Treatment of chronic airway diseases using nutraceuticals: Mechanistic insight

References

• Adcock, I. M., J. Marwick, P. Casolari, M. Contoli, K. F. Chung, P. Kirkham, A. Papi, and G. Caramori. 2010. Mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Current Pharmaceutical Design 16 (32):3554–73. doi: 10.2174/138161210793797889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A. E.-A., E. Ahmed Abd-Elmawgood, and M. H. Hassan. 2017. Circulating protein carbonyls, antioxidant enzymes and related trace minerals among preterms with respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 11:BC17–BC21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinwumi, B. C., K. M. Bordun, and H. D. Anderson. 2018. Biological activities of stilbenoids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19 (3):792. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleixandre, A., and M. Miguel. 2008. Dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48 (10):905–12. doi: 10.1080/10408390701761886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Harbi, N. O., A. Nadeem, S. F. Ahmad, S. S. AlThagfan, M. Alqinyah, F. Alqahtani, K. E. Ibrahim, and M. M. A. Harbi. 2019. Sulforaphane treatment reverses corticosteroid resistance in a mixed granulocytic mouse model of asthma by upregulation of antioxidants and attenuation of Th17 immune responses in the airways. European Journal of Pharmacology 855:276–84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alharris, E., H. Alghetaa, R. Seth, S. Chatterjee, N. P. Singh, M. Nagarkatti, and P. Nagarkatti. 2018. Resveratrol attenuates allergic asthma and associated inflammation in the lungs through regulation of miRNA-34a that targets FoxP3 in mice. Frontiers in Immunology 9:2992. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A., U. J. Ahmad, J. Akhtar, Badruddeen, and M. M. Khan. 2019. Engineered nano scale formulation strategies to augment efficiency of nutraceuticals. Journal of Functional Foods 62:103554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, S., J. R. Britton, and J. A. Leonardi-Bee. 2009. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 64:610. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.101469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Olmos, M. I., and R. A. Oberhelman. 2001. Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: A modern perspective on a traditional therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 32 (11):1567–76. doi: 10.1086/320518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, T., E. Borrás, L. Torres, C. Garcı́a, F. Cabezuelo, A. Lloret, F. V. Pallardó, and J. R. Viña. 2000. Vitamin A deficiency causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria in rats. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 29 (1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00283-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargut, T. C., T. P. Ferreira, J. B. Daleprane, M. A. Martins, P. M. Silva, and M. B. Aguila. 2013. Fish oil has beneficial effects on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice. PLoS One 8 (9):e75059. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdnikovs, S., H. Abdala-Valencia, C. McCary, M. Somand, R. Cole, A. Garcia, P. Bryce, and J. M. Cook-Mills. 2009. Isoforms of vitamin E have opposing immunoregulatory functions during inflammation by regulating leukocyte recruitment. The Journal of Immunology 182 (7):4395–405. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner, C., D. Godden, K. Brown, J. Little, S. Ross, and A. Seaton. 1999. Antioxidant intake and adult-onset wheeze: A case-control study. Aberdeen WHEASE Study Group. European Respiratory Journal 13:22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boots, A. W., G. R. Haenen, and A. Bast. 2008. Health effects of quercetin: From antioxidant to nutraceutical. European Journal of Pharmacology 585 (2-3):325–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. H., R. Curt, B. Allison, T. Paul, and J. W. Fahey. 2015. Sulforaphane improves the bronchoprotective response in asthmatics through Nrf2-mediated gene pathways. Respiratory Research 16 (1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12931-015-0253-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, A. J., S. M. Goldsworthy, A. A. Barnes, M. M. Eilert, L. Tcheang, D. Daniels, A. I. Muir, M. J. Wigglesworth, I. Kinghorn, N. J. Fraser, et al. 2003. The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (13):11312–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M211609200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, J. L., M. Miranda, A. K. Fialho, H. Castro-Faria-Neto, E. Anatriello, A. C. Keller, and F. Aimbire. 2020. Oral feeding with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates cigarette smoke-induced COPD in C57Bl/6 mice: Relevance to inflammatory markers in human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 15 (4):e0225560. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassano, P. A., A. Kristin, A. R. Guertin, K. E. Kristal, M. L. Ritchie, K. B. Bertoia, J. J. Arnold, J. A. Crowley, P. J. Hartline, C. M. Goodman, et al. 2015. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin E and selenium on rate of decline in lung function. Respiratory Research 16 (1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12931-015-0195-5.
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan, B., G. Kumar, N. Kalam, and S. H. Ansari. 2013. Current concepts and prospects of herbal nutraceutical: A review. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 4:4–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chellappan, D. K., P. M. Hansbro, K. Dua, A. Hsu, G. Gupta, Z. Y. Ng, J. Y. Wong, J. Chellian, and J. Panneerselvam. 2017. Vesicular systems containing curcumin and their applications in respiratory disorders - a mini review. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 5:250–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chellappan, D. K. L. W., K. Y. Yee, K. Xuan, L. C. Kunalan, L. S. Rou, L. Y. Jean, L. X. Ying, J. Wie, M. Chellian, S. Mehta, et al. 2020. Targeting neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases. Drug Development Research 81 (4):419–36. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., X. Yang, W. Zhang, D. Peng, Y. Xia, Y. Lu, X. Han, G. Song, J. Zhu, and R. Liu. 2016. Therapeutic effects of resveratrol in a mouse model of LPS and cigarette smoke-induced COPD. Inflammation 39 (6):1949–59. doi: 10.1007/s10753-016-0430-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, L., W. Zhang, Y. Nie, G. Yu, L. Liu, L. Lin, S. Wen, L. Zhu, and C. Li. 2014. Protective Effect of Curcumin on Acute Airway Inflammation of Allergic Asthma in Mice Through Notch1–GATA3 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 37 (5):1476–85. doi:10.1007/s10753-014-9873-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloonan, S. M., K. Glass, M. E. Laucho-Contreras, A. R. Bhashyam, M. Cervo, M. A. Pabón, C. Konrad, F. Polverino, E. Siempos II, K. Perez, et al. 2016. Mitochondrial iron chelation ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced bronchitis and emphysema in mice. Nature Medicine 22 (2):163–74. doi: 10.1038/nm.4021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook-Mills, J. M., H. Abdala-Valencia, and T. Hartert. 2013. Two faces of vitamin E in the lung. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188 (3):279–84. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0503ED.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook-Mills, J. M., and C. A. McCary. 2010. Isoforms of vitamin E differentially regulate inflammation. Endocrine‚ Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets 10 (4):348–66. doi: 10.2174/1871530311006040348.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cui, J., Y. Lian, C. Zhao, H. Du, Y. Han, W. Gao, H. Xiao, and J. Zheng. 2019. Dietary fibers from fruits and vegetables and their health benefits via modulation of gut microbiota. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18 (5):1514–32. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, L., E. Bhaumik, U. Raychaudhuri, and R. Chakraborty. 2012. Role of nutraceuticals in human health. Journal of Food Science and Technology 49 (2):173–83. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0269-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Figueiredo, S. M., N. S. Binda, J. A. Nogueira-Machado, S. A. Vieira-Filho, and R. B. Caligiorne. 2015. The antioxidant properties of organosulfur compounds (sulforaphane). Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery 9 (1):24–39. doi: 10.2174/1872214809666150505164138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFelice, S. L. 1995. The nutraceutical revolution: Its impact on food industry R&D'. Trends in Food Science & Technology 6 (2):59–61. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(00)88944-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deger, Y., F. Yur, A. Ertekin, N. Mert, S. Dede, and H. Mert. 2007. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Cell Biochemistry and Function 25 (6):633–7. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demling, R., C. LaLonde, K. Ikegami, L. Picard, and U. Nayak. 1995. Alpha-tocopherol attenuates lung edema and lipid peroxidation caused by acute zymosan-induced peritonitis. Surgery 117 (2):226–31. doi: 10.1016/S0039-6060(05)80090-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa, G., C. P. Limas, P. C. Macías, E. Aceves, and M. Pamela. 2014. Dietary and nutraceutical approach to type 2 diabetes. Archives of Medical Science: AMS 10:336–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez, E. C., A. J. Heires, J. Pavlik, T. D. Larsen, S. Guardado, J. H. Sisson, M. L. Baack, D. J. Romberger, and T. M. Nordgren. 2020. A high docosahexaenoic acid diet alters the lung inflammatory response to acute dust exposure. Nutrients 12 (8):2334. doi: 10.3390/nu12082334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dournes, G., and F. Laurent. 2012. Airway Remodelling in Asthma and COPD: Findings, similarities, and differences using quantitative CT. Pulmonary Medicine 2012:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2012/670414.
   Google Scholar
• Dreher, M. L. 2018. Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients 10 (12):1833. doi: 10.3390/nu10121833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estevinho, B. N. 2020. Nanocarriers loaded with nutraceuticals and bioactive ingredients (vitamins and minerals). Nanotechnology in the Beverage Industry, 373–412. doi:
   Google Scholar
• Faffe, D. S., and W. A. Zin. 2009. Lung parenchymal mechanics in health and disease. Physiological Reviews 89 (3):759–75. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Y., Z. Zhang, C. Yao, J. Bai, H. Yang, P. Ma, Y. Fan, S. Li, J. Yuan, M. Lin, et al. 2019. Amurensin H, a derivative from resveratrol, ameliorates lipopolysaccharide/cigarette smoke–induced airway inflammation by blocking the Syk/NF-κB Pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology 10: 1157. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialho, D. S. Á., A. N. A. Karolina Carvalho, M. T. F. Miranda, J. L. C. Carvalho, A. Aparecida Brito, R. Albertini, and F. Aimbire. 2019. Role of probiotics Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on inflammation lung in an experimental model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The FASEB Journal 33:516.4–16.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg, A., C. E. West, S. L. Prescott, and M. C. Jenmalm. 2016. Pre- and probiotics for allergy prevention: Time to revisit recommendations? Clinical & Experimental Allergy 46 (12):1506–21. doi: 10.1111/cea.12838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan, S., A. N. Faris, A. T. Comstock, S. S. Chattoraj, A. Chattoraj, J. R. Burgess, J. L. Curtis, F. J. Martinez, S. Zick, M. B. Hershenson, et al. 2010. Quercetin prevents progression of disease in elastase/LPS-exposed mice by negatively regulating MMP expression. Respiratory Research 11 (1):131. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross, N. J., and P. J. Barnes. 2017. New therapies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 195 (2):159–66. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201610-2074PP.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero-Beltrán, C. E., M. Calderón-Oliver, J. Pedraza-Chaverri, and Y. I. Chirino. 2012. Protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress: Recent advances. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 64 (5):503–8. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.11.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulati, K., R. Nishant, C. Sulekha, and R. Arunabha. 2016. Chapter 6 - Nutraceuticals in respiratory disorders. In Nutraceuticals, ed. Ramesh C. Gupta. Boston: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C. H., P. J. Liu, S. Hsia, C. J. Chuang, and P. C. Chen. 2011. Role of certain trace minerals in oxidative stress, inflammation, CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios and lung function in asthmatic patients. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 48 (4):344–51. doi: 10.1258/acb.2011.010266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta, R. C. 2016. Chapter 13 - Nutraceuticals in arthritis. In Nutraceuticals, ed. Ramesh C. Gupta. Boston: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, I., S. Ganguly, C. R. Rozanas, D. J. Stuehr, and K. Panda. 2016. Ascorbate attenuates pulmonary emphysema by inhibiting tobacco smoke and Rtp801-triggered lung protein modification and proteolysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113: E4208–E17.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, C., E. Lyden, S. Rennard, D. M. Mannino, E. P. Rutten, R. Hopkins, and R. Young. 2016. The relationship between dietary fiber intake and lung function in the national health and nutrition examination surveys. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 13 (5):643–50. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-609OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariharan, S., and S. Dharmaraj. 2020. Selenium and selenoproteins: It’s role in regulation of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 28 (3):667–95. doi: 10.1007/s10787-020-00690-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, C. J., R. K. Thimmulappa, S. Sethi, X. Kong, L. Yarmus, R. H. Brown, D. Feller-Kopman, R. Wise, and S. Biswal. 2011. Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. Science Translational Medicine 3 (78):78ra32–78ra32. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemilä, H. 2013. Vitamin C may alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: A meta-analysis. BMJ Open 3 (6):e002416. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra, P. S., P. B. McCray, and R. Bals. 2015. The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease. European Respiratory Journal 45 (4):1150–1162. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00141514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogenkamp, A., A. Ehlers, J. Garssen, and L. Willemsen. 2020. Allergy Modulation by N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat soluble nutrients of the mediterranean diet. Frontiers in Pharmacology 1: 1244. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01244.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, J. Y., C. Y. Lee, M. G. Lee, and Y. S. Kim. 2018. Effects of dietary antioxidant vitamins on lung functions according to gender and smoking status in Korea: A population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 8 (4):e020656. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, H. M., T. H. Thatcher, R. A. Colas, C. N. Serhan, R. P. Phipps, and P. J. Sime. 2015. Resolvin D1 reduces emphysema and chronic inflammation. American Journal of Pathology 185 (12):3189–201. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hufnagl, K., and E. Jensen-Jarolim. 2018. Vitamin A and D in allergy: From experimental animal models and cellular studies to human disease. Allergo Journal International 27 (3):72–78. doi: 10.1007/s40629-018-0054-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwasaki, A., E. F. Foxman, and R. D. Molony. 2017. Early local immune defences in the respiratory tract. Nature Reviews Immunology 17 (1):7–20. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan, R. L., K. C. Yeh, M. H. Hsieh, Y. L. Lin, H. F. Kao, P. H. Li, Y. S. Chang, and J. Y. Wang. 2012. Lactobacillus gasseri suppresses Th17 pro-inflammatory response and attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (1):130–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511005265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Y. O., S. H. Lee, J. J. Choi, D.-H. Kim, J.-M. Choi, M.-J. Kang, Y.-M. Oh, Y.-J. Park, Y. Shin, and S. Won Lee. 2020. Fecal microbial transplantation and a high fiber diet attenuates emphysema development by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52 (7):1128–39. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0469-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, Y. J., J. H. Kim, J. S. Kang, W. J. Lee, and Y. I. Hwang. 2010. Mega-dose vitamin C attenuated lung inflammation in mouse asthma model. Anatomy & Cell Biology 43 (4):294–302. doi: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiao, Z., J. Chang, J. Li, D. Nie, H. Cui, and D. Guo. 2017. Sulforaphane increases Nrf2 expression and protects alveolar epithelial cells against injury caused by cigarette smoke extract. Molecular Medicine Reports 16 (2):1241–47. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamei, S., H. Fujikawa, H. Nohara, K. Ueno-Shuto, K. Maruta, R. Nakashima, T. Kawakami, C. Matsumoto, Y. Sakaguchi, T. Ono, et al. 2018. Zinc deficiency via a splice switch in zinc importer ZIP2/SLC39A2 causes cystic fibrosis-associated MUC5AC hypersecretion in airway epithelial cells. EBioMedicine 27:304–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi, K., M. D. Inman, J. Bienenstock, and P. Forsythe. 2009. Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 179 (3):186–93. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200806-951OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. J. 2005. Vitamins and respiratory disease: Antioxidant micronutrients in pulmonary health and disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64 (4):510–26. doi: 10.1079/PNS2005457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., G. Kismali, and S. C. Gupta. 2018. Natural products for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases: Integrating traditional medicine into modern chronic diseases care. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018:9837863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kode, A., S. Rajendrasozhan, S. Caito, S. R. Yang, I. L. Megson, and I. Rahman. 2008. Resveratrol induces glutathione synthesis by activation of Nrf2 and protects against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 294 (3):L478–88. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00361.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunnumakkara, A. B., B. L. Sailo, K. Banik, C. Harsha, S. Prasad, S. C. Gupta, A. C. Bharti, and B. B. Aggarwal. 2018. Chronic diseases, inflammation, and spices: How are they linked? Journal of Translational Medicine 16 (1): 14. doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1381-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang, C. J., M. Hansen, E. Roscioli, J. Jones, C. Murgia, M. Leigh Ackland, P. Zalewski, G. Anderson, and R. Ruffin. 2011. Dietary zinc mediates inflammation and protects against wasting and metabolic derangement caused by sustained cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Biometals 24 (1):23–39. doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9370-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larange, A., and H. Cheroutre. 2016. Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors as pleiotropic modulators of the immune system. Annual Review of Immunology 34 (1):369–94. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen, G. L., and P. G. Holt. 2000. The concept of airway inflammation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162:S2–S6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Rouzic, O., M. Pichavant, E. Frealle, A. Guillon, M. Si-Tahar, and P. Gosset. 2017. Th17 cytokines: Novel potential therapeutic targets for COPD pathogenesis and exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal 50:1602434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. W., K.-H. Kim, T. S., Park, Y.-S. Kim, J. S. Lee, Y.-M. Oh, and S. Do Lee. 2016. Resolvin D1 prevents smoking-induced emphysema and promotes lung tissue regeneration. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11:1119–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. Y., I. K. Kim, H. K. Yoon, S. S. Kwon, C. K. Rhee, and S. Y. Lee. 2017. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on airway remodeling by transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway in chronic asthma model. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 9 (1):25–34. doi: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.1.25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Sarwar, K., R. S. Kelly, J. Lasky-Su, P. Kachroo, R. S. Zeiger, G. T. O'Connor, M. T. Sandel, L. B. Bacharier, A. Beigelman, N. Laranjo, et al. 2019. Dietary and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with asthma and atopy in early childhood. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. e8.7:529–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine, S., M. Chantal, E. P. Brigham, H. Woo, C. K. Hanson, M. C. McCormack, A. Koch, N. Putcha, and N. N. Hansel. 2019. Omega-3 fatty acid intake and prevalent respiratory symptoms among U.S. adults with COPD. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 19 (1):97–97. doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0852-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, E. D., S. N. Meydani, and D. Wu. 2019. Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life 71 (4):487–94. doi: 10.1002/iub.1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., H. Bao, J. Wu, X. Duan, B. Liu, J. Sun, W. Gong, Y. Lv, H. Zhang, Q. Luo, et al. 2012. Baicalin is anti-inflammatory in cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory models in vivo and in vitro: A possible role for HDAC2 activity. International Immunopharmacology 13 (1):15–22. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., X. Geng, J. McDermott, J. Shen, C. Corbin, S. Xuan, J. Kim, L. Zuo, and Z. Liu. 2016. Copper deficiency in the lungs of TNF-α transgenic mice. Frontiers in Physiology 7: 543. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., P. Xun, D. Zamora, A. Sood, K. Liu, M. Daviglus, C. Iribarren, D. Jacobs, Jr., J. M. Shikany, and K. He. 2013. Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: The CARDIA study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (1):173–78. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.041145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., J. Yao, C. Han, J. Yang, M. T. Chaudhry, S. Wang, H. Liu, and, and Y. Yin. 2016. Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients 8 (3):167–67. doi: 10.3390/nu8030167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., J. Yao, and J. Zhang. 2018. Naringenin attenuates inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in cigarette smoke induced mouse model and involves suppression of NF-κB. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1810.10061. PMID:30609878
   Google Scholar
• Ma, J., H. Xu, J. Wu, C. Qu, F. Sun, and S. Xu. 2015. Linalool inhibits cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation. International Immunopharmacology 29 (2):708–13. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.005. PMID:26432179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maazi, H., S. Shirinbak, N. Bloksma, M. C. Nawijn, and A. J. M. van Oosterhout. 2011. Iron administration reduces airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 166 (1):80–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04448.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabalirajan, U., J. Aich, G. D. Leishangthem, S. K. Sharma, A. Kumar Dinda, and B. Ghosh. 2009. Effects of vitamin E on mitochondrial dysfunction and asthma features in an experimental allergic murine model. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, MD: 1985) 107 (4):1285–92. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkar, R., T. Behl, S. Bungau, G. Zengin, V. Mehta, A. Kumar, M. S. Uddin, G. M. Ashraf, M. M. Abdel-Daim, S. Arora, and R. Oancea. 2020. Nutraceuticals in neurological disorders. International journal of molecular sciences, 21: 4424.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuyama, W., H. Mitsuyama, M. Watanabe, K. Oonakahara, I. Higashimoto, M. Osame, and K. Arimura. 2005. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in COPD. Chest 128 (6):3817–27. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.6.3817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae, M. P. 2017. Dietary fiber is beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 16 (4):289–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, M., D. S. Dhanjal, K. R. Paudel, B. Singh, G. Gupta, S. Rajeshkumar, L. Thangavelu, M. M. Tambuwala, H. A. Bakshi, D. K. Chellappan, et al. 2020. Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: An update. Inflammopharmacology 28 (4):795–817. doi: 10.1007/s10787-020-00698-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, M., D. S. Dhanjal, S. Satija, R. Wadhwa, K. R. Paudel, D. K. Chellappan, S. Mohammad, M. Haghi, P. M. Hansbro, and K. Dua. 2020. Advancing of cellular signaling pathways in respiratory diseases using nanocarrier based drug delivery systems. Current Pharmaceutical Design 26 (42):5380–92. doi: 10.2174/1381612826999201116161143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, M., S. Satija, K. R. Paudel, G. Liu, D. K. Chellappan, P. M. Hansbro, and K. Dua. 2020. Incipient need of targeting airway remodeling using advanced drug delivery in chronic respiratory diseases. Future Medicinal Chemistry 12 (10):873–75. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menni, C., S. J. Metrustry, R. P. Mohney, S. Beevers, B. Barratt, T. D. Spector, F. J. Kelly, and A. M. Valdes. 2015. Circulating levels of antioxidant vitamins correlate with better lung function and reduced exposure to ambient pollution. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 191 (10):1203–07. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201411-2059LE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabia, A., A. Sorenson, S. K. Kumanyika, H. Abbey, B. H. Cohen, and E. Chee. 1989. Vitamin A, cigarette smoking, and airway obstruction. American Review of Respiratory Disease 140 (5):1312–6. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.5.1312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan, C. I., J. R. Ledford, P. Zhou, and K. Page. 2011. Zinc supplementation alters airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness to a common allergen. Journal of Inflammation 8 (1):36–36. doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-36.
   Google Scholar
• Mortaz, E., I. M. Adcock, G. Folkerts, P. J. Barnes, A. Paul Vos, and, and J. Garssen. 2013. Probiotics in the management of lung diseases. Mediators of Inflammation 2013:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2013/751068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi, S., S. Bereswilland M. M. Heimesaat. 2019. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of Vitamin C. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 9 (3):73–79. doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustacich, D., and G. Powis. 2000. Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J 346 Pt (1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nicod, L. P. 2005. Lung defences: An overview. European Respiratory Review 14 (95):45–50. doi: 10.1183/09059180.05.00009501.
   Google Scholar
• Nie, Y. C., H. Wu, P. B. Li, Y. L. Luo, K. Long, L. M. Xie, J. G. Shen, and W. W. Su. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effects of naringin in chronic pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 15 (10):894–900. doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.2251. PMID:22985397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijveldt, R. J., E. van Nood, D. E. van Hoorn, P. G. Boelens, K. van Norre, and P. A. van Leeuwen. 2001. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (4):418–25. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh, K., H.-g. Kim, Y.-a. Shin, H. Lim, S-k Mun, Y. Lee, W. J. Lee, D. Lee, and Y-i Hwang. 2003. The effects of high-dose Vitamin C administration on the cell-mediated immune response in mice. Immune Network 3 (3):211–18. doi: 10.4110/in.2003.3.3.211.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, R. L., and P. R. Hoffmann. 2012. Selenium and asthma. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 33 (1):98–106. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Byrne, P. M., and D. S. Postma. 1999. The many faces of airway inflammation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 159 (supplement_2):S1–S63. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.supplement_2.mfa-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okamoto, N., T. Murata, H. Tamai, H. Tanaka, and H. Nagai. 2006. Effects of alpha tocopherol and probucol supplements on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of allergic asthma. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 141 (2):172–80. doi: 10.1159/000094896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppedisano, F., R. Macrì, M. Gliozzi, V. Musolino, C. Carresi, J. Maiuolo, F. Bosco, S. Nucera, M. C. Zito, L. Guarnieri, et al. 2020. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of n-3 PUFAs: Their role in cardiovascular protection. Biomedicines 8 (9):306. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8090306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, C. P., and D. Spina. 2012. Selective PDE inhibitors as novel treatments for respiratory diseases. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 12 (3):275–86. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. S., S. R. Kim, and Y. C. Lee. 2009. Impact of oxidative stress on lung diseases. Respirology 14 (1):27–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01447.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. J., C. M. Lee, I. D. Jung, J. S. Lee, Y. I. Jeong, J. H. Chang, S. H. Chun, M. J. Kim, I. W. Choi, S. C. Ahn, et al. 2009. Quercetin regulates Th1/Th2 balance in a murine model of asthma. International Immunopharmacology 9 (3):261–7. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.10.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel, K. R., R. Wadhwa, M. Mehta, D. Kumar Chellappan, P. M. Hansbro, and K. Dua. 2020. Rutin loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicology in Vitro 68:104961. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peh, H. Y., W. S. D. Tan, T. K. Chan, C. W. Pow, P. S. Foster, and W. S. F. Wong. 2017. Vitamin E isoform γ-tocotrienol protects against emphysema in cigarette smoke-induced COPD. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 110:332–44. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellaton, C., S. Nutten, A.-C. Thierry, C. Boudousquié, N. Barbier, C. Blanchard, B. Corthésy, A. Mercenier, and F. Spertini. 2012. Intragastric and intranasal administration of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 modulates allergic airway inflammation in mice. International Journal of Inflammation 2012:1–39. doi: 10.1155/2012/686739.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, C., M. Fornai, L. Antonioli, C. Blandizzi, and V. Calderone. 2019. Phytochemicals as novel therapeutic strategies for NLRP3 inflammasome-related neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (12):2876. doi: 10.3390/ijms20122876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippot, Q., G. Deslée, T. L. Adair-Kirk, J. C. Woods, D. Byers, S. C. S. Dury, J. M. Perotin, F. Lebargy, C. Cassan, R. L. Naour, et al. 2014. Increased iron sequestration in alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 9 (5):e96285–e85. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasher, P., M. Sharma, M. Mehta, K. R. Paudel, S. Satija, D. K. Chellappan, H. Dureja, G. Gupta, M. M. Tambuwala, P. Negi, et al. 2020. Plants derived therapeutic strategies targeting chronic respiratory diseases: Chemical and immunological perspective. Chemico-Biological Interactions 325 (109125):109125. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram, A., U. Mabalirajan, M. Das, I. Bhattacharya, A. K. Dinda, S. V. Gangal, and B. Ghosh. 2006. Glycyrrhizin alleviates experimental allergic asthma in mice. International Immunopharmacology 6 (9):1468–77. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P., and M. Sinead O’Mahony. 2008. Potential adverse effects of bronchodilators in the treatment of airways obstruction in older people. Drugs & Aging 25:415–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, W., and L. M. Sordillo. 2013. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: The role of phospholipid biosynthesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14 (10):21167–88. doi: 10.3390/ijms141021167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratajczak, W., A. Rył, A. Mizerski, K. Walczakiewicz, O. Sipak, and M. Laszczyńska. 2019. Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Acta Biochimica Polonica 66:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raverdeau, M., and K. H. Mills. 2014. Modulation of T cell and innate immune responses by retinoic Acid. The Journal of Immunology 192 (7):2953–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhen, T., and J. A. Cidlowski. 2005. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids–new mechanisms for old drugs. New England Journal of Medicine 353 (16):1711–23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra050541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roa, F. J., E. Peña, M. Gatica, K. Escobar-Acuña, P. Saavedra, M. Maldonado, M. E. Cuevas, G. Moraga-Cid, C. I. Rivas, and C. Muñoz-Montesino. 2020. Therapeutic use of Vitamin C in cancer: Physiological considerations. Frontiers in Pharmacology 11. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogerio, A. P., E. L. Andrade, D. F. Leite, C. P. Figueiredo, and J. B. Calixto. 2009. Preventive and therapeutic anti-inflammatory properties of the sesquiterpene α-humulene in experimental airways allergic inflammation. British Journal of Pharmacology 158 (4):1074–87. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00177.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossman, M. J., H. J. Groot, V. Reese, J. Zhao, M. Amann, and R. S. Richardson. 2013. Oxidative stress and COPD: The effect of oral antioxidants on skeletal muscle fatigue. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45 (7):1235–43. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182846d7e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce, S. G., W. Dang, G. Yuan, J. Tran, A. El Osta, T. C. Karagiannis, and M. L. K. Tang. 2011. Resveratrol has protective effects against airway remodeling and airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of allergic airways disease. Pathobiology of Aging & Age-Related Diseases 1 (1):7134. doi: 10.3402/PBA.v1i0.7134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudraraju, R., B. G. Jones, S. L. Surman, R. E. Sealy, P. G. Thomas, and J. L. Hurwitz. 2014. Respiratory tract epithelial cells express retinaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A and enhance IgA production by stimulated B cells in the presence of vitamin A. PLoS One 9 (1):e86554. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdeva, V., A. Roy, and N. Bharadvaja. 2020. Current prospects of nutraceuticals: A review. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21 (10):884–96. doi: 10.2174/1389201021666200130113441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi, F. 2009. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Whole versus processed foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology 20 (9):376–87. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, I. S., K. S. Ahn, N. R. Shin, C. M. Jeon, O. K. Kwon, Y. W. Chin, K. Lee, and S. R. Oh. 2014. Homoegonol attenuates the asthmatic responses induced by ovalbumin challenge. Archives of Pharmacal Research 37 (9):1201–10. doi:10.1007/s12272-013-0327-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, I. S., J. Hong, C. M. Jeon, N. R. Shin, O. K. Kwon, H. S. Kim, J. C. Kim, S. R. Oh, and K. S. Ahn. 2013. Diallyl-disulfide, an organosulfur compound of garlic, attenuates airway inflammation via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and NF-kappaB suppression. Food and Chemical Toxicology 62:506–13. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiquee, A., M. Patel, S. Rajalingam, D. Narke, M. Kurade, and D. S. Ponnoth. 2019. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on resolvin (RvE1)-mediated suppression of inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 41 (2):250–57. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1584903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalny, A. V., L. Rink, O. P. Ajsuvakova, M. Aschner, V. A. Gritsenko, S. I. Alekseenko, A. A. Svistunov, D. Petrakis, D. A. Spandidos, J. Aaseth, et al. 2020. Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46:17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, J. B., P. J. Kendrick, K. R. Paulson, V. Gupta, E. M. Abrams, R. A. Adedoyin, T. B. Adhikari, S. M. Advani, A. Agrawal, E. Ahmadian, et al. 2020. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8:585–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosnowska, B., P. Peter, and B. Maciej. 2017. The role of nutraceuticals in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy 7:S21–S31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley, I., M. Garg, H. Scott, L. Macdonald-Wicks, B. Berthon, and L. Wood. 2019. Higher Omega-3 index is associated with better asthma control and lower medication dose: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients 12:74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, M. 2012. Chrysin attenuates allergic airway inflammation by modulating the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 in mice. Molecular Medicine Reports doi:10.3892/mmr.2012.893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thimmulappa, R. K., I. Chattopadhyay, and S. Rajasekaran. 2019. Oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of environmental lung diseases. Oxidative Stress in Lung Diseases 2:103–37.
   Google Scholar
• Timoneda, J., L. Rodríguez-Fernández, R. Zaragozá, M. P. Marín, M. T. Cabezuelo, L. Torres, J. R. Viña, and T. Barber. 2018. Vitamin A deficiency and the lung. Nutrients 10 (9):1132. doi: 10.3390/nu10091132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompette, A., E. S. Gollwitzer, K. Yadava, A. K. Sichelstiel, N. Sprenger, C. Ngom-Bru, C. Blanchard, T. Junt, L. P. Nicod, N. L. Harris, et al. 2014. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nature Medicine 20 (2):159–66. doi: 10.1038/nm.3444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega, O. M., S. Abkenari, Z. Tong, A. Tedman, and S. Huerta-Yepez. 2020. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lung cancer: nutrition or pharmacology? Nutrition and Cancer 73:1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vural, H., K. Uzun, E. Uz, A. Koçyigit, A. Çigli, and Ö. Akyol. 2000. Concentrations of copper, zinc and various elements in serum of patients with bronchial asthma. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 14 (2):88–91. doi: 10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80036-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa, R., K. R. Paudel, L. H. Chin, C. M. Hon, T. Madheswaran, G. Gupta, J. Panneerselvam, T. Lakshmi, S. K. Singh, M. Gulati, et al. 2020. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Naringenin-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles in vitro. Journal of Food Biochemistry 45: e13572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., J. Zhu, F. Lyu, D. Panigrahy, K. W. Ferrara, B. Hammock, and G. Zhang. 2014. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived lipid metabolites on angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 113-115:13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. M., H. A. Scott, and L. G. Wood. 2019. Soluble fibre as a treatment for inflammation in asthma. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 18 (100108):100108. doi: 10.1016/j.jnim.2019.100108.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L. G., P. A. Wark, and M. L. Garg. 2010. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol in airway disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 13 (10):1535–48. doi: 10.1089/ars.2009.3064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, M., X. Liu, X. Cao, M. Guo, and X. Li. 2020. Trends in prevalence and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017. Respiratory Research 21:49. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-1291-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, D., C. Wan, T. Wang, P. Tian, D. Li, Y. Wu, S. Fan, L. Chen, Y. Shen, and F. Wen. 2015. Berberine attenuates cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in mice. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 8 (6):8641–7. PMCID:26309516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, P., C. Cartwright, D. Chan, J. Ding, E. Felix, Y. Pan, J. Pang, P. Rhea, K. Block, S. M. Fischer, et al. 2014. Anticancer activity of fish oils against human lung cancer is associated with changes in formation of PGE2 and PGE3 and alteration of Akt phosphorylation. Molecular Carcinogenesis 53:566–77. doi: 10.1002/mc.22008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. J., D. Yu, Y. B. Xiang, W. Blot, E. White, K. Robien, R. Sinha, Y. Park, Y. Takata, D. Lazovich, et al. 2020. Association of dietary fiber and yogurt consumption with lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis. JAMA Oncol 6:e194107. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, J., M. Jiang, Y. Zhang, X. Liu, Q. Du, and G. Feng. 2016. Chrysin alleviates allergic inflammation and airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. International Immunopharmacology 32:24–31. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2016.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, N., X. Su, Z. Wang, B. Dai, and J. Kang. 2015. Association of dietary vitamin A and β-carotene intake with the risk of lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 19 publications. Nutrients 7:9309–24. doi: 10.3390/nu7115463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., I. J. Onakpoya, P. Posadzki, and M. Eddouks. 2015. The safety of herbal medicine: from prejudice to evidence. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015:316706. doi: 10.1155/2015/316706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y. L., J. Cao, J. H. Shang, Y. P. Liu, A. Khan, H. S. Wang, Y. Qian, L. Liu, M. Ye, and X. D. Luo. 2017. Airways antiallergic effect and pharmacokinetics of alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Phytomedicine 27:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., C. M. Lloyd, and A. Noble. 2013. Th17 responses in chronic allergic airway inflammation abrogate regulatory T-cell-mediated tolerance and contribute to airway remodeling. Mucosal Immunology 6 (2):335–46. doi: 10.1038/mi.2012.76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, T., Z. Chen, G. Chen, D. Wang, S. Tang, H. Deng, J. Wang, S. Li, J. Lan, J. Tong, et al. 2019. Curcumin Attenuates Asthmatic Airway Inflammation and Mucus Hypersecretion Involving a PPAR γ-Dependent NF- κ B Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. Mediators of Inflammation 2019:1–15. doi:10.1155/2019/4927430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar