanghai (People’s Republic of China). Cancer Causes and Control 4 (5):431–40. doi: 10.1007/BF00050862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu, X., J. Sui, N. Mi, and H. Lin. 2017. Determination of four different purines and their content change in seafood by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97 (2):520–5. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, G., D. L. Martin, J. Pappas, R. E. Thompson, and K. D. Greene. 1989. An outbreak of shigellosis associated with the consumption of raw oysters. The New England Journal of Medicine 321 (4):224–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198907273210404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm, C. D., J. L. Peñalvo, A. Afshin, and D. Mozaffarian. 2016. Dietary intake among US adults, 1999–2012. JAMA 315 (23):2542–53. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, Y., J. J. Lence-Anta, C. M. Pereda, M. Chappe, M. Velasco, I. Infante, M. Bustillo, S. Turcios, A. Leufroy, T. Guérin, et al. 2016. FOXE1 polymorphism interacts with dietary iodine intake in differentiated thyroid cancer risk in the Cuban population. Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association 26 (12):1752–60. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm, E. B., L. J. Appel, S. E. Chiuve, L. Djoussé, M. B. Engler, P. M. Kris-Etherton, D. Mozaffarian, D. S. Siscovick, and A. H. Lichtenstein. 2018. Seafood long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 138 (1):e35–e47. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Broadbent, H., P. J. Law, A. Sud, K. Palin, S. Tuupanen, A. Gylfe, U. A. Hänninen, T. Cajuso, T. Tanskanen, J. Kondelin, et al. 2017. Mendelian randomisation implicates hyperlipidaemia as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer 140 (12):2701–8. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, K. J. 2014. Six persistent research misconceptions. Journal of General Internal Medicine 29 (7):1060–4. doi: 10.1007/s11606-013-2755-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruethers, T., A. C. Taki, E. B. Johnston, R. Nugraha, T. T. K. Le, T. Kalic, T. R. McLean, S. D. Kamath, and A. L. Lopata. 2018. Seafood allergy: A comprehensive review of fish and shellfish allergens. Molecular Immunology 100:28–57. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahay, R. D., N. J. Ollberding, S. Missoni, N. Novokmet, J. Sarac, T. Sarić, M. B. Rao, P. Rudan, and R. Deka. 2015. Fish and shellfish intake and diabetes in a costal population of the adriatic. Coll Antropol 39:401–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuldt, J. P., K. A. McComas, and S. E. Byrne. 2016. Communicating about ocean health: Theoretical and practical considerations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1689):20150214. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seib, C. D., and J. A. Sosa. 2019. Evolving understanding of the epidemiology of thyroid cancer. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 48 (1):23–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sioen, I., S. De Henauw, J. Van Camp, J. L. Volatier, and J. C. Leblanc. 2009. Comparison of the nutritional-toxicological conflict related to seafood consumption in different regions worldwide. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP 55 (2):219–28. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M., D. C. Love, C. M. Rochman, and R. A. Neff. 2018. Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environmental Health Reports 5 (3):375–86. doi: 10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stadler, J., H. S. Stern, K. S. Yeung, V. McGuire, R. Furrer, N. Marcon, and W. R. Bruce. 1988. Effect of high fat consumption on cell proliferation activity of colorectal mucosa and on soluble faecal bile acids. Gut 29 (10):1326–31. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.10.1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, C., Z. H. Wang, X. F. Jia, W. W. Du, B. Zhang, and G. Q. Ding. 2018. An analysis on marine food consumption among Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years old in 15 Provinces in 2015. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 40:23–6. doi: 10.13325/j.cnki.acta.nutr.sin.2018.01.008.
   Google Scholar
• Suematsu, Y., S. I. Miura, B. Zhang, Y. Uehara, M. Tokunaga, N. Yonemoto, H. Nonogi, K. Nagao, T. Kimura, and K. Saku. 2013. Associations between the consumption of different kinds of seafood and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of cardiac origin in Japan. Japanese Circulation Society Resuscitation Science Study (JCS-ReSS) Group 2:8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchv.2013.11.002.
   Google Scholar
• Talaei, M., Y. L. Wang, J. M. Yuan, A. Pan, and W. P. Koh. 2017. Meat, dietary heme iron, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Epidemiology 186 (7):824–33. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum, J. S., R. J. Zatorre, S. Carpenter, D. Gendron, A. C. Evans, A. Gjedde, and N. R. Cashman. 1990. Neurologic sequelae of domoic acid intoxication due to the ingestion of contaminated mussels. The New England Journal of Medicine 322 (25):1781–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199006213222505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng, G. G., A. Pan, J. M. Yuan, and W. P. Koh. 2015. Food sources of protein and risk of incident gout in the Singapore Chinese Health. Arthritis & Rheumatology 67 (7):1933–42. doi: 10.1002/art.39115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsitouras, P. D., F. Gucciardo, A. D. Salbe, C. Heward, and S. M. Harman. 2008. High omega-3 fat intake improves insulin sensitivity and reduces CRP and IL6, but does not affect other endocrine axes in healthy older adults. Hormone and Metabolic Research 40 (3):199–205. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1046759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, K., and S. Yano. 1984. Taurine/cholesterol ratio of well-consumed animal foods. Sulfur Amino Acids 7:249–55.
   Google Scholar
• van Woudenbergh, G. J., A. J. van Ballegooijen, A. Kuijsten, E. J. G. Sijbrands, F. J. A. van Rooij, J. M. Geleijnse, A. Hofman, J. C. M. Witteman, and E. J. M. Feskens. 2009. Eating fish and risk of type 2 diabetes: A population-based, prospective follow-up study. Diabetes Care 32 (11):2021–6. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilariño, N., M. C. Louzao, P. Abal, E. Cagide, C. Carrera, M. R. Vieytes, and L. M. Botana. 2018. Human poisoning from marine toxins: Unknowns for optimal consumer protection. Toxins 10 (8):324. doi: 10.3390/toxins10080324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas, R., Y. B. Xiang, T. Elasy, H. L. Li, G. Yang, H. Cai, F. Ye, Y. T. Gao, Y. Shyr, W. Zheng, et al. 2011. Fish, shellfish, and long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Chinese men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (2):543–51. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas, R., Y. B. Xiang, T. Elasy, W. H. Xu, H. Cai, Q. Cai, M. F. Linton, S. Fazio, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu. 2012. Purine-rich foods, protein intake, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia: The Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 22 (5):409–16. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin, A., D. Di Giuseppe, N. Orsini, A. Åkesson, N. G. Forouhi, and A. Wolk. 2017. Fish consumption and frying of fish in relation to type 2 diabetes incidence: A prospective cohort study of Swedish men. European Journal of Nutrition 56 (2):843–52. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1132-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y., F. Wang, J. Yuan, J. Li, D. Jiang, J. Zhang, T. Huang, J. Zheng, J. Mann, and D. Li. 2017. Effects of macronutrient distribution on weight and related cardiometabolic profile in healthy non-obese Chinese: A 6-month. Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial. EBioMedicine 22:200–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.017.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., X. Liang, L. Wang, X. Lu, J. Huang, J. Cao, H. Li, and D. Gu. 2012. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 221 (2):536–43. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., S. Yan, C. Li, S. Zhao, J. Lv, F. Wang, D. Meng, L. Han, Y. Wang, and Z. Miao. 2013. Risk factors for gout developed from hyperuricemia in China: A five-year prospective cohort study. Rheumatology International 33 (3):705–10. doi: 10.1007/s00296-012-2439-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, S. M., A. Reich, L. E. Fleming, and R. Hammond. 2008. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Marine Drugs 6 (3):431–55. doi: 10.3390/md6030431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wekell, J. C., E. J. Gugliz, Jr., H. J. Barnett, C. L. Hatfield, and M. Eklund. 1994. The occurrence of domoic acid in razor clams (Siliqua patula), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), and anchovies (Egraulis mordax). Journal of Shellfish Res 13:587–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, J. M. 1989. Epidemiology of endometriosis-associated infertility. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 34 (1):41–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R., S. Lieb, A. Roberts, S. Stryker, H. Janowski, R. Gunn, B. Davis, C. F. Riddle, T. Barrett, J. G. Morris, Jr, et al. 1981. Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. American Journal of Epidemiology 114 (2):293–8. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingren, G., T. Hatschek, and O. Axelson. 1993. Determinants of papillary cancer of the thyroid. American Journal of Epidemiology 138 (7):482–91. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2016. Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2016. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2018. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles-2018/en/
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J. H., R. Micha, F. Imamura, A. Pan, M. L. Biggs, O. Ajaz, L. Djousse, F. B. Hu, and D. Mozaffarian. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 107 (S2):S214–S27. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto, A., H. R. Harris, A. F. Vitonis, J. E. Chavarro, and S. A. Missmer. 2018. A prospective cohort study of meat and fish consumption and endometriosis risk. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219 (2):178.e1–178.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.05.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J. M., R. K. Ross, Y. T. Gao, and M. C. Yu. 2001. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (9):809–16. doi: 10.1093/aje/154.9.809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Ros, R., J. Castañeda, S. Rinaldi, V. Cayssials, N. Slimani, E. Weiderpass, K. K. Tsilidis, M. C. Boutron-Ruault, K. Overvad, A. K. Eriksen, et. al. 2017. Consumption of fish is not associated with risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study. Journal of Nutrition 147:1366–1373. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.247874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, H., S. Umar, B. Rust, D. Lazarova, and M. Bordonaro. 2019. Secondary bile acids and short chain fatty acids in the colon: A focus on colonic microbiome, cell proliferation, inflammation, and cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (5):1214. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., E. Picard-Deland, and A. Marette. 2013. Fish and marine omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acid consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Endocrinology 2013:1–11. doi: 10.1155/2013/501015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J. G., X. T. Zeng, J. Wang, and L. Liu. 2017. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 318 (24):2466–82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.19344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar