Understanding the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic effect of dietary component: a focus on gut microbiota

References

• Abdi, A., M. Jalilian, P. A. Sarbarzeh, and Z. Vlaisavljevic. 2020. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 166 (108347):108347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abu-Farha, M., F. Al-Mulla, T. A. Thanaraj, S. Kavalakatt, H. Ali, M. A. Ghani, and J. Abubaker. 2020. Impact of diabetes in patients diagnosed With COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology 11 (576818):576818.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad, S. Y., J. Friel, and D. Mackay. 2020. The effects of non-nutritive artificial sweeteners, aspartame and sucralose, on the gut microbiome in healthy adults: Secondary outcomes of a randomized double-blinded crossover clinical trial. Nutrients 12 (11):3408. doi: 10.3390/nu12113408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Rubaye, H., C. C. Adamson, and N. M. Jadavji. 2021. The role of maternal diet on offspring gut microbiota development: A review. Journal of Neuroscience Research 99 (1):284–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. 2021. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 45 (Supplement_1):S17–S38.
   Google Scholar
• Anhe, F. F., N. G. Barra, J. F. Cavallari, B. D. Henriksbo, and J. D. Schertzer. 2021. Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide. Cell Reports 36 (11):109691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anhe, F. F., D. Roy, G. Pilon, S. Dudonne, S. Matamoros, T. V. Varin, C. Garofalo, Q. Moine, Y. Desjardins, E. Levy, et al. 2015. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice. Gut 64 (6):872–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, R., K. Kamikado, W. Suda, H. Takii, Y. Mikami, N. Suganuma, M. Hattori, and Y. Koga. 2017. A proliferative probiotic Bifidobacterium strain in the gut ameliorates progression of metabolic disorders via microbiota modulation and acetate elevation. Scientific Reports 7 (43522):43522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assoc, A. D. 2020. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 43 (8):1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axarlis, K., M. G. Daskalaki, S. Michailidou, N. Androulaki, A. Tsoureki, E. Mouchtaropoulou, O. Kolliniati, I. Lapi, E. Dermitzaki, M. Venihaki, et al. 2021. Diet supplementation with fish-derived extracts suppresses diabetes and modulates intestinal microbiome in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Marine Drugs 19 (5):268. doi: 10.3390/md19050268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beukema, M., M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2020. The effects of different dietary fiber pectin structures on the gastrointestinal immune barrier: Impact via gut microbiota and direct effects on immune cells. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52 (9):1364–76. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0449-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W., J. X. Xu, G. Li, T. Liu, X. L. Guo, H. J. Wang, and L. P. Luo. 2020. Ethanol extract of propolis prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity in association with modulation of gut microbiota in mice. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 130:108939. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, T. T., X. L. Ye, R. R. Li, H. Chen, Y. Y. Wang, H. J. Yong, M. L. Pan, W. Lu, Y. Tang, H. Miao, et al. 2020. Resveratrol modulates the gut microbiota and inflammation to protect against diabetic nephropathy in mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology 11:1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candela, M., E. Biagi, M. Soverini, C. Consolandi, S. Quercia, M. Severgnini, C. Peano, S. Turroni, S. Rampelli, P. Pozzilli, et al. 2016. Modulation of gut microbiota dysbioses in type 2 diabetic patients by macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet. British Journal of Nutrition 116 (1):80–93. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, H., J. Y. Ou, L. Chen, Y. B. Zhang, T. Szkudelski, D. Delmas, M. Daglia, and J. B. Xiao. 2019. Dietary polyphenols and type 2 diabetes: Human study and clinical trial. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 59 (20):3371–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, S. Y., C. N. Zhao, X. Y. Xu, G. Y. Tang, H. Corke, R. Y. Gan, and H. B. Li. 2019. Dietary plants, gut microbiota, and obesity: Effects and mechanisms. Trends in Food Science & Technology 92:194–204. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, P. V., L. M. Hao, S. Offermanns, and R. Medzhitov. 2014. The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (6):2247–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaing, B., O. Koren, J. K. Goodrich, A. C. Poole, S. Srinivasan, R. E. Ley, and A. T. Gewirtz. 2015. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature 519 (7541):92–U192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K., H. Chen, M. M. Faas, B. J. de Haan, J. H. Li, P. Xiao, H. Zhang, J. Diana, P. de Vos, and J. Sun. 2017. Specific inulin-type fructan fibers protect against autoimmune diabetes by modulating gut immunity, barrier function, and microbiota homeostasis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (8):1601006. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. C., Z. Y. Fan, H. Y. Wang, D. C. Wen, and S. Y. Zhang. 2019. Effect of polysaccharides from adlay seed on anti-diabetic and gut microbiota. Food & Function 10 (7):4372–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., X. Lu, H. El-Seedi, and H. Teng. 2019. Recent advances in the development of sesquiterpenoids in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Trends in Food Science & Technology 88:46–56. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. G., C. E. Mathews, and J. P. Driver. 2018. The role of NOD mice in type 1 diabetes research: Lessons from the past and recommendations for the future. Frontiers in Endocrinology 9:51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., L. J. You, Q. Huang, X. Fu, B. Zhang, R. H. Liu, and C. Li. 2018. Modulation of gut microbiota by mulberry fruit polysaccharide treatment of obese diabetic db/db mice. Food & Function 9 (7):3732–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson, M. J., I. B. Jeffery, S. Conde, S. E. Power, E. M. O’Connor, S. Cusack, H. M. Harris, M. Coakley, B. Lakshminarayanan, O. O’Sullivan, et al. 2012. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488 (7410):178–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippis, F., N. Pellegrini, L. Vannini, I. B. Jeffery, A. La Storia, L. Laghi, D. I. Serrazanetti, R. Di Cagno, I. Ferrocino, C. Lazzi, et al. 2016. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut 65 (11):1812–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vos, W. M., H. Tilg, M. Van Hul, and P. D. Cani. 2022. Gut microbiome and health: Mechanistic insights. Gut, 0:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Depommier, C., A. Everard, C. Druart, H. Plovier, M. Van Hul, S. Vieira-Silva, G. Falony, J. Raes, D. Maiter, N. M. Delzenne, et al. 2019. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: A proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nature Medicine 25 (7):1096–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devkota, S., Y. Wang, M. W. Musch, V. Leone, H. Fehlner-Peach, A. Nadimpalli, D. A. Antonopoulos, B. Jabri, and E. B. Chang. 2012. Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10(-/-) mice. Nature 487 (7405):104–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolpady, J., C. Sorini, C. Di Pietro, I. Cosorich, R. Ferrarese, D. Saita, M. Clementi, F. Canducci, and M. Falcone. 2016. Oral probiotic VSL#3 prevents autoimmune diabetes by modulating microbiota and promoting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-enriched tolerogenic intestinal environment. Journal of Diabetes Research 2016:7569431. doi: 10.1155/2016/7569431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejtahed, H. S., J. Mohtadi-Nia, A. Homayouni-Rad, M. Niafar, M. Asghari-Jafarabadi, and V. Mofid. 2012. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition 28 (5):539–43. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgamal, D. A., A. T. Abou-Elghait, A. Y. Ali, M. Ali, and M. H. Bakr. 2020. Ultrastructure characterization of pancreatic beta-cells is accompanied by modulatory effects of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate on the PI3/AKT insulin signaling pathway in juvenile diabetic rats. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 503 (110700):110700.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etxeberria, U., N. Arias, N. Boqué, M. T. Macarulla, M. P. Portillo, J. A. Martínez, and F. I. Milagro. 2015. Reshaping faecal gut microbiota composition by the intake of trans-resveratrol and quercetin in high-fat sucrose diet-fed rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26 (6):651–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Y. X., R. Y. Yin, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Niu, E. H. Guo, R. H. Cheng, X. M. Diao, Y. Xue, and Q. Shen. 2020. Hypoglycemic effect of prolamin from cooked foxtail millet (Setaria Italic) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Nutrients 12 (11):3452. doi: 10.3390/nu12113452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Z., J. Yin, J. Zhang, R. E. Ward, R. J. Martin, M. Lefevre, W. T. Cefalu, and J. Ye. 2009. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 58 (7):1509–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Bayona, L., and L. E. Comstock. 2019. Streamlined genetic manipulation of diverse bacteroides and parabacteroides isolates from the human gut microbiota. mBio 10 (4):e01762–01719. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01762-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, C. L., and T. L. Weir. 2018. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science (New York, N.Y.) 362 (6416):776–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giongo, A., K. A. Gano, D. B. Crabb, N. Mukherjee, L. L. Novelo, G. Casella, J. C. Drew, J. Ilonen, M. Knip, H. Hyöty, et al. 2011. Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes. The ISME Journal 5 (1):82–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Arango, L. F., H. L. Barrett, S. A. Wilkinson, L. K. Callaway, H. D. Mcintyre, M. Morrison, and M. D. Nitert. 2018. Low dietary fiber intake increases Collinsella abundance in the gut microbiota of overweight and obese pregnant women. Gut Microbes, 9 (3):189–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, A., R. Krieg, H. D. Massey, D. Carl, S. Ghosh, T. W. B. Gehr, and S. S. Ghosh. 2019. Sodium butyrate ameliorates insulin resistance and renal failure in CKD rats by modulating intestinal permeability and mucin expression. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 34 (5):783–94. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudi, R., N. Perez, B. M. Johnson, M. H. Sofi, R. Brown, S. Quan, S. Karumuthil-Melethil, and C. Vasu. 2019. Complex dietary polysaccharide modulates gut immune function and microbiota, and promotes protection from autoimmune diabetes. Immunology 157 (1):70–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara-Cruz, M., E. T. Godinez-Salas, M. Sanchez-Tapia, G. Torres-Villalobos, E. Pichardo-Ontiveros, R. Guizar-Heredia, L. Arteaga-Sanchez, G. Gamba, R. Mojica-Espinosa, A. Schcolnik-Cabrera, et al. 2020. Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8 (1):e000948. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen, A., R. Toivonen, S. Pöysti, C. Belzer, H. Plovier, J. P. Ouwerkerk, R. Emani, P. D. Cani, and W. M. De Vos. 2018. Akkermansia muciniphila induces gut microbiota remodelling and controls islet autoimmunity in NOD mice. Gut 67 (8):1445–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haro, C., M. Montes-Borrego, O. A. Rangel-Zuniga, J. F. Alcala-Diaz, F. Gomez-Delgado, P. Perez-Martinez, J. Delgado-Lista, G. M. Quintana-Navarro, F. J. Tinahones, and B. B. Landa. 2016. Two healthy diets modulate gut microbial community improving insulin sensitivity in a human obese population. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101 (1):232–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C., F. Guarner, G. Reid, G. R. Gibson, D. J. Merenstein, B. Pot, L. Morelli, R. B. Canani, H. J. Flint, S. Salminen, et al. 2014. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11 (8):506–14. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hold, G. L. 2014. Western lifestyle: A ‘master’ manipulator of the intestinal microbiota? Gut 63 (1):5–6. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, F., R. Z. Zhao, M. Xia, and G. X. Shen. 2020. Impact of cyanidin-3-glucoside on gut microbiota and relationship with metabolism and inflammation in high fat-high sucrose diet-induced insulin resistant mice. Microorganisms, 8 (8):1238. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8081238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Diabetes Federation. 2021. IDF diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
   Google Scholar
• Jaja-Chimedza, A., L. Zhang, K. Wolff, B. L. Graf, P. Kuhn, K. Moskal, R. Carmouche, S. Newman, J. M. Salbaum, and I. Raskin. 2018. A dietary isothiocyanate-enriched moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed extract improves glucose tolerance in a high-fat-diet mouse model and modulates the gut microbiome. Journal of Functional Foods 47:376–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, L. L., D. Y. Li, N. H. Feng, M. Shamoon, Z. H. Sun, L. Ding, H. Zhang, W. Chen, J. Sun, and Y. Q. Chen. 2017. Anti-diabetic effects of Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 through promoting the growth of gut butyrate-producing bacteria in type 2 diabetic mice. Scientific Reports 7 (1):7046. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07335-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia, L., K. Shan, L. L. Pan, N. Feng, Z. Lv, Y. Sun, J. Li, C. Wu, H. Zhang, W. Chen, et al. 2017. Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 protects against autoimmune diabetes by modulating intestinal immune homeostasis and inducing pancreatic regulatory T cells. Frontiers in Immunology 8:1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. B., T. L. Alderete, A. A. Martin, B. A. Geary, D. H. Hwang, S. L. Palmer, and M. I. Goran. 2018. Probiotic supplementation increases obesity with no detectable effects on liver fat or gut microbiota in obese Hispanic adolescents: A 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 13 (11):705–14. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, F. H., V. Tremaroli, I. Nookaew, G. Bergstrom, C. J. Behre, B. Fagerberg, J. Nielsen, and F. Backhed. 2013. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 498 (7452):99–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khursheed, R., S. K. Singh, S. Wadhwa, B. Kapoor, M. Gulati, R. Kumar, A. K. Ramanunny, A. Awasthi, and K. Dua. 2019. Treatment strategies against diabetes: Success so far and challenges ahead. European Journal of Pharmacology 862 (172625):172625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleinert, M., C. Clemmensen, S. M. Hofmann, M. C. Moore, S. Renner, S. C. Woods, P. Huypens, J. Beckers, M. H. de Angelis, A. Schurmann, et al. 2018. Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 14 (3):140–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knip, M., and H. Siljander. 2016. The role of the intestinal microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 12 (3):154–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobyliak, N., T. Falalyeyeva, G. Mykhalchyshyn, D. Kyriienko, and I. Komissarenko. 2018. Effect of alive probiotic on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients: Randomized clinical trial. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 12 (5):617–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, A., F. De Vadder, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, and F. Backhed. 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 165 (6):1332–45. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kootte, R. S., E. Levin, J. Salojarvi, L. P. Smits, A. V. Hartstra, S. D. Udayappan, G. Hermes, K. E. Bouter, A. M. Koopen, J. J. Holst, et al. 2017. Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition. Cell Metabolism 26 (4):611–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., A. Nilsson, R. Akrami, Y. S. Lee, F. De Vadder, T. Arora, A. Hallen, E. Martens, I. Björck, and F. Bäckhed. 2015. Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella. Cell Metabolism 22 (6):971–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen, N. B., T. Bryrup, K. H. Allin, T. Nielsen, T. H. Hansen, and O. Pedersen. 2016. Alterations in fecal microbiota composition by probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Genome Medicine 8 (1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0300-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalles, J. P. 2016. Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level, health and nutrition. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 7:66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, N., F. K. Vogensen, F. W. J. van den Berg, D. S. Nielsen, A. S. Andreasen, B. K. Pedersen, W. A. Al-Soud, S. J. Sørensen, L. H. Hansen, and M. Jakobsen. 2010. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLos One 5 (2):e9085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. W., H. P. Chen, Y. Y. He, W. L. Chen, J. W. Chen, L. Gao, H. Y. Hu, and J. Wang. 2018. Effects of rich-polyphenols extract of Dendrobium loddigesii on anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and gut microbiota modulation in db/db mice. Molecules 23 (12):3245. doi: 10.3390/molecules23123245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, G., L. Liang, G. Yu, and Q. Li. 2018. Pumpkin polysaccharide modifies the gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 115:711–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K., L. Zhang, J. Xue, X. Yang, X. Dong, L. Sha, H. Lei, X. Zhang, L. Zhu, Z. Wang, et al. 2019. Dietary inulin alleviates diverse stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in db/db mice. Food & Function 10 (4):1915–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddaloni, E., L. D’Onofrio, F. Alessandri, C. Mignogna, G. Leto, L. Coraggio, S. Sterpetti, G. Pascarella, I. Mezzaroma, M. Lichtner, et al. 2020. Clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without Covid-19: A case control study (CoViDiab I). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 169:108454. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makki, K., E. C. Deehan, J. Walter, and F. Backhed. 2018. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host & Microbe 23 (6):705–15. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Y. Li, P. Li, M. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Tang, T. Wang, L. Luo, C. Wang, T. Wang, et al. 2019. Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 117:109138. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Y. Li, J. Wang, P. Li, Y. Duan, H. Dai, Y. An, L. Cheng, T. Wang, C. Wang, et al. 2020. Investigation of gut microbiome changes in type 1 diabetic mellitus rats based on high-throughput sequencing. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 124:109873. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R., H. Makino, A. C. Yavuz, K. Ben-Amor, M. Roelofs, E. Ishikawa, H. Kubota, S. Swinkels, T. Sakai, K. Oishi, et al. 2016. Early-life events, including mode of delivery and type of feeding, siblings and gender, shape the developing gut microbiota. PLoS One 11 (6):e0158498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matijašić, B. B., T. Obermajer, L. Lipoglavšek, I. Grabnar, G. Avguštin, and I. Rogelj. 2014. Association of dietary type with fecal microbiota in vegetarians and omnivores in Slovenia. European Journal of Nutrition 53 (4):1051–64. doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0607-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina-Vera, I., M. Sanchez-Tapia, L. Noriega-López, O. Granados-Portillo, M. Guevara-Cruz, A. Flores-López, A. Avila-Nava, M. L. Fernández, A. R. Tovar, and N. Torres. 2019a. A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolism 45 (2):122–31. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei, X. R., X. Y. Zhang, Z. G. Wang, Z. Y. Gao, G. Liu, H. L. Hu, L. Zou, and X. L. Li. 2016. Insulin sensitivity-enhancing activity of phlorizin is associated with lipopolysaccharide decrease and gut microbiota changes in obese and type 2 diabetes (db/db) mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64 (40):7502–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Membrez, M., F. Blancher, M. Jaquet, R. Bibiloni, P. D. Cani, R. G. Burcelin, I. Corthesy, K. Mace, and C. J. Chou. 2008. Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 22 (7):2416–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merra, G., Noce, A. Marrone, G. Cintoni, M. Tarsitano, M. G. Capacci, A. D, and Lorenzo, A. 2020. Influence of Mediterranean diet on human gut microbiota. Nutrients 13 (1):7. doi: 10.3390/nu13010007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsou, E. K., A. Kakali, S. Antonopoulou, K. C. Mountzouris, M. Yannakoulia, D. B. Panagiotakos, and A. Kyriacou. 2017. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with the gut microbiota pattern and gastrointestinal characteristics in an adult population. British Journal of Nutrition 117 (12):1645–55. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobini, R., V. Tremaroli, M. Ståhlman, F. Karlsson, M. Levin, M. Ljungberg, M. Sohlin, H. Bertéus Forslund, R. Perkins, F. Bäckhed, et al. 2017. Metabolic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 19 (4):579–89. doi: 10.1111/dom.12861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natividad, J. M., B. Lamas, H. P. Pham, M.-L. Michel, D. Rainteau, C. Bridonneau, G. da Costa, J. van Hylckama Vlieg, B. Sovran, C. Chamignon, et al. 2018. Bilophila wadsworthia aggravates high fat diet induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice. Nature Communications 9 (1):2802.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nie, Q., J. Hu, H. Gao, M. Li, Y. Sun, H. Chen, S. Zuo, Q. Fang, X. Huang, J. Yin, et al. 2021. Bioactive dietary fibers selectively promote gut microbiota to exert antidiabetic effects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69 (25):7000–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noureldein, M. H., S. Bitar, N. Youssef, S. Azar, and A. A. Eid. 2020. Butyrate modulates diabetes-linked gut dysbiosis: Epigenetic and mechanistic modifications. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 64 (1):29–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., T. Zhang, J. Y. Qiu, X. Wu, J. Y. Lee, and B. Y. Lee. 2020. Acid hydrolyzed silk peptide consumption improves anti-diabetic symptoms by potentiating insulin secretion and preventing gut microbiome dysbiosis in non-obese type 2 diabetic animals. Nutrients 12 (2):311. doi: 10.3390/nu12020311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, H. K., V. Gudmundsdottir, H. B. Nielsen, T. Hyotylainen, T. Nielsen, B. A. Jensen, K. Forslund, F. Hildebrand, E. Prifti, G. Falony, et al. 2016. Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity. Nature 535 (7612):376–81. doi: 10.1038/nature18646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillon, N. J., R. J. F. Loos, S. M. Marshall, and J. R. Zierath. 2021. Metabolic consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Balancing genes and environment for personalized care. Cell 184 (6):1530–44. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plovier, H., A. Everard, C. Druart, C. Depommier, M. Van Hul, L. Geurts, J. Chilloux, N. Ottman, T. Duparc, L. Lichtenstein, et al. 2017. A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nature Medicine 23 (1):107–13. doi: 10.1038/nm.4236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollakova, D., A. Andreadi, F. Pacifici, D. Della-Morte, D. Lauro, and C. Tubili. 2021. The impact of vegan diet in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Nutrients 13 (6):2123. doi: 10.3390/nu13062123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, R. L., S. Wilkes, T. Rogers, R. C. Khanal, X. Wu, T. J. Hager, A. Hager, and L. Howard. 2010. Dietary black raspberry anthocyanins do not alter development of obesity in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (7):3977–83. doi: 10.1021/jf9030772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, L. M., H. H. Creasy, J. M. Fettweis, J. Lloyd-Price, A. Mahurkar, W. Y. Zhou, G. A. Buck, M. P. Snyder, J. F. Strauss, G. M. Weinstock, et al. 2019. The integrative human microbiome project. Nature 569 (7758):641–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, J. J., Y. R. Li, Z. M. Cai, S. H. Li, J. F. Zhu, F. Zhang, S. S. Liang, W. W. Zhang, Y. L. Guan, D. Q. Shen, et al. 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 (7418):55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz, L. A. D., J. B. Assis, J. P. T. Guimaraes, E. S. A. Sousa, A. C. Milhomem, K. K. S. Sunahara, A. Sa-Nunes, and J. O. Martins. 2021. Endangered lymphocytes: The effects of alloxan and streptozotocin on immune cells in type 1 induced diabetes. Mediators of Inflammation 2021:9940009. doi: 10.1155/2021/9940009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rewers, M., and J. Ludvigsson. 2016. Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet (London, England) 387 (10035):2340–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieg, T., and V. Vallon. 2018. Development of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetologia 61 (10):2079–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roager, H. M., J. K. Vogt, M. Kristensen, L. B. S. Hansen, S. Ibrügger, R. B. Maerkedahl, M. I. Bahl, M. V. Lind, R. L. Nielsen, H. Frøkiaer, et al. 2019. Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: A randomised cross-over trial. Gut 68 (1):83–93. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca-Saavedra, P., V. Mendez-Vilabrille, J. M. Miranda, C. Nebot, A. Cardelle-Cobas, C. M. Franco, and A. Cepeda. 2018. Food additives, contaminants and other minor components: Effects on human gut microbiota-a review. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 74 (1):69–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooks, M. G., and W. S. Garrett. 2016. Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nature Reviews. Immunology 16 (6):341–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatino, A., G. Regolisti, C. Cosola, L. Gesualdo, and E. Fiaccadori. 2017. Intestinal microbiota in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Current Diabetes Reports 17 (3):16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgaco, M. K., L. G. S. Oliveira, G. N. Costa, F. Bianchi, and K. Sivieri. 2019. Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103 (23-24):9229–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, Z. L., T. P. Sun, H. Huang, S. J. Chen, L. K. Chen, C. Luo, W. Yang, X. F. Yang, P. Yao, J. Q. Cheng, et al. 2017. Association between microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106 (3):888–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, T. Y., Q. H. Yu, T. S. Zhu, A. H. Liu, X. M. Gao, X. H. Long, and Z. P. Liu. 2020. Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke tubers alleviates hyperglycaemia in high-fat-diet-induced diabetes mice through the intestinal microflora improvement. British Journal of Nutrition 123 (3):308–18. doi: 10.1017/S0007114519002332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, H., A. A. Kolodziejczyk, D. Halstuch, and E. Elinav. 2018. Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease. Journal of Experimental Medicine 215 (2):383–96. doi: 10.1084/jem.20171965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, N. R., T. W. Whon, and J. W. Bae. 2015. Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota. Trends in Biotechnology 33 (9):496–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoaib, M., A. Shehzad, M. Omar, A. Rakha, H. Raza, H. R. Sharif, A. Shakeel, A. Ansari, and S. Niazi. 2016. Inulin: Properties, health benefits and food applications. Carbohydrate Polymers 147:444–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. J., R. A. Miller, A. C. Ericsson, D. C. Harrison, R. Strong, and T. M. Schmidt. 2019. Changes in the gut microbiome and fermentation products concurrent with enhanced longevity in acarbose-treated mice. BMC Microbiology 19 (1):130. doi: 10.1186/s12866-019-1494-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J. X., Ren, H. Gao, Y. F. Lee, C. Y. Li, S. F. Zhang, F. Li, L., and C. H. 2017. Dietary capsaicin improves glucose homeostasis and alters the gut microbiota in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. Front in Physiology 8:602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suez, J., T. Korem, D. Zeevi, G. Zilberman-Schapira, C. A. Thaiss, O. Maza, D. Israeli, N. Zmora, S. Gilad, A. Weinberger, et al. 2014. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature 514 (7521):181–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, M. M., T. T. Kim, E. Denou, C. L. M. Soltys, S. M. Hamza, N. J. Byrne, G. Masson, H. Park, D. S. Wishart, K. L. Madsen, et al. 2017. Improved glucose homeostasis in obese mice treated with resveratrol is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. Diabetes 66 (2):418–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suriano, F., S. Vieira-Silva, G. Falony, M. Roumain, A. Paquot, R. Pelicaen, M. Regnier, N. M. Delzenne, J. Raes, G. G. Muccioli, et al. 2021. Novel insights into the genetically obese (ob/ob) and diabetic (db/db) mice: Two sides of the same coin. Microbiome 9 (1):147. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01097-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thursby, E., and N. Juge. 2017. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochemical Journal 474 (11):1823–36. doi: 10.1042/BCJ20160510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaarala, O. 2012. Gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes. The Review of Diabetic Studies : RDS 9 (4):251–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Hul, M., L. Geurts, H. Plovier, C. Druart, A. Everard, M. Ståhlman, M. Rhimi, K. Chira, P.-L. Teissedre, N. M. Delzenne, et al. 2018. Reduced obesity, diabetes, and steatosis upon cinnamon and grape pomace are associated with changes in gut microbiota and markers of gut barrier. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 314 (4):E334–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., D. Dilidaxi, Y. Wu, J. Sailike, X. Sun, and X. H. Nabi. 2020. Composite probiotics alleviate type 2 diabetes by regulating intestinal microbiota and inducing GLP-1 secretion in db/db mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 125:109914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. K., Y. T. He, D. Q. Yu, L. Jin, X. B. Gong, and B. S. Zhang. 2020. Perilla oil regulates intestinal microbiota and alleviates insulin resistance through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in type-2 diabetic KKAy mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 135:110965. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., J. Kang, Q. Liu, T. Tong, and H. Quan. 2020. Fighting diabetes mellitus: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Current Pharmaceutical Design 26 (39):4992–5001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. N., Q. Liu, S. G. Kang, K. L. Huang, and T. Tong. 2021. Dietary bioactive ingredients modulating the cAMP signaling in diabetes treatment. Nutrients 13 (9):3038. doi: 10.3390/nu13093038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., W. Li, C. Wang, L. Wang, T. He, H. Hu, J. Song, C. Cui, J. Qiao, L. Qing, et al. 2020. Enterotype Bacteroides is associated with a high risk in patients with diabetes: A pilot study. Journal of Diabetes Research 2020:6047145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, G., Li, X. Zhao, J. Zhang, H., and C. W. 2017. Lactobacillus casei CCFM419 attenuates type 2 diabetes via a gut microbiota dependent mechanism. Food & Function 8 (9):3155–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, G., Q. Si, S. Yang, T. Jiao, H. Zhu, P. Tian, L. Wang, X. Li, L. Gong, J. Zhao, et al. 2020. Lactic acid bacteria reduce diabetes symptoms in mice by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in different manners. Food & Function 11 (7):5898–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., E. Gu, J. Luo, Z. Zhang, D. Xu, X. Tao, N. P. Shah, and H. Wei. 2020. Enterococcus hirae WEHI01 isolated from a healthy Chinese infant ameliorates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes by elevating the abundance of Lactobacillales in rats. Journal of Dairy Science 103 (4):2969–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., H. Yang, C. Zhu, J. Deng, and D. Fan. 2020. Hypoglycemic effect of ginsenoside Rg5 mediated partly by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis in diabetic db/db mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68 (18):5107–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, G. Y. 2016. Dietary protein intake and human health. Food & Function 7 (3):1251–65. doi: 10.1039/c5fo01530h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J. H. Y., R. Micha, and D. Mozaffarian. 2019. Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: Mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes. Nature Reviews. Cardiology 16 (10):581–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C., L.-L. Pan, W. Niu, X. Fang, W. Liang, J. Li, H. Li, X. Pan, W. Chen, H. Zhang, et al. 2019. Modulation of gut microbiota by low methoxyl pectin attenuates type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Frontiers in Immunology 10:1733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J., W. Song, X. C. Liang, Q. Zhang, Y. Shi, W. Liu, and X. H. Shi. 2020. Protective effect of quercetin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats through modulating gut microbiota and reactive oxygen species level. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 127:110147. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, M., H. Liang, X. Ji, Y. Liu, Y. Ge, L. Hou, and T. Sun. 2019. Fucoidan prevent murine autoimmune diabetes via suppression TLR4-signaling pathways, regulation DC/Treg induced immune tolerance and improving gut microecology. Nutrition & Metabolism 16:87. doi: 10.1186/s12986-019-0392-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y. H., C. L. Gao, H. L. Guo, W. Q. Zhang, W. Huang, S. S. Tang, W. J. Gan, Y. Xu, H. Zhou, and Q. Zhu. 2018. Sodium butyrate supplementation ameliorates diabetic inflammation in db/db mice. The Journal of Endocrinology 238 (3):231–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., Z. Gao, F. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Chen, L. Han, N. Zhao, J. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Ma, et al. 2020. Antidiabetic effects of Gegen Qinlian Decoction via the gut microbiota are attributable to its key ingredient berberine. Genomics. Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 18 (6):721–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., T. Li, X. Xia, C. Fu, X. Wang, and Y. Zhao. 2020. Dietary ginsenoside T19 supplementation regulates glucose and lipid metabolism via ampk and pi3k pathways and its effect on intestinal microbiota. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68 (49):14452–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, F., N. Li, J. Shi, H. Li, Y. Yue, W. Jiao, N. Wang, Y. Song, G. Huo, and B. Li. 2019. Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes by regulating hepatic glucose, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice. Food & Function 10 (9):5804–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Z., H. Wu, H. Yao, W. Pan, M. Su, T. Chen, W. Su, and Y. Wang. 2019. Rotundic acid protects against metabolic disturbance and improves gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes rats. Nutrients 12 (1):67. doi: 10.3390/nu12010067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y., H. Chen, L. Yan, W. Wang, and D. Wang. 2020. Berberine alleviates type 2 diabetic symptoms by altering gut microbiota and reducing aromatic amino acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 131:110669. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y., L. J. Yan, H. Chen, N. Wu, W. B. Wang, and D. S. Wang. 2020. Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 77:153268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, H. S., C. H. Cho, M. S. Yun, S. J. Jang, H. J. You, J.-H. Kim, D. Han, K. H. Cha, S. H. Moon, K. Lee, et al. 2021. Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice. Nature Microbiology 6 (5):563–73. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, F., W. Han, G. Zhan, S. Li, X. Jiang, L. Wang, S. Xiang, B. Zhu, L. Yang, A. Luo, et al. 2019. Abnormal gut microbiota composition contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in db/db mice. Aging (Albany NY) 11 (22):10454–67. doi: 10.18632/aging.102469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan, H. B., F. F. Shi, L. N. Meng, and W. J. Wang. 2018. Effect of sea buckthorn protein on the intestinal microbial community in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 107 (Pt A):1168–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan, T. M., Z. J. Yin, Z. X. Yan, Q. Hao, J. Zeng, L. Li, and J. N. Zhao. 2020. Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates diabetes profiles of db/db mice by altering the composition of gut microbiota and up-regulating the expression of GLP-1 in the pancreas. Fitoterapia 146:104665. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Y. Gu, H. Ren, S. Wang, H. Zhong, X. Zhao, J. Ma, X. Gu, Y. Xue, S. Huang, et al. 2020. Gut microbiome-related effects of berberine and probiotics on type 2 diabetes (the PREMOTE study). Nature Communications 11 (1):5015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, P.-P., L.-L. Li, X. Han, Q.-W. Li, X.-H. Zhang, J. J. Liu, and Y. Wang. 2020. Fecal microbiota transplantation improves metabolism and gut microbiome composition in db/db mice. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 41 (5):678–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B. W., W. L. Sun, N. Yu, J. Sun, X. X. Yu, X. Li, Y. Xing, D. Yan, Q. Z. Ding, Z. L. Xiu, et al. 2018. Anti-diabetic effect of baicalein is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in streptozotocin and high-fat-diet induced diabetic rats. Journal of Functional Foods 46:256–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. L., S. B. Wang, Z. Zeng, Y. X. Qin, Q. Shen, and P. L. Li. 2020. Anti-diabetic effects of Bifidobacterium animalis 01 through improving hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic rat model. Journal of Functional Foods 67:103843. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. H., M. H. Zhang, S. Y. Wang, R. J. Han, Y. F. Cao, W. Y. Hua, Y. J. Mao, X. J. Zhang, X. Y. Pang, C. C. Wei, et al. 2010. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. The ISME Journal 4 (2):232–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, L. P., F. Zhang, X. Y. Ding, G. J. Wu, Y. Y. Lam, X. J. Wang, H. Q. Fu, X. H. Xue, C. H. Lu, J. L. Ma, et al. 2018. Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science (New York, N.Y.) 359 (6380):1151–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S., K. Huang, and T. Tong. 2021. Efficacy and mechanisms of oleuropein in mitigating diabetes and diabetes complications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69 (22):6145–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. L., H. Li, X. J. Zhang, M. Jiang, C. Q. Luo, Z. M. Lu, Z. H. Xu, and J. S. Shi. 2018. Prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides augment the hypoglycemic effects of metformin in correlation with modulating gut microbiota. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (23):5821–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S. J., Y. A. Wang, J. J. Fang, R. X. Geng, M. J. Li, Y. H. Zhao, S. G. Kang, K. L. Huang, and T. Tong. 2021. Oleuropein ameliorates advanced stage of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice by regulating gut microbiota. Nutrients, 13 (7):2131. doi: 10.3390/nu13072131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J., X. Yuan, C. Zhang, P. Jia, S. Jiao, X. Zhao, H. Yin, Y. Du, and H. Liu. 2019. N-Acetylcysteine alleviates gut dysbiosis and glucose metabolic disorder in high-fat diet-fed mice. Journal of Diabetes 11 (1):32–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, T. T., and M. O. Goodarzi. 2020. Metabolites linking the gut microbiome with risk for type 2 diabetes. Current Nutrition Reports 9 (2):83–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu, L., L. Sha, K. Li, Z. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Li, P. Liu, X. Dong, Y. Dong, X. Zhang, et al. 2020. Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in Health and Disease 19 (1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar