The effectiveness of whey proteins in prevention and treatment of cancer: a review

References

• Anderson, M. E. 1997. Glutathione and glutathione delivery compounds. Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) 38 (1983):65–78. doi: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60979-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arends, J., V. Baracos, H. Bertz, F. Bozzetti, P. C. Calder, N. E. P. Deutz, N. Erickson, A. Laviano, M. P. Lisanti, D. N. Lobo, et al. 2017. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 36 (5):1187–96. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arends, J., P. Bachmann, V. Baracos, N. Barthelemy, H. Bertz, F. Bozzetti, K. Fearon, E. Hütterer, E. Isenring, S. Kaasa, et al. 2016. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 36 (1):11–48. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athira, S., B. Mann, R. Sharma, and R. Kumar. 2013. Ameliorative potential of whey protein hydrolysate against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Dairy Science 96 (3):1431–7. 10.3168/jds.2012-6080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attaallah, W., A. Mine Yılmaz, N. Erdoğan, A. Suha Yalçın, and A. Özdemir Aktan. 2012. Whey protein versus whey protein hydrolyzate for the protection of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate induced colonic tumors in rats. Pathology Oncology Research: POR 18 (4):817–22. doi: 10.1007/s12253-012-9509-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baracos, V. E. 2018. Cancer-associated malnutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (9):1255–9. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0245-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, R. M., C. A. Ferreira, S. V. Silva, and F. Xavier Malcata. 2001. Quantitative studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins brought about by cardosins precipitated by ammonium sulfate. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 29 (8-9):541–7. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00431-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista, M. A., N. C. A. Campos, and M. P. C. Silvestre. 2018. Whey and protein derivatives: applications in food products development, technological properties and functional effects on child health. Cogent Food & Agriculture 4 (1):1509687. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2018.1509687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy, W., M. Takase, K. Yamauchi, H. Wakabayashi, K. Kawase, and M. Tomita. 1992. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1121 (1–2):130–6. doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90346-F.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belobrajdic, D. P., G. H. Mcintosh, and J. A. Owens. 2003. Whey proteins protect more than red meat against azoxymethane induced ACF in wistar rats. Cancer Letters 198 (1):43–51. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00307-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosselaers, I. E. M., P. W. J. R. Caessens, M. A. J. S. VAN Boekel, and G. M. Alink. 1994. Differential effects of milk proteins, BSA and soy protein on 4NQO- or MNNG-induced SCEs in V79 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32 (10):905–9. doi: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90088-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukhettala, N., A. Ibrahim, M. Aziz, J. Vuichoud, K.-Y. Saudan, S. Blum, P. Déchelotte, D. Breuillé, and M. Coëffier. 2010. A diet containing whey protein, free glutamine, and transforming growth factor-b ameliorates nutritional outcome and intestinal mucositis during repeated chemotherapeutic challenges in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 140 (4):799–805. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.119222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounous, G., G. Batist, and P. Gold. 1989. Immunoenhancing property of dietary whey protein in mice: role of glutathione. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 12 (3):154–61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2743633/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounous, G, and P. Gold. 1991. The biological activity of undenatured dietary whey proteins: role of glutathione. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 14 (4):296–309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1782728/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounous, G., P. A. Kongshavn, and P. Gold. 1988. The immunoenhancing property of dietary whey protein concentrate. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 11 (4):271–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168349/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounous, G., R. Papenburg, P. A. L. Kongshavn, P. Gold, and D. Fleiszer. 1988. Dietary whey protein inhibits the development of dimethylhydrazine induced malignancy. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 11 (3):213–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brentnall, M., L. Rodriguez-menocal, R. L. De Guevara, E. Cepero, and L. H. Boise. 2013. Caspase-9, caspase-3 and caspase-7 have distinct roles during intrinsic apoptosis. BMC Cell Biology 14:32–9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, E. P. 2000. Biological activities of bovine glycomacropeptide. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (S1):39–46. doi: 10.1017/S0007114500002233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brück, W. M., G. R. Gibson, and T. B. Brück. 2014. The effect of proteolysis on the induction of cell death by monomeric alpha-lactalbumin. Biochimie 97 (1):138–43. doi: 10.1016/J.BIOCHI.2013.10.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bumrungpert, A., P. Pavadhgul, P. Nunthanawanich, A. Sirikanchanarod, and A. Adulbhan. 2018. Whey protein supplementation improves nutritional status, glutathione levels, and immune function in cancer patients: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Journal of Medicinal Food 21 (6):612–6. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, X., J. Lin, and S. Wang. 2017. Novel peptide with specific calcium-binding capacity from Schizochytrium sp. protein hydrolysates and calcium bioavailability in caco-2 cells. Marine Drugs 15 (1):3–16. doi: 10.3390/md15010003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, G. A., D. A. Maria, S. Bouhallab, and V. C. Sgarbieri. 2009. In vitro impact of a whey protein isolate (WPI) and collagen hydrolysates (CHs) on B16F10 melanoma cells proliferation. Journal of Dermatological Science 56 (1):51–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cereda, E., A. Turri, C. Klersy, S. Cappello, A. Ferrari, A. R. Filippi, S. Brugnatelli, M. Caraccia, S. Chiellino, V. Borioli, et al. 2019. Whey protein isolate supplementation improves body composition, muscle strength, and treatment tolerance in malnourished advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Cancer Medicine 8 (16):6923–32. doi: 10.1002/cam4.2517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterton, D. E., G. Smithers, P. Roupas, and A. Brodkorb. 2006. Bioactivity of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin—technological implications for processing. International Dairy Journal 16 (11):1229–40. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., H. Lindmark-Mansson, and B. Akesson. 2000. Optimisation of a coupled enzymatic assay of glutathione peroxidase activity in bovine milk and whey. International Dairy Journal 10 (5–6):347–51. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(00)00057-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S-h., Y-m Tseng, S-h Wu, S-m Tsai, and L-y Tsai. 2017. Selective effects of whey protein concentrate on glutathione levels and apoptosis in rats with mammary tumors. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 107 (Pt A):440–8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi, J-s, and N. Meghani. 2016. Impact of surface modification in BSA nanoparticles for uptake in cancer cells. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 145:653–61. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhari, A. S., P. C. Mandave, M. Deshpande, P. Ranjekar, and O. Prakash. 2020. Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: from preclinical studies to clinical practice. Frontiers in Pharmacology 10 (1614):1–17. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01614.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz-Huerta, E., D. Martínez Maqueda, I. Recio, L. de la Hoz, V. S. Nunes da Silva, M. T. B. Pacheco, and L. Amigo. 2016. Short communication: identification of iron-binding peptides from whey protein hydrolysates using iron (III)-immobilized metal ion affinity chromatographyand reversed phase-HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Dairy Science 99 (1):77–82. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dave, B., R. R. Eason, Y. Geng, Y. Su, T. M. Badger, and R. C. M. Simmen. 2006. Tp53-Associated growth arrest and dna damage repair gene expression is attenuated in mammary epithelial cells of rats fed whey proteins. The Journal of Nutrition 136 (5):1156–60. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dethmers, J. K, and A. Meister. 1981. Glutathione export by human lymphoid cells: depletion of glutathione by inhibition of its synthesis decreases export and increases sensitivity to irradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78 (12):7492–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6950392/. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutz, N. E., A. Safar, S. Schutzler, R. Memelink, A. Ferrando, H. Spencer, A. van Helvoort, and R. R. Wolfe. 2011. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clinical Nutrition 30 (6):759–68. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon, E. L., G. Basra, A. M. Horstman, S. L. Casperson, K. M. Randolph, W. J. Durham, R. J. Urban, C. Diaz-Arrastia, L. Levine, S. S. Hatch, et al. 2012. Cancer cachexia and anabolic interventions: a case report. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 3 (4):253–63. doi: 10.1007/s13539-012-0066-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, D. C., A. Nicolau, J. A. Teixeira, and L. R. Rodrigues. 2011. The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Dairy Science 94 (1):66–76. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frestedt, J. L., J. L. Zenk, M. A. Kuskowski, L. S. Ward, and E. D. Bastian. 2008. A whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical study. Nutrition & Metabolism 5 (1):1–7. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujita, K-i., E. Matsuda, K. Sekine, M. Iigo, and H. Tsuda. 2004. Lactoferrin enhances fas expression and apoptosis in the colon mucosa of azoxymethane-treated rats. Carcinogenesis 25 (10):1961–6. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgh205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, S. J., J. S. Mader, and D. W. Hoskin. 2006. Lactoferricin-induced apoptosis in estrogen-nonresponsive MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells is enhanced by C 6 ceramide or tamoxifen. Oncology Reports 15 (5):1385–90. doi: 10.3892/or.15.5.1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, S. J., J. S. Mader, and D. W. Hoskin. 2010. Bovine lactoferricin induces caspase-independent apoptosis in human B-lymphoma cells and extends the survival of immune-defi cient mice bearing B-lymphoma xenografts. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 88 (3):371–5. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganjam, L. S., W. H. Thornton, R. T. Marshall, and R. S. Macdonald. 1997. Antiproliferative effects of yogurt fractions obtained by membrane dialysis on cultured mammalian intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Science 80 (10):2325–9. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76183-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillis, C., S. E. Loiselle, J. F. Fiore, R. Awasthi, L. Wykes, A. S. Liberman, B. Stein, P. Charlebois, and F. Carli. 2016. Prehabilitation with whey protein supplementation on perioperative functional exercise capacity in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer: a pilot double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116 (5):802–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, M. 2014. Chemical composition of human milk. In Human milk biochemistry and infant formula manufacturing technology, ed. Mingruo Guo, 19–32. United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing. doi: 10.1533/9780857099150.1.19.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, C, and D. Prakash. 2017. Therapeutic potential of milk whey. Beverages 3 (3):31–44. doi: 10.3390/beverages3030031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib, H. M., W. H. Ibrahim, R. Schneider-Stock, and H. M. Hassan. 2013. Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Food Chemistry 141 (1):148–52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkak, R., S. Korourian, M. J. J. Ronis, J. M. Johnston, and T. M. Badger. 2001. Dietary whey protein protects against azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in male rats 1. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10 (5):555–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkak, R., S. Korourian, S. R. Shelnutt, S. Lensing, M. J. J. Ronis, and T. M. Badger. 2000. Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 9 (1):113–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Ledesma, B., I. Recio, and L. Amigo. 2007. β-lactoglobulin as source of bioactive peptides. Amino Acids 35 (2):257–65. doi: 10.1007/S00726-007-0585-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, H. R., H. Isono, and T. Miyata. 2018. Potential antioxidant bioactive peptides from camel milk proteins. Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu Shou yi Xue Hui) 4 (3):273–80. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.05.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Impey, S. G., D. Smith, A. L. Robinson, D. J. Owens, J. D. Bartlett, K. Smith, M. Limb, J. Tang, W. D. Fraser, G. L. Close, et al. 2015. Leucine ‑ enriched protein feeding does not impair exercise ‑ induced free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation: beneficial implications for training in carbohydrate ‑ restricted states. Amino Acids 47 (2):407–16. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1876-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, S., R. Gupta, and S. Jain. 2013. Development of low cost nutritional beverage from whey. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 5 (1):73–88. doi: 10.9790/2402-0517388.
   Google Scholar
• Kadam, B., R. Ambadkar, K. Rathod, and S. Landge. 2018. Health benefits of whey: a brief review. International Journal of Livestock Research 8 (5):31. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20170411022323.
   Google Scholar
• Kamal, H., S. Jafar, P. Mudgil, C. Murali, A. Amin, and S. Maqsood. 2018. Inhibitory properties of camel whey protein hydrolysates toward liver cancer cells, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, and inflammation. Journal of Dairy Science 101 (10):8711–20. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar, J. R., G. Mahidhara, and R. K. Kanwar. 2012. Novel alginate-enclosed chitosan – calcium phosphate-loaded iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin nanocarriers for oral delivery in colon cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (London, England) 7 (10):1521–50. doi: 10.2217/nnm.12.29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar, J. R., K. P. Palmano, X. Sun, R. K. Kanwar, R. Gupta, N. Haggarty, A. Rowan, S. Ram, and G. W. Krissansen. 2008. Iron-saturated” lactoferrin is a potent natural adjuvant for augmenting cancer chemotherapy. Immunology and Cell Biology 86 (3):277–88. doi: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karelis, A. D., V. Messier, C. Suppère, P. Briand, and R. Rabasa-Lhoret. 2015. Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocal ®) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 19 (5):531–6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-015-0442-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassem, J. M. 2015. Future challenges of whey proteins. International Journal of Dairy Science 10 (4):139–59. doi: 10.3923/ijds.2015.139.159.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. S., G. P. Konok, G. Bounous, S. Baruchel, and T. D. Lee. 1995. The use of a whey protein concentrate in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma: a phase I-II clinical study. Anticancer Research 15 (6B):2643–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8669840/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, K. D,., J. A. Harper, and Bomser, W. J. 2003. Effect of whey protein isolate on intracellular glutathione and oxidant-induced cell death in human prostate epithelial cells. Toxicology in Vitro 17 (1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/S0887-2333(02)00119-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerksick, C. M., C. D. Wilborn, M. D. Roberts, A. Smith-Ryan, S. M. Kleiner, R. Jäger, R. Collins, M. Cooke, J. N. Davis, E. Galvan, et al. 2018. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 15 (1):38–57. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, I. T., M. Nadeem, M. Imran, R. Ullah, M. Ajmal, and M. H. Jaspal. 2019. Antioxidant properties of milk and dairy products: a comprehensive review of the current knowledge. Lipids in Health and Disease 18 (1):41. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019-0969-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J., H.-D. Paik, Y.-C. Yoon, and E. Park. 2013. Whey protein inhibits iron overload-induced oxidative stress in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59 (3):198–205. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.59.198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. B., I. S. Seo, M. A. Khan, K. S. Ki, W. S. Lee, H. J. Lee, H. S. Shin, and H. S. Kim. 2007. Enzymatic hydrolysis of heated whey: iron-binding ability of peptides and antigenic protein fractions. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (9):4033–42. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishta, O. A., M. Iskandar, N. Dauletbaev, S. Kubow, and L. C. Lands. 2013. Pressurized whey protein can limit bacterial burden and protein oxidation in pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 29 (6):918–24. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiwata, J. L., T. B. Dorff, E. Todd Schroeder, G. J. Salem, C. J. Lane, J. C. Rice, M. E. Gross, and C. M. Dieli-Conwright. 2017. A pilot randomised controlled trial of a periodised resistance training and protein supplementation intervention in prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy. BMJ Open 7 (7):e016910. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleekayai, T., A. V. Le Gouic, B. Deracinois, B. Cudennec, and R. J. FitzGerald. 2020. In vitro characterisation of the antioxidative properties of whey protein hydrolysates generated under PH- and non PH-controlled conditions. Foods 9 (5):582–604. doi: 10.3390/foods9050582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., X. Peng, Y. L. Xiong, and X. Zhao. 2012. Protection of lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage by 0. 1–2. 8 KDa antioxidative peptides isolated from whey protein hydrolysate. Food Chemistry 135 (2):540–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozu, T., G. Iinuma, Y. Ohashi, Y. Saito, T. Akasu, D. Saito, D. B. Alexander, M. Iigo, T. Kakizoe, and H. Tsuda. 2009. Effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on the growth of adenomatous colorectal polyps in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on the growth of adenomatous colorectal polyps in a random. Cancer Prevention Research 2 (11):975–83. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton, P. M., K. D. Hecker, A. Bonanome, S. M. Coval, A. E. Binkoski, K. F. Hilpert, A. E. Griel, and T. D. Etherton. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American Journal of Medicine 113 (9):71–88. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krissansen, G. W. 2007. Emerging health properties of whey proteins and their clinical implications. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26 (6):713S–23S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krull, M. R., C. R. Howell, R. E. Partin, J. Lanctot, S. E. A. N. Phipps, J. L. Klosky, G. Carney, D. A. Mulrooney, L. L. Robison, M. M. Hudson, et al. 2020. Protein supplementation and resistance training in childhood cancer survivors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52 (10):2069–77. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., S. K. Chauhan, G. Shinde, V. Subramanian, and S. Nadanasabapathi. 2018. Whey proteins: a potential ingredient for food industry- a review. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research 37 (of):283–90. doi: 10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1389.
   Google Scholar
• Laursen, I., P. Briand, and A. E. Lykkesfeldt. 1990. Serum albumin as a modulator on growth of the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Anticancer Research 10 (2A):343–51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2346307/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layman, D. K., B. Lonnerdal, and J. D. Fernstrom. 2018. Applications for a -Lactalbumin in human nutrition. Nutrition Reviews 76 (6):444–60. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levay, P. F, and M. Viljoen. 1995. Lactoferrin: a general review. Haematologica 80 (3):252–67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7672721/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenhagen, D. K., C. Carr, M. G. Carlson, D. J. Maron, M. J. Borel, and P. J. Flakoll. 2002. Postexercise protein intake enhances whole-body and leg protein accretion in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34 (5):828–37. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200205000-00016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D., S. Sakashita, Y. Morishita, J. Kano, A. Shiba, T. Sato, and M. Noguchi. 2011. Binding of lactoferrin to IGBP1 triggers apoptosis in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Anticancer Research 31 (2):529–34. https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/anticanres/31/2/529.full.pdf.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, L. Y., P. Y. Koh, S. Somani, M. Al Robaian, R. Karim, Y. L. Yean, J. Mitchell, R. J. Tate, R. Edrada-Ebel, D. R. Blatchford, et al. 2015. Tumor regression following intravenous administration of lactoferrin- and lactoferricin-bearing dendriplexes. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 11 (6):1445–54. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, M. F, and F. Kierszenbaum. 1987. Lactoferrin effects on the interaction of blood forms of trypanosoma cruzi with mononuclear phagocytes. International Journal for Parasitology 17 (6):1205–8. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(87)90173-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., X. Wang, and Z. Zhao. 2014. Effect of whey protein hydrolysates with different molecular weight on fatigue induced by swimming exercise in mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94 (1):126–30. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macwan, S. R., B. K. Dabhi, S. C. Parmar, and K. D. Aparnathi. 2016. Whey and its utilization. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5 (8):134–55. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2016.508.016.
   Google Scholar
• Mader, J. S., J. Salsman, D. M. Conrad, and D. W. Hoskin. 2005. Bovine lactoferricin selectively induces apoptosis in human leukemia and carcinoma cell lines. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 4 (4):612–24. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-04-0077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madzima, T. A., M. J. Ormsbee, E. A. Schleicher, R. J. Moffatt, and L. B. Panton. 2017. Effects of resistance training and protein supplementation in breast cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 49 (7):1283–92. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, S. J., S. Narayan, L. Molz, L. A. Berstler, S. A. Kang, G. P. Vlasuk, and E. Saiah. 2018. A small molecule inhibitor of rheb selectively targets MTORC1 signaling. Nature Communications 9 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03035-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansour, D. F., A. A. Salama, R. R. Hegazy, E. A. Omara, and S. A. Nada. 2017. Whey protein isolate protects against cyclophosphamide-induced acute liver and kidney damage in rats. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 7 (6):111–9. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70615.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, K. 2004. Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic 9 (2):136–56. https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v9-2-136.pdf.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, V., S. Ratel, J. Siracusa, P. Le Ruyet, I. Savary-Auzeloux, L. Combaret, C. Guillet, and D. Dardevet. 2013. Whey proteins are more efficient than casein in the recovery of muscle functional properties following a casting induced muscle atrophy. PLoS One. 8 (9):e75408–9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzuca, F., Giulia Roberto, Elena Arrivi, Francesca Matilde Sarfati, Edoardo Schipilliti, Andrea Crimini, Marco Botticelli, Maurizio Di Girolamo, Paolo Muscaritoli, and Marchetti Michela. 2019. Clinical impact of highly purified, whey proteins in patients affected with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy: preliminary results of a placebo-controlled study. Integrative Cancer Therapies 18:1534735419866920. doi: 10.1177/1534735419866920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, T. L., J. P. Kerry, J. F. Kerry, P. B. Lynch, and D. J. Buckley. 2001. Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural food/plant extracts as compared with synthetic antioxidants and vitamin E in raw and cooked pork patties. Meat Science 58 (1):45–52. doi: 10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00129-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, G. H., G. O. Regester, R. K. Le Leu, P. J. Royle, and G. W. Smithers. 1995. Dairy proteins protect against dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal cancers in rats. Journal of Nutrition 125 (4):809–16. doi: 10.1093/jn/125.4.809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcintosh, G. H., P. J. Royle, R. K. Le Leu, G. O. Regester, M. A. Johnson, R. L. Grinsted, R. S. Kenward, and G. W. Smithers. 1998. Whey proteins as functional food ingredients? International Dairy Journal 8 (5-6):425–34. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00065-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisel, H. 2005. Biochemical properties of peptides encrypted in bovine milk proteins. Current Medicinal Chemistry 12 (16):1905–19. doi: 10.2174/0929867054546618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minj, S, and S. Anand. 2020. Whey proteins and its derivatives: bioactivity, functionality, and current applications. Dairy 1 (3):233–58. doi: 10.3390/dairy1030016.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J. B., J. A. Cook, E. l Glatstein, and A. Russo. 1988. Keynote treatment ’: International journal of radiation oncology - biology - physics. 16:1289–95.
   Google Scholar
• Miyauchi, H., S. I. Hashimoto, M. Nakajima, I. Shinoda, Y. Fukuwatari, and H. Hayasawa. 1998. Bovine lactoferrin stimulates the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils: identification of its active domain. Cellular Immunology 187 (1):34–7. 10.1006/cimm.1997.1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murali, C., P. Mudgil, C. Y. Gan, H. Tarazi, R. El-Awady, Y. Abdalla, A. Amin, and S. Maqsood. 2021. Camel whey protein hydrolysates induced G2/M cellcycle arrest in human colorectal carcinoma. Scientific Reports 11 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86391-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustafa, L., A. K. Alsaed, and H. A. Al-domi. 2014. Drying of sweet whey using drum dryer technique and utilization of the produced powder in French-type bread and butter cookies. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 17 (6):812–20. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.812.820.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagaoka, S., Y. Futamura, K. Miwa, T. Awano, K. Yamauchi, Y. Kanamaru, K. Tadashi, and T. Kuwata. 2001. Identification of novel hypocholesterolemic peptides derived from bovine milk β-lactoglobulin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 281 (1):11–7. doi: 10.1006/BBRC.2001.4298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin, I. B., P. M. Kelly, B. A. Murray, R. J. Fitzgerald, and A. Brodkorb. 2015. Molecular characterization of whey protein hydrolysate fractions with ferrous chelating and enhanced iron solubility capabilities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63 (10):2708–14. doi: 10.1021/jf505817a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, A. G., B. Cruz, S. C. P. de Oliveira, L. R. Viana, N. A. D. S. Miyaguti, L. A. F. Ramos, R. R. Valentim, and M. C. C. Gomes-Marcondes. 2018. Leucine and its importance for cell signalling pathways in cancer cachexia-induced muscle wasting. In Muscle cells - recent advances and future perspectives, ed. Mani T. Valarmathi, 1–21. London: IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.78990.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, W., P. Chen, Y. S. Chen, H. Hsu, C. Lin, and W. Chen. 2013. Bovine lactoferricin B induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell line AGS by inhibition of autophagy at a late stage. Journal of Dairy Science 96 (12):7511–20. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papenburg, R., G. Bounous, D. Fleiszer, and P. Gold. 1990. Dietary milk proteins inhibit the development of dimethylhydrazine-induced malignancy. Tumour Biology: The Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 11 (3):129–36. doi: 10.1159/000217647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrone, A. C. A. d S. J., T. R. Barbosa, F. L. Da Silva, I. T. Perrone, A. F. De Carvalho, R. Stephani, K. B. Dos Santos, A. Atalla, and A. E. H. Neto. 2017. Supplementation with concentrated milk protein in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nutrition 37:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolomini, A. F., M. M. Iskandar, L. C. Lands, and S. Kubow. 2012. High hydrostatic pressure pre-treatment of whey proteins enhances whey protein hydrolysate inhibition of oxidative stress and IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Food & Nutrition Research 56 (1):17549–58. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.17549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pihlanto-Leppälä, A. 2000. Bioactive peptides derived from bovine whey proteins: opioid and ace-inhibitory peptides. Trends in Food Science & Technology 11 (9-10):347–56. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00003-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, T. E., A. J. Cowin, J. G. Robertson, R. D. Cooter, R. C. Harries, G. O. Regester, G. W. Smithers, C. Goddard, and D. A. Belford. 2000. Mitogenic whey extract stimulates wound repair activity in vitro and promotes healing of rat incisional wounds. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278 (6):R1651–60. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.R1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitelseder, S., J. Agergaard, S. Doessing, I. C. Helmark, P. Lund, N. B. Kristensen, J. Frystyk, et al. 2011. Whey and casein labeled with L - [1- 13 C] leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 300 (1):231–42. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, G., J. Zhang, M. Li, S. Yi, J. Xie, H. Zhang, and J. Wang. 2017. Protein blend ingestion before allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves protein-energy malnutrition in leukemia patients. Nutrition Research 46:68–77. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, E. 1992. Nutritional aspects. In Whey and lactose processing, ed. J. G Zadow, 449–71. England: Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Roberto, M., E. Sarfati, M. Di Girolamo, F. M. Schipilliti, E. Crimini, A. Botticelli, L. Marchetti, M. Muscaritoli, P. Marchetti, and F. Mazzuca. 2018. Clinical impact of whey protein and nutritional counseling in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Annals of Oncology 29 (8):viii619–viii620. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdy300.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha-mendoza, D., E. Kosmerl, A. Krentz, L. Zhang, G. Miyagusuku-cruzado, A. Mayta-apaza, M. Giusti, I. García-cano, S. Badiger, and R. Jiménez-flores. 2021. Invited review: acid whey trends and health benefits. Journal of Dairy Science 104 (2):1262–75. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-19038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosa, L. S., M. L. Santos, J. P. Abreu, C. F. Balthazar, R. S. Rocha, H. L. A. Silva, E. A. Esmerino, M. C. K. H. Duarte, T. C. Pimentel, M. Q. Freitas, et al. 2020. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of probiotic whey dairy beverages in human prostate cell lines. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 137:109450. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseanu, A., P. E. Florian, M. Moisei, L. E. Sima, R. W. Evans, and M. Trif. 2010. Liposomalization of lactoferrin enhanced its anti-tumoral effects on melanoma cells. Biometals: An International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine 23 (3):485–92. doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9312-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, S. S., S. Mukherjee, B. R. Ballard, and S. K. Das. 2016. Protection against dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-induced breast cancer in female rats by α-lactalbumin. International Journal of Cancer and Oncology 3 (1):1–6. doi: 10.15436/2377-0902.16.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakai, T., Y. Banno, Y. Kato, Y. Nozawa, and M. Kawaguchi. 2005. Pepsin-digested bovine lactoferrin induces apoptotic cell death with JNK/SAPK activation in oral cancer cells. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 98 (1):41–8. doi: 10.1254/jphs.FPJ04047X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, L, and G. Kontopidis. 2000. The core lipocalin, bovine β-lactoglobulin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1482 (1-2):136–48. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00160-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See, D., S. Mason, and R. Roshan. 2002. Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and natural killer cell (NK) function using an integrative approach in late stage cancers. Immunological Investigations 31 (2):137–53. doi: 10.1081/IMM-120004804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine, K., E. Watanabe, J. Nakamura, N. Takasuka, D. J. Kim, M. Asamoto, V. Krutovskikh, H. Baba-Toriyama, T. Ota, M. A. Moore, et al. 1997. Inhibition of azoxymethane-initiated colon tumor by bovine lactoferrin administration in F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 88 (6):523–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00413.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinoda, I., M. Takase, Y. Fukuwatari, S. Shimamura, M. Köller, and W. Konig. 1996. Effects of lactoferrin and lactoferricin®on the release of interleukin 8 from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 60 (3):521–3. 10.1271/bbb.60.521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, F. R. d M., M. G. O. A. de Oliveira, A. S. R. Souza, J. N. Figueroa, and C. Silva Santos. 2015. Factors associated with malnutrition in hospitalized cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal 14:123–8. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0113-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone, C. D., P. Ferranti, G. Picariello, I. Scognamiglio, A. Dicitore, F. Addeo, L. Chianese, and P. Stiuso. 2011. Peptides from water buffalo cheese whey induced senescence cell death via ceramide secretion in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 55 (2):229–38. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithers, G. W. 2008. Whey and whey proteins—from “gutter-to-gold. International Dairy Journal 18 (7):695–704. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternhagen, L. G, and J. C. Allen. 2001. Growth rates of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line are regulated by the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin. In Bioactive components of human milk. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, ed. David S. Newburg, Vol. 501, 115–20. Boston, MA: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_14.
   Google Scholar
• Storck, L. J., M. Ruehlin, S. Gaeumann, D. Gisi, M. Schmocker, P. J. Meffert, R. Imoberdorf, M. Pless, and P. E. Ballmer. 2020. Effect of a leucine-rich supplement in combination with nutrition and physical exercise in advanced cancer patients: a randomized controlled intervention trial. Clinical Nutrition 39 (12):3637–44. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svanborg, C., H. Agerstam, A. Aronson, R. Bjerkvig, C. Düringer, W. Fischer, L. Gustafsson, O. Hallgren, I. Leijonhuvud, S. Linse, et al. 2003. HAMLET kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism cellular, molecular, and therapeutic aspects. Advances in Cancer Research 88:1–29. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(03)88302-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, M., J. Fast, A.-K. Mossberg, C. Düringer, L. Gustafsson, O. Hallgren, C. L. Brooks, L. Berliner, S. Linse, and C. Svanborg. 2003. α-lactalbumin unfolding is not sufficient to cause apoptosis, but is required for the conversion to HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells). Protein Science: A Publication of the Protein Society 12 (12):2794–804. doi: 10.1110/ps.0231003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szuster-Ciesielska, A., T. Kamińska, and M. Kandefer-Szerszeń. 1995. Phagocytosis-enhancing effect of lactoferrin on bovine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro and in vivo. Archivum Veterinarium Polonicum 35 (1-2):63–71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9071453/.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takata, T., F. Tanaka, T. Yamada, K. Yanagihara, Y. Otake, Y. Kawano, T. Nakagawa, R. Miyahara, H. Oyanagi, K. Inui, et al. 2001. Clinical significance of caspase-3 expression in pathologic-stage 1, nonsmall-cell lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer 96 (S1):54–60. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takayanagi, T., H. Sasaki, A. Kawashima, Y. Mizuochi, H. Hirate, T. Sugiura, T. Azami, K. Asai, and K. Sobue. 2011. A new enteral diet, MHN-02, which contains abundant antioxidants and whey peptide, protects against carbon tetrachloride – induced hepatitis. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 35 (4):516–22. doi: 10.1177/0148607110381599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J. E., J. J. Manolakos, G. W. Kujbida, P. J. Lysecki, D. R. Moore, and S. M. Phillips. 2007. Minimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young men. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32 (6):1132–8. doi: 10.1139/H07-076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, F. J., H. O. Santos, S. L. Howell, and G. D. Pimentel. 2019. Whey protein in cancer therapy: a narrative review. Pharmacological Research 144:245–56. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton, K. D., T. A. Elliott, M. G. Cree, S. E. Wolf, A. P. Sanford, and R. R. Wolfe. 2004. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36 (12):2073–81. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147582.99810.C5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, L. M., S. Sasaki, D. J. McClements, and E. A. Decker. 2000. Antioxidant activity of whey in a salmon oil emulsion. Journal of Food Science 65 (8):1325–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10606.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, L. M., S. Sasaki, D. J. McClements, and E. A. Decker. 2000. Mechanisms of the antioxidant activity of a high molecular weight fraction of whey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (5):1473–8. doi: 10.1021/jf991342v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, D. M., K. D. Tew, and H. Tapiero. 2003. The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 57 (3-4):145–55. doi: 10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00043-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, W. Y., W. H. Chang, C. H. Chen, and F. J. Lu. 2000. Enhancing effect of patented whey protein isolate (immunocal) on cytotoxicity of an anticancer drug. Nutrition and Cancer 38 (2):200–8. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC382_9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda, H., T. Kozu, G. Iinuma, Y. Ohashi, Y. Saito, D. Saito, T. Akasu, D. B. Alexander, M. Futakuchi, K. Fukamachi, et al. 2010. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial. Biometals: An International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine 23 (3):399–409. doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9331-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda, H., K. Sekine, K-i Fujita, and M. Ligo. 2002. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms - a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie et Biologie Cellulaire 80 (1):131–6. doi: 10.1139/o01-239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tung, Y-t., H-l Chen, C-c Yen, P-y Lee, H-c Tsai, M-f Lin, and C-m Chen. 2013. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits lung cancer growth through suppression of both inflammation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of Dairy Science 96 (4):2095–106. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushida, Y., K. Sekine, T. Kuhara, N. Takasuka, M. Iigo, M. Maeda, and H. Tsuda. 1999. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90 (3):262–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00742.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vliet, S. V., N. A. Burd, and L. J. C. Van Loon. 2015. The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant- versus animal-based protein consumption. The Journal of Nutrition 145 (9):1981–91. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.204305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, D., M. Szafranski, A. Aktas, and K. C. Kadakia. 2019. Malnutrition in cancer care: time to address the elephant in the room. Journal of Oncology Practice 15 (7):357–9. doi: 10.1200/jop.19.00165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. W., A. H. Liu, G. O. Regester, G. L. Francis, and D. L. Watson. 1997. Influence of whey and purified whey proteins on neutrophil functions in sheep. The Journal of Dairy Research 64 (2):281–8. 10.1017/S0022029996002051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzem, R. L., C. J. Dillard, and J. B. German. 2002. Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 42 (4):353–75. doi: 10.1080/10408690290825574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, P. P., E. Paz, and O. M. Conneely. 2005. Multifunctional roles of lactoferrin: a critical overview. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS 62 (22):2540–8. doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-5369-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wherry, B., D. M. Barbano, and M. A. Drake. 2019. Use of acid whey protein concentrate as an ingredient in nonfat cup set-style yogurt. Journal of Dairy Science 102 (10):8768–84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, R. R. 2017. Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?  Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 14 (30):30–7. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, G., Y-z Fang, S. Yang, J. R. Lupton, and N. D. Turner. 2004. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. The Journal of Nutrition 134 (3):489–92. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.3.489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, R., J. A. Carter, A. L. Linz, M. Ferguson, T. M. Badger, and F. A. Simmen. 2006. Dietary whey protein lowers serum C-peptide concentration and duodenal SREBP-1c MRNA abundance, and reduces occurrence of duodenal tumors and colon aberrant crypt foci in azoxymethane-treated male rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17 (9):626–34. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X. X., H. R. Jiang, H. B. Li, T. N. Zhang, Q. Zhou, and N. Liu. 2010. Apoptosis of stomach cancer cell SGC-7901 and regulation of Akt signaling way induced by bovine lactoferrin. Journal of Dairy Science 93 (6):2344–50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalçın, A. S. 2006. Emerging therapeutic potential of whey proteins and peptides. Current Pharmaceutical Design 12 (13):1637–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., L. Breen, N. A. Burd, A. J. Hector, T. A. Churchward-venne, A. R. Josse, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and S. M. Phillips. 2012. Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (10):1780–8. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511007422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanparast, R, and A. Ardestani. 2007. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of cyperus rotundus. Journal of Medicinal Food 10 (4):667–74. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2006.090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, Y-c., R. Watanabe, Y. Koike, M. Mitobe, K-i Shimazaki, S. Watanabe, and I. Azuma. 1997. Apoptosis in human leukemic cells induced by lactoferricin, a bovine milk protein-derived peptide: involvement of reactive oxygen species. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 237 (3):624–8. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.-X., Y.-F. Ling, Z. Sun, L. Zhang, H.-X. Yu, S. M. Kamau, and R.-R. Lu. 2012. Protective effect of whey protein hydrolysates against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on PC12 cells. Biotechnology Letters 34 (11):2001–6. doi: 10.1007/s10529-012-1017-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimecki, M., J. Mazurier, G. Spik, and J. A. Kapp. 1996. Lactoferrin inhibits proliferative response and cytokine production of TH1 but not TH2 cell lines. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 44 (1):51–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8874770/.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar