The effect of brown rice compared to white rice on adiposity indices, lipid profile, and glycemic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

References

• Araki, R., R. Ushio, K. Fujie, Y. Ueyama, H. Suzuki, Y. Nakata, and K. Hashimoto. 2017. Effect of partially-abraded brown rice consumption on body weight and the indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism in pre-diabetic adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 19:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azadbakht, L., F. Haghighatdoost, and A. Esmaillzadeh. 2016. White rice consumption, body mass index, and waist circumference among Iranian female adolescents. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 35 (6):491–9. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1113902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran, Z., P. Mirmiran, H. Delshad, and F. Azizi. 2014. White rice consumption is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults: A prospective approach in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Archives of Iranian Medicine 17:435–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. N., T. H. Le, H. Nguyen do, Q. B. Tran, T. L. Nguyen, D. T. Le, V. A. Nguyen do, A. L. Vu, H. Aoto, Y. Okuhara, et al. 2014. Pre-germinated brown rice reduced both blood glucose concentration and body weight in Vietnamese women with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 60 (3):183–7. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.60.183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. P., G. C. Chen, X. P. Wang, L. Qin, and Y. Bai. 2017. Dietary fiber and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis and review of related mechanisms. Nutrients 10 (1):24. doi: 10.3390/nu10010024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, D. H., and S. T. Lim. 2016. Germinated brown rice and its bio-functional compounds. Food Chemistry. 196:259–71. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, H., A. D. van der, H. C. Boshuizen, N. G. Forouhi, N. J. Wareham, J. Halkjaer, A. Tjonneland, K. Overvad, M. U. Jakobsen, H. Boeing, et al. 2010. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (2):329–36. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M., G. Davey-Smith, and D. Altman. 2008. Systematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Geng, S. S., Y. Zhu, J. P. Zhang, and Y. Q. Cai. 2016. Lowering effect of pre-germinated brown rice on dyslipidemia in Chinese patients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 9:22317–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golozar, A., D. Khalili, A. Etemadi, H. Poustchi, A. Fazeltabar, F. Hosseini, F. Kamangar, M. Khoshnia, F. Islami, F. Hadaegh, et al. 2017. Withe rice intake and incidence of type-2 diabetes: Analysis of two prospective cohort studies frome Iran. BMC Public Health 17 (1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3999-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez-Castejon, M., and A. Rodriguez-Casado. 2011. Dietary phytocemicals and their potential effects on obesity: A review. Pharmacological Research 64 (5):438–55. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara, H., T. Seki, and T. Ariga. 2004. The effect of pre-germinated brown rice intake on blood glucose and PAI-1 levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68 (2):444–7. doi: 10.1271/bbb.68.444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajihashemi, P., and F. Haghighatdoost. 2019. Effects of whole-grain consumption on selected biomarkers of systematic inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 38 (3):275–85. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1490935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., D. G. Altman, P. C. Gøtzsche, P. Jüni, D. Moher, A. D. Oxman, J. Savović, K. F. Schulz, L. Weeks, and J. A. Sterne. 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, J. N., M. E. Son, W. C. Lim, S. T. Lim, and H. Y. Cho. 2013. Germinated brown rice extract inhibits adipogenesis through the down-regulation of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 68 (3):274–8. doi: 10.1007/s11130-013-0366-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, T. F., M. Kise, M. F. Wang, Y. Ito, M. D. Yang, H. Aoto, R. Yoshihara, J. Yokoyama, D. Kunii, and S. Yamamoto. 2008. Effects of pre-germinated brown rice on blood glucose and lipid levels in free-living patients with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 54 (2):163–8. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.54.163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, E. A., A. Pan, V. Malik, and Q. Sun. 2012. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: Meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ 344:e1454–e1454. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imam, M. U., N. H. Azmi, M. I. Bhanger, N. Ismail, and M. Ismail. 2012. Antidiabetic properties of germinated brown rice: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012:816501. doi: 10.1155/2012/816501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazemzadeh, M., S. M. Safavi, S. Nematollahi, and Z. Nourieh. 2014. Effect of brown rice consumption on inflammatory marker and cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese non-menopausal female adults. Int J Prev Med 5:478–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, S. A., L. Hartley, E. Loveman, J. L. Colquitt, H. M. Jones, L. Al-Khudairy, C. Clar, R. Germano, H. R. Lunn, G. Frost, et al. 2017. Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8:CD005051. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo, K., K. Morino, Y. Nishio, A. Ishikado, H. Arima, K. Nakao, F. Nakagawa, F. Nikami, O. Sekine, K. I. Nemoto, et al. 2017. Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 12 (6):e0179869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozuka, C., K. Yabiku, C. Takayama, M. Matsushita, M. Shimabukuro, and H. Masuzaki. 2013. Natural food science based novel approach toward prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Recent studies on brown rice and γ-oryzanol. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 7 (3):e165–e172. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krittanawong, C., A. Tunhasiriwet, H. Zhang, L. J. Prokop, S. Chirapongsathorn, T. Sun, and Z. Wang. 2017. Is white rice consumption a risk for metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Asia 9 (2):e010909. doi: 10.1136/heartasia-2017-010909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda, Y., K. Matsuzaki, H. Wakatsuki, O. Shido, A. Harauma, T. Moriguchi, H. Sugimoto, S. Yamaguchi, K. Yoshino, and M. Hashimoto. 2019. Influence of ultra-high hydrostatic pressurizing brown rice on cognitive functions and mental health of elderly Japanese individuals: A 2-year randomized and controlled trial. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement):S80–S87. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.S80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lairon, D. 2007. Dietary fiber and control of body weight. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD 17 (1):1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., N. Sreenivasulu, R. S. Hamilton, and A. Kohli. 2019. Brown rice, a diet rich in health promoting properties. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement):S26–S28. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.S26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, B., G. Zhang, M. Tan, L. Zhao, L. Jin, X. Tang, G. Jiang, and K. Zhong. 2016. Consumption of whole grains in relation to mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine 95 (33):e4229. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S. M., Y. M. Goh, N. Mohtarrudin, and S. P. Loh. 2016. Germinated brown rice ameliorates obesity in high-fat diet induced obese rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16 (1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1116-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mai, T. T., T. T. Trang, and T. T. Hai. 2020. Effectiveness of germinated brown rice on metabolic syndrome: A randomized control trial in Vietnam. AIMS Public Health 7:33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, V. S., V. Sudha, N. M. Wedick, M. RamyaBai, P. Vijayalakshmi, N. Lakshmipriya, R. Gayathri, A. Kokila, C. Jones, B. Hong, et al. 2019. Substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India: A randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Nutrition 121 (12):1389–97. doi: 10.1017/S000711451900076X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuzaki, H., C. Kozuka, S. Okamoto, M. Yonamine, H. Tanaka, and M. Shimabukuro. 2019. Brown rice-specific γ-oryzanol as a promising prophylactic avenue to protect against diabetes mellitus and obesity in humans. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 10 (1):18–25. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuzaki, K., S. Yano, E. Sumiyoshi, O. Shido, T. Katsube, M. Tabata, M. Okuda, H. Sugimoto, K. Yoshino, and M. Hashimoto. 2019. Long-term ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice intake prevents bone mineral density decline in elderly Japanese individuals. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement):S88–S92. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.S88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McRae, M. P. 2017. Health benefits of dietary whole grains: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 16 (1):10–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, V., D. Spiegelman, V. Sudha, R. Gayathri, B. Hong, K. Praseena, R. M. Anjana, N. M. Wedick, K. Arumugam, V. Malik, et al. 2014. Effect of brown rice, white rice, and brown rice with legumes on blood glucose and insulin responses in overweight Asian Indians: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 16 (5):317–25. doi: 10.1089/dia.2013.0259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. Altman. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6 (7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musa-Veloso, K., T. Poon, L. S. Harkness, M. O'Shea, and Y. Chu. 2018. The effects of whole-grain compared with refined wheat, rice, and rye on the postprandial blood glucose response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108 (4):759–74. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama, T., Y. Nagai, Y. Uehara, Y. Nakamura, S. Ishii, H. Kato, and Y. Tanaka. 2017. Eating glutinous brown rice twice a day for 8 weeks improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrition & Diabetes 7 (5):e273–e273. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2017.26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pletsch, E. A., and B. R. Hamaker. 2018. Brown rice compared to white rice slows gastric emptying in humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (3):367–73. doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0003-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravichanthiran, K., Z. F. Ma, H. X. Zhang, Y. Cao, C. W. Wang, S. Muhammad, E. K. Aglago, Y. H. Zhang, Y. F. Jin, and B. Y. Pan. 2018. Phytochemical profile of brown rice and its nutrigenomic implications. Antioxidants 7 (6):71. doi: 10.3390/antiox7060071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, C., B. Hong, X. Zheng, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, L. Guan, X. Yao, W. Huang, Y. Zhou, and S. Lu. 2020. Improvement of germinated brown rice quality with autoclaving treatment. Food Science & Nutrition 8 (3):1709–17. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roohinejad, S., A. Omidizadeh, H. Mirhosseini, N. Saari, S. Mustafa, R. M. Yusof, A. S. M. Hussin, A. Hamid, and M. Y. A. Manap. 2010. Effect of pre-germination time of brown rice on serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolaemic rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90 (2):245–51. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, M., S. Hossain, J. Hussain, M. Hasan, S. Bhowmick, M. A. Basunia, and M. Hashimoto. 2019. Cholesterol lowering and antioxidative effect of pregerminated brown rice in hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement):S93–S99. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.S93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlesinger, S., M. Neuenschwander, C. Schwedhelm, G. Hoffmann, A. Bechthold, H. Boeing, and L. Schwingshackl. 2019. Food Groups and Risk of Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Advances in Nutrition 10 (2):205–18. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwingshackl, L., G. Hoffmann, K. Iqbal, C. Schwedhelm, and H. Boeing. 2018. Food groups and intermediate disease markers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108 (3):576–86. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallan, M. A., H. S. El-Beltagi, A. M. Mona, T. M. Amera, and N. A. Sohir. 2010. Effect of amylose content and pre-germinated brown rice on serum blood glucose and lipids in experimental animal. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4:114–21.
   Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro, M., M. Higa, R. Kinjo, K. Yamakawa, H. Tanaka, C. Kozuka, K. Yabiku, S. Taira, M. Sata, and H. Masuzaki. 2014. Effects of the brown rice diet on visceral obesity and endothelial function: The BRAVO study. British Journal of Nutrition 111 (2):310–20. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513002432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, S., H. Young Paik, W. O. Song, and Y. Song. 2015. Metabolic syndrome risk factors are associated with white rice intake in Korean adolescent girls and boys. The British Journal of Nutrition 113 (3):479–87. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Q., D. Spiegelman, R. M. van Dam, M. D. Holmes, V. S. Malik, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. 2010. White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (11):961–9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torimitsu, M., R. Nagase, M. Yanagi, M. Homma, Y. Sasai, Y. Ito, K. Hayamizu, S. Nonaka, T. Hosono, M. Kise, et al. 2010. Replacing white rice with pre-germinated brown rice mildly ameliorates hyperglycemia and imbalance of adipocytokine levels in type 2 diabetes model rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 56 (5):287–92. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.56.287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uenobe, M., N. Wakuaku, T. Saika, N. Nishiyama, K. Itou, and H. Inagawa. 2017. Utility of dewaxed brown rice as a food staple in the maintenance and improvement of nutrition and health status in the elderly. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 71:1220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese, N., M. Solmi, M. G. Caruso, G. Giannelli, A. R. Osella, F. Evangelou, S. Maggi, L. Fontana, B. Stubbs, and I. Ioanna Tzoulaki. 2018. Dietary fiber and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 107 (3):436–44. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., R. Medapalli, J. Xu, W. Cai, X. Chen, J. C. He, and J. Uribarri. 2013. Effects of a whole rice diet on metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in prediabetes. e-SPEN J 8:e15–e20.
   Google Scholar
• Zavitsanou, S., J. Massa, S. Deshpande, J. E. Pinsker, M. M. Church, C. Andre, F. J. Doyle Iii, A. Michelson, J. Creason, E. Dassau, et al. 2019. The effect of two types of pasta versus white rice on postprandial blood glucose levels in adults with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 21 (9):485–92. doi: 10.1089/dia.2019.0109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., A. Pan, G. Zong, Z. Yu, H. Wu, X. Chen, L. Tang, Y. Feng, H. Zhou, X. Chen, et al. 2011. Substituting white rice with brown rice for 16 weeks does not substantially affect metabolic risk factors in middle-aged Chinese men and women with diabetes or a high risk for diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 141 (9):1685–90. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.142224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar