Therapeutic modulation methods of gut microbiota and gut-liver axis

References

• Abdel-Razik, A., N. Mousa, W. Shabana, M. Refaey, R. Elzehery, R. Elhelaly, K. Zalata, M. Abdelsalam, A. A. Eldeeb, M. Awad, et al. 2018. Rifaximin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Hit multiple targets with a single shot. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 30 (10):1237–46. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya, C., S. E. Sahingur, and J. S. Bajaj. 2017. Microbiota, cirrhosis, and the emerging oral-gut-liver axis. JCI Insight 2 (19):e94416. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.94416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albillos, A., A. de Gottardi, and M. Rescigno. 2020. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy. Journal of Hepatology 72 (3):558–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulou, A., D. Agiasotelli, L. E. Vasilieva, and S. P. Dourakis. 2017. Bacterial translocation markers in liver cirrhosis. Annals of Gastroenterology 30 (5):486–97. doi: 10.20524/aog.2017.0178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez, R., L. E. L. Cortés, J. Molina, J. M. Cisneros, and J. Pachón. 2016. Optimizing the clinical use of vancomycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60 (5):2601–9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03147-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arab, J. P., M. Arrese, and M. Trauner. 2018. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annual Review of Pathology 13:321–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj, J. S. 2019. Alcohol, liver disease and the gut microbiota. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16 (4):235–46. doi: 10.1038/s41575-018-0099-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhshimoghaddam, F., K. Shateri, M. Sina, M. Hashemian, and M. Alizadeh. 2018. Daily consumption of synbiotic yogurt decreases liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The Journal of Nutrition 148 (8):1276–84. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, M., A. M. Neyrinck, M. Olivares, J. Rodriguez, A. de Rocca Serra, M. Roumain, L. B. Bindels, P. D. Cani, P. Evenepoel, G. G. Muccioli, et al. 2018. The gut microbiota metabolite indole alleviates liver inflammation in mice. The FASEB Journal 32 (12):6681–93. doi: 10.1096/fj.201800544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becattini, S., Y. Taur, and E. G. Pamer. 2016. Antibiotic-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine 22 (6):458–78. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biolato, M., F. Manca, G. Marrone, C. Cefalo, S. Racco, G. A. Miggiano, V. Valenza, A. Gasbarrini, L. Miele, and A. Grieco. 2019. Intestinal permeability after Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 25 (4):509–20. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i4.509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomhof, M. R., J. A. Parnell, H. R. Ramay, P. Crotty, K. P. Rioux, C. S. Probert, S. Jayakumar, M. Raman, and R. A. Reimer. 2019. Histological improvement of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with a prebiotic: A pilot clinical trial. European Journal of Nutrition 58 (4):1735–45. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1721-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandl, K., V. Kumar, and L. Eckmann. 2017. Gut-liver axis at the frontier of host-microbial interactions. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 312 (5):G413–G419. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00361.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante, M., B. D. Oomah, W. P. Oliveira, C. Burgos-Díaz, M. Rubilar, and C. Shene. 2020. Probiotics and prebiotics potential for the care of skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. Folia Microbiologica 65 (2):245–64. doi: 10.1007/s12223-019-00759-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub, P., and C. Comarmond. 2019. Considering hepatitis C virus infection as a systemic disease. Seminars in Dialysis 32 (2):1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cani, P. D. 2019. Microbiota and metabolites in metabolic diseases. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 15 (2):69–70. doi: 10.1038/s41574-018-0143-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, J. L., J. M. Erickson, B. B. Lloyd, and J. L. Slavin. 2018. Health effects and sources of prebiotic dietary fiber. Current Developments in Nutrition 2 (3):nzy005. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y., M. A. Abdelmegeed, and B. J. Song. 2018. Preventive effects of indole-3-carbinol against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms: Role of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 55:12–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugh, B., and A. Kamal-Eldin. 2020. Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products. Current Opinion in Food Science 32:76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davani-Davari, D., M. Negahdaripour, I. Karimzadeh, M. Seifan, M. Mohkam, S. J. Masoumi, A. Berenjian, and Y. Ghasemi. 2019. Prebiotics: Definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 8 (3):92. doi: 10.3390/foods8030092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira, M. C., E. H. Gilglioni, B. A. De Boer, J. H. Runge, D. R. De Waart, C. L. Salgueiro, E. L. Ishii-Iwamoto, R. P. J. Oude Elferink, and I. C. Gaemers. 2016. Bile acid receptor agonists INT747 and INT777 decrease oestrogen deficiency-related postmenopausal obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1862 (11):2054–62. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depommier, C., A. Everard, C. Druart, H. Plovier, M. Van Hul, S. Vieira-Silva, G. Falony, J. Raes, D. Maiter, N. M. Delzenne, et al. 2019. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: A proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nature Medicine 25 (7):1096–103. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekhlasi, G., M. Zarrati, S. Agah, A. F. Hosseini, S. Hosseini, S. Shidfar, S. S. S. Aarbshahi, E. Razmpoosh, and F. Shidfar. 2017. Effects of symbiotic and vitamin E supplementation on blood pressure, nitric oxide and inflammatory factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excli Journal 16:278–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famouri, F., Z. Shariat, M. Hashemipour, M. Keikha, and R. Kelishadi. 2017. Effects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 64 (3):413–7. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. 2002. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Working Group Report. London, Ontario, Canada: Agriculture Organization of the Unıted Nations, World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Farhangi, M. A., A. Z. Javid, and P. Dehghan. 2016. The effect of enriched chicory inulin on liver enzymes, calcium homeostasis and hematological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Primary Care Diabetes 10 (4):265–71. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2015.10.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferolla, S., C. Couto, L. Costa-Silva, G. Armiliato, C. Pereira, F. Martins, M. Ferrari, E. Vilela, H. Torres, A. Cunha, et al. 2016. Beneficial effect of synbiotic supplementation on hepatic steatosis and anthropometric parameters, but not on gut permeability in a population with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutrients 8 (7):397. doi: 10.3390/nu8070397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrere, G., L. Wrzosek, F. Cailleux, W. Turpin, V. Puchois, M. Spatz, D. Ciocan, D. Rainteau, L. Humbert, C. Hugot, et al. 2017. Fecal microbiota manipulation prevents dysbiosis and alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Journal of Hepatology 66 (4):806–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdeano, C. M., S. I. Cazorla, J. M. L. Dumit, E. Vélez, and G. Perdigón. 2019. Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 74 (2):115–24. doi: 10.1159/000496426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganne-Carrié, N., and P. Nahon. 2019. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of alcohol-related liver disease. Journal of Hepatology 70 (2):284–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, B., M. F. Ahmad, L. E. Nagy, and H. Tsukamoto. 2019. Inflammatory pathways in alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Hepatology 70 (2):249–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gege, C., E. Hambruch, N. Hambruch, O. Kinzel, and C. Kremoser. 2019. Nonsteroidal FXR ligands: Current status and clinical applications. In Bile acids and their receptors (Handbook of experimental pharmacology), ed. S. Fiorucci and E. Distrutti, 1st ed., 167–205. Cham: Springer.doi: 10.1007/164_2019_232.
   Google Scholar
• Haczeyni, F., L. Poekes, H. Wang, A. R. Mridha, V. Barn, W. Geoffrey Haigh, G. N. Ioannou, M. M. Yeh, I. A. Leclercq, N. N. Teoh, et al. 2017. Obeticholic acid improves adipose morphometry and inflammation and reduces steatosis in dietary but not metabolic obesity in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 25 (1):155–65. doi: 10.1002/oby.21701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi, A., E. Ghaedi, S. Khalesi, M. Pourmasoumi, and A. Arab. 2020. Effects of synbiotic consumption on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. European Journal of Nutrition 59 (7):2857–74. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02248-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holscher, H. D. 2017. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes 8 (2):172–84. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A., B. Leber, B. Schmerboeck, M. Tawdrous, G. Zettel, A. Hartl, T. Madl, S. F. Stryeck, D. Fuchs, S. Lemesch, et al. 2016. Randomised clinical trial: The effects of a multispecies probiotic vs. placebo on innate immune function, bacterial translocation and gut permeability in patients with cirrhosis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 44 (9):926–35. doi: 10.1111/apt.13788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y. B., X. Y. Liu, and W. Zhan. 2018. Farnesoid X receptor agonist INT-767 attenuates liver steatosis and inflammation in rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 12:2213–21. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S170518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, J. W., X. H. Chen, Z. Ren, and S. S. Zheng. 2019. Gut microbial dysbiosis associates hepatocellular carcinoma via the gut-liver axis. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International: HBPD INT 18 (1):19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. B., T. L. Alderete, A. A. Martin, B. A. Geary, D. H. Hwang, S. L. Palmer, and M. I. Goran. 2018. Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: A 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 13 (11):705–14. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasap, B., C. K. Buruk, N. Kaklıkkaya, E. Özkaya, Z. Aydın Kasap, and F. Aydın. 2020. [Comparison of mRNA Levels of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) in Individuals with Natural Immunity to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and in those with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection and without HBV]. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 54 (1):66–78. doi: 10.5578/mb.68787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazankov, K., S. M. D. Jørgensen, K. L. Thomsen, H. J. Møller, H. Vilstrup, J. George, D. Schuppan, and H. Grønbaek. 2019. The role of macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16 (3):145–59. doi: 10.1038/s41575-018-0082-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P., M. Wagner, L. Castéra, C. W. Hong, C. L. Johnson, C. B. Sirlin, and B. Taouli. 2018. Quantitative elastography methods in liver disease: Current evidence and future directions. Radiology 286 (3):738–63. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018170601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa, R., K. Kon, A. Uchiyama, K. Arai, S. Yamashina, K. Kuwahara-Arai, T. Kirikae, T. Ueno, and K. Ikejima. 2019. Rifaximin prevents ethanol-induced liver injury in obese KK-Ay mice through modulation of small intestinal microbiota signature. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317 (5):G707–G715. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00372.2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobyliak, N., L. Abenavoli, T. Falalyeyeva, G. Mykhalchyshyn, L. Boccuto, L. Kononenko, D. Kyriienko, I. Komisarenko, and O. Dynnyk. 2018b. Beneficial effects of probiotic combination with omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD: A randomized clinical study. Minerva Medica 109 (6):418–28. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05845-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobyliak, N., L. Abenavoli, G. Mykhalchyshyn, L. Kononenko, L. Boccuto, D. Kyriienko, and O. Dynnyk. 2018. A multi-strain probiotic reduces the fatty liver index, cytokines and aminotransferase levels in NAFLD patients: Evidence from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 27 (1):41–9. doi: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.271.kby.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, A., A. Molinaro, M. Ståhlman, M. T. Khan, C. Schmidt, L. Mannerås-Holm, H. Wu, A. Carreras, H. Jeong, L. E. Olofsson, et al. 2018. Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1. Cell 175 (4):947–61. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konturek, P. C., I. A. Harsch, K. Konturek, M. Schink, T. Konturek, M. F. Neurath, and Y. Zopf. 2018. Gut–liver axis: How do gut bacteria influence the liver? Medical Sciences 6 (3):79. doi: 10.3390/medsci6030079.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, D., S. Patel, and S. K. Kim. 2019. Probiotic supplements might not be universally-effective and safe: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 111:537–47. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk, M., D. Maciejewska, K. Ryterska, M. Czerwińka-Rogowska, D. Jamioł-Milc, K. Skonieczna-Żydecka, P. Milkiewicz, J. Raszeja-Wyszomirska, and E. Stachowska. 2018. Gut permeability might be improved by dietary fiber in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) undergoing weight reduction. Nutrients 10 (11):1793. doi: 10.3390/nu10111793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuna, L., J. Jakab, R. Smolic, G. Y. Wu, and M. Smolic. 2019. HCV extrahepatic manifestations. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 7 (2):172–82. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2018.00049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, J. H., H. G. Lee, K. H. Seo, and H. Kim. 2019. Combination of whole grapeseed flour and newly isolated kefir lactic acid bacteria reduces high‐fat‐induced hepatic steatosis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 63 (4):1801040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loman, B. R., D. Hernández-Saavedra, R. An, and R. S. Rector. 2018. Prebiotic and probiotic treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews 76 (11):822–18. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnaughtan, J., I. Ranchal, J. Soeda, R. Sawhney, J. Oben, N. Davies, R. Mookerjee, J. Marchesi, J. Cox, and R. Jalan. 2015. PTH-095 Oral carbon therapy is associated with a selective modulation of the microbiome in cirrhotic rats which is associated with a significant reduction in inflammatory activation. Gut 64 (Suppl 1):A449.2–A584. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309861.983.
   Google Scholar
• Mancini, A., F. Campagna, P. Amodio, and K. M. Tuohy. 2018. Gut: liver: brain axis: the microbial challenge in the hepatic encephalopathy. Food & Function 9 (3):1373–88. doi: 10.1039/c7fo01528c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns, M. P., M. Buti, E. Gane, J. M. Pawlotsky, H. Razavi, N. Terrault, and Z. Younossi. 2017. Hepatitis C virus infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 3 (1):1–19. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.6.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, J. C. 1998. The gut as a potential trigger of exercise-induced inflammatory responses. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76 (5):479–84. doi: 10.1139/y98-049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuzawa, Y., H. Nakahashi, M. Konishi, R. Sato, C. Kawashima, S. Kikuchi, E. Akiyama, N. Iwahashi, N. Maejima, K. Okada, et al. 2019. Microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide predicts cardiovascular risk after STEMI. Scientific Reports 9 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48246-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milosevic, I., A. Vujovic, A. Barac, M. Djelic, M. Korac, A. Radovanovic Spurnic, I. Gmizic, O. Stevanovic, V. Djordjevic, N. Lekic, et al. 2019. Gut-liver axis, gut microbiota, and its modulation in the management of liver diseases: A review of the literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (2):395. doi: 10.3390/ijms20020395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouries, J., P. Brescia, A. Silvestri, I. Spadoni, M. Sorribas, R. Wiest, M. Erika, M. Galbiati, P. Invernizzi, L. Adorini, et al. 2019. Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development. Journal of Hepatology 71 (6):1216–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouzaki, M., E. M. Comelli, B. M. Arendt, J. Bonengel, S. K. Fung, S. E. Fischer, I. D. McGilvray, and J. P. Allard. 2013. Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 58 (1):120–7. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehues, M., and A. Hensel. 2009. In‐vitro interaction of l‐dopa with bacterial adhesins of Helicobacter pylori: An explanation for clinicial differences in bioavailability? The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61 (10):1303–7. doi: 10.1211/jpp.61.10.0005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, P., A. Bobe, K. Dolan, V. Leone, and K. Martinez. 2016. Nutritional modulation of gut microbiota - the impact on metabolic disease pathophysiology. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 28:191–200. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, X., S. W. Wen, A. C. Kaminga, and A. Liu. 2020. Gut metabolites and inflammation factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 10 (1):8848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, K. R., S. R. Naik, and B. V. Vakil. 2015. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52 (12):7577–87. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pericleous, M., A. Sarnowski, A. Moore, R. Fijten, and M. Zaman. 2016. The clinical management of abdominal ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: A review of current guidelines and recommendations. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 28 (3):e10–e18. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponziani, F. R., V. Gerardi, S. Pecere, F. D'Aversa, L. Lopetuso, M. A. Zocco, M. Pompili, and A. Gasbarrini. 2015. Effect of rifaximin on gut microbiota composition in advanced liver disease and its complications. World Journal of Gastroenterology 21 (43):12322–33. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponziani, F. R., F. Scaldaferri, V. Petito, F. Paroni Sterbini, S. Pecere, L. R. Lopetuso, A. Palladini, V. Gerardi, L. Masucci, M. Pompili, et al. 2016. The role of antibiotics in gut microbiota modulation: The eubiotic effects of rifaximin. Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 34 (3):269–78. doi: 10.1159/000443361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porras, D., E. Nistal, S. Martínez-Flórez, S. Pisonero-Vaquero, J. L. Olcoz, R. Jover, J. González-Gallego, M. V. Garcίa-Mediavilla, and S. Sánchez-Campos. 2017. Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 102:188–202. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pose, E., L. Napoleone, A. Amin, D. Campion, C. Jimenez, P. Salvatore, S. Piano, O. Roux, F. E. Uschner, K. de Wit, et al. 2020. Safety of two different doses of simvastatin plus rifaximin in decompensated cirrhosis (LIVERHOPE-SAFETY): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5 (1):31–41. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30320-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qamar, A., M. Vaduganathan, N. J. Greenberger, and R. P. Giugliano. 2018. Oral anticoagulation in patients with liver disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71 (19):2162–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm, J., C. Mathers, C. S. Popova, M. Thavorncharoensap, Y. Teerawattananon, and J. Patra. 2009. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet (London, England) 373 (9682):2223–33. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders, D., G. H. Goossens, G. D. A. Hermes, E. P. J. G. Neis, C. M. van der Beek, J. Most, J. J. Holst, K. Lenaerts, R. S. Kootte, M. Nieuwdorp, et al. 2016. Effects of gut microbiota manipulation by antibiotics on host metabolism in obese humans: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Cell Metabolism 24 (1):63–74. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, M. E., D. Merenstein, C. A. Merrifield, and R. Hutkins. 2018. Probiotics for human use. Nutrition Bulletin 43 (3):212–25. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangouni, A. A., and S. Ghavamzadeh. 2019. A review of synbiotic efficacy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a therapeutic approach. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 13 (5):2917–22. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz, H. K., R. Bataller, H. Cortez-Pinto, B. Gao, A. Gual, C. Lackner, P. Mathurin, S. Mueller, G. Szabo, and H. Tsukamoto. 2018. Alcoholic liver disease. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 4 (1):16. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0014-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheka, A. C., O. Adeyi, J. Thompson, B. Hameed, P. A. Crawford, and S. Ikramuddin. 2020. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A Review. JAMA 323 (12):1175–83. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snydman, D. R. 2008. The safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46 (s2):S104–S111. doi: 10.1086/523331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stickel, F., C. Datz, J. Hampe, and R. Bataller. 2017. Pathophysiology and management of alcoholic liver disease: Update 2016. Gut and Liver 11 (2):173–88. doi: 10.5009/gnl16477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk, K. T., and D. J. Kim. 2019. Gut microbiota: Novel therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 13 (3):193–204. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1569513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tergast, T. L., A. Wranke, H. Laser, S. Gerbel, M. P. Manns, M. Cornberg, and B. Maasoumy. 2018. Dose-dependent impact of proton pump inhibitors on the clinical course of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver International: Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 38 (9):1602–13. doi: 10.1111/liv.13862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilg, H., P. D. Cani, and E. A. Mayer. 2016. Gut microbiome and liver diseases. Gut 65 (12):2035–44. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A., J. Debelius, D. A. Brenner, M. Karin, R. Loomba, B. Schnabl, and R. Knight. 2018. The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15 (7):397–411. doi: 10.1038/s41575-018-0011-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi, P. J., and D. H. Adams. 2016. Gut-liver immunity. Journal of Hepatology 64 (5):1187–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Y. L., T. L. Lin, C. J. Chang, T. R. Wu, W. F. Lai, C. C. Lu, and H. C. Lai. 2019. Probiotics, prebiotics and amelioration of diseases. Journal of Biomedical Science 26 (1):3–8. doi: 10.1186/s12929-018-0493-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuchida, Y., A. Wilheln, A. Major, S. Davies, M. Linton, and V. Kon. 2016. Oral Activated Charcoal Adsorbent (AST-120) inhibition of chronic kidney disease-induced atherosclerosis involves modulation of intestinal immunity. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 36 (suppl_1):Abstract264.
   Google Scholar
• Türkan, F., and M. N. Atalar. 2018. The effects of amoxicillin and vancomycin hydrochloride hydrateon glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity: an in vitro study. Iğdır University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 8 (2):141–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tuyji Tok, Y., A. G. Şener, A. A. Gökmen, T. Demirdal, and S. Kaya. 2020. Investigation of regulatory T Cells and secreted immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 levels in patients with Hepatitis B. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 54 (2):266–78. doi: 10.5578/mb.69340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, B. P., K. M. Rank, and A. Khoruts. 2019. Fecal microbiota transplantation: Current status in treatment of GI and liver disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 17 (2):353–61. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidot, H., E. Cvejic, L. J. Finegan, E. A. Shores, D. G. Bowen, S. I. Strasser, G. W. McCaughan, S. Carey, M. Allman-Farinellİ, and N. A. Shackel. 2019. Supplementation with synbiotics and/or branched chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy: A pilot randomised placebo-controlled clinical study. Nutrients 11 (8):1810. doi: 10.3390/nu11081810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlström, A., S. I. Sayin, H. U. Marschall, and F. Bäckhed. 2016. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metabolism 24 (1):41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, M. L. Y., and H. El-Nezami. 2018. Targeting gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: Probiotics as a novel therapy. Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 7 (1):11–20. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2017.12.07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. D., W. D. Chen, D. Yu, B. M. Forman, and W. Huang. 2011. The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, Gpbar1 (TGR5), negatively regulates hepatic inflammatory response through antagonizing nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 54 (4):1421–32. doi: 10.1002/hep.24525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, H. Xu, X. Mei, D. Yu, Y. Wang, and W. Li. 2017. Antioxidant properties of probiotic bacteria. Nutrients 9 (5):521. doi: 10.3390/nu9050521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissenborn, K. 2019. Hepatic encephalopathy: Definition, clinical grading and diagnostic principles. Drugs 79 (Suppl 1):5–9. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-1018-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiest, R., A. Bajaj, M. Albillos, M. Trauner, and R. Jalan. 2017. Targeting the gut-liver axis in liver disease. Journal of Hepatology 67 (5):1084–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde, B., and A. Katsounas. 2019. Immune dysfunction and albumin-related immunity in liver cirrhosis. Mediators of Inflammation 2019:7537649. doi: 10.1155/2019/7537649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters, M., J. Ahrens, M. Romaní-Pérez, C. Watkins, Y. Sanz, A. Benítez-Páez, C. Stanton, and K. Günther. 2019. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health - A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 38 (6):2504–20. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Q. Liang, B. Balakrishnan, D. P. Belobrajdic, Q. J. Feng, and W. Zhang. 2020. Role of dietary nutrients in the modulation of gut microbiota: A narrative review. Nutrients 12 (2):381. doi: 10.3390/nu12020381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. M., A. B. Koenig, D. Abdelatif, Y. Fazel, L. Henry, and M. Wymer. 2016. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 64 (1):73–84. doi: 10.1002/hep.28431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi, Z. M., G. Marchesini, H. Pinto-Cortez, and S. Petta. 2019. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Implications for liver transplantation. Transplantation 103 (1):22–7. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, M. F., D. S. Chen, G. M. Dusheiko, H. L. A. Janssen, D. T. Y. Lau, S. A. Locarnini, M. G. Peters, and C. L. Lai. 2018. Hepatitis B virus infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 4 (1):1–20. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zawistowska-Rojek, A., and S. Tyski. 2018. Are probiotic really Safe for Humans? Polish Journal of Microbiology 67 (3):251–528. doi: 10.21307/pjm-2018-044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., T. Zheng, H. Chen, Y. Li, H. Huang, W. Chen, Y. Du, J. He, Y. Li, J. Cao, et al. 2018. Microbial intervention as a novel target in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : international Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology 51 (5):2123–35. doi: 10.1159/000495830.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar