202
Views
130
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The genus allium— part 1

, &
Pages 199-271 | Published online: 29 Sep 2009

References

  • Hyams , E. 1971 . Plants in the Service of Man; 10,000 Years of Domestication , 46 London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd. .
  • Jones , H. A. and Mann , L. K. 1963 . Onions and Their Allies; Botany, Cultivation and Utilization , 18 London : Leonard Hill, Ltd. .
  • Warren , C. P. W. 1970 . Some aspects of medicine in the Greek bronze age . Medical History , 14 : 364
  • Hedrick , U. P. 1972 . Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World , 30 New York : Dover Publications .
  • Meyer , R. G. 1980 . Carbonized feed plants of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the villa at Torre Annunziata . Econ. Bot. , 34 : 401
  • Li , H.‐L. 1969 . The vegetables of Ancient China . Econ. Bot. , 23 : 253
  • Kuroda , S. 1977 . Taboo on breeding cloven‐hoofed animals at a community in Mujagi prefecture and its influence on dietary habits . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Nutr. , 30 : 249
  • Hagenow , G. 1974 . Die Bedeutung der Kuchenzweibel (Allium cepa L.) als Nahrung und Heilmittel im Altertum. Erfahrung und Aberglaube . Qual. Plant — Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 24 : 163
  • Bishop , C. 1979 . Book of Home Remedies and Herbal Cures , 26 London : Octopus Books Ltd. .
  • Lucas , R. 1966 . Nature's Medicines — the Folklore, Romance and Value of Herbal Remedies , 37 West Nyack, N.Y. : Parker Publishing .
  • Airola , P. 1978 . The Miracle of Garlic , Phoenix : Health Plus Publishers .
  • Andreotta , R. Hair dressing . French Patent 1,481,008 (C1 A61n) . May 19 1967 .
  • 1967 . Chem. Abstr. , 67 : 111344t
  • 1981 . Food and Agriculture Yearbook 1981 , United Nations .
  • 1981 . MAFF 1981 UK Food Survey , London : Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
  • Clampet , G. L. , ed. 1983 . Agricultural Statistics 1983 , United States Department of Agriculture .
  • Considine , D. M. and Considine , G. D. 1982 . Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. .
  • Data supplied by the Agricultural Officer , London : United States Embassy .
  • 1981 . Statistical Handbook of Japan 1981 , Tokyo : Prime Minister's Office .
  • Herklots , G. A. C. 1972 . Vegetables in South East Asia , 1 London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd. .
  • Steam , W. T. 1944 . Notes on the genus Allium in the Old World . Herbertia. , 11 : 11
  • Traub , H. L. 1968 . The subgenera, sections and subsections of Allium L. . Plant Life , 24 : 147
  • Simmonds , N. W. 1976 . Evolution of Crop Plants , 186 London : Longman .
  • Mann , L. K. and Stearn , W. T. 1960 . Rakkyo or Ch'iao t'ou (Allium chinenseG. Don, syn. A. bakeri Regel) a little known vegetable crop . Econ. Bot. , 14 : 69
  • Helm , J. 1956 . Die zu Wurz und Speisezwecken Kultivierten Arten der Gattung Allium L. . Die Kulturpflanze , 4 : 130
  • Usher , G. 1974 . A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man , 147 London : Constable .
  • Western , J. H. 1971 . Diseases of Crop Plants , 812 London : Macmillan .
  • Haeussler , G. J. 1952 . “ Losses caused by insects ” . In Insects Yearbook , 141 Washington D.C. : United States Department of Agriculture .
  • Perron , J. P. , Jasmin , J. J. and Lafrance , J. 1958 . Varietal resistance of seeded onion to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) . Can. Entomol. , 90 : 653
  • Ellis , P. R. , Eckenrode , C. J. and Harman , G. E. 1979 . Influence of onion cultivars and their microbial colonizers on resistance to the onion maggot . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , 72 : 512
  • Ikeshoji , T. , Matsumoto , Y. , Nagai , M. , Komochi , S. , Tsutsumi , M. and Mitsui , Y. 1982 . Correlation between the susceptibility of onion cultivars to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and the biochemical characteristics of onion plant . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 17 : 507
  • Ikeshoji , T. , Ishikawa , Y. and Matsumoto , Y. 1981 . Eco‐chemical interactions between the onion and the onion maggot Hylema antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) . presented at 1st Japan/U.S. Symp. On I.P.M. September 29–30 1981 , Tsukuba. pp. 84
  • Tatham , P. B. 1982 . Bulb Onions , 5 London : Grower Books . Reference Book 348
  • Brewster , J. L. 1977 . The physiology of the onion. I . Hort. Abstr. , 47 : 17
  • Brewster , J. L. 1977 . The physiology of the onion. II . Hort. Abstr. , 47 : 103
  • Thompson , A. K. 1982 . The Storage and Handling of Onions , Rep. G160 London : Tropical Products Institute .
  • Zink , F. W. 1966 . Studies on the growth rate and nutrient absorption of onion . Hilgardia , 37 : 203
  • Magistad , O. C. , Ayers , A. D. , Wadleigh , C. H. and Gauch , H. G. 1943 . Effect of salt concentration, kind of salt and climate on plant growth in sand cultures . Plant Physiol. , 18 : 151
  • El‐Habbasha , K. M. and Behairy , A. G. 1977 . Influence of root exudates on seed germination and seedling development of some cultivated plants . Z. Acker‐u. Pflanzenbau , 145 : 66
  • Vaughan , E. K. 1960 . Influence of growing, curing, and storage practices on development of neck rot in onions . Phytopathol. , 50 : 87
  • Wayse , S. B. 1967 . Effect of N, P, and K on yield and keeping quality of onion bulbs . Ind. J. Agron , 12 : 379
  • Van Kampen , J. and Wiebosch , W. A. 1970 . Experiments with some growth regulations for seed production in onions . Med. Proefstation v. der Groent. in der Vollegr. , 47 : 1
  • Andrew , W. T. 1951 . Vegetative reproduction of onions by the headset method . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 58 : 208
  • Choudri , R. S. and Bhatnagar , V. B. 1953 . Prevention of premature bolting in onions following maleic hydrazide treatment . Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. , 37 : 14
  • Sinnadurai , S. , Mukherjee , I. and Abu , J. 1971 . Regulation of flowering in onions by maleic hydrazide and chlormequat . Hort. Sci. , 6 : 486
  • Levy , D. , Ventura , J. and Kedar , N. 1972 . Effect of ethephon on seedstalk growth and seed yield of onion . Hort. Sci. , 7 : 470
  • Levy , D. and Kedar , N. 1972 . Effect of ethephon on ethylene production and bulbing in onion . Israel J. Bot. , 21 : 126
  • Thomas , T. H. 1972 . Stimulation of onion bulblet production by N6‐benzyladenine . Hort. Res. , 12 : 77
  • Vandermeer , Q. P. and Vanbennekom , J. L. 1973 . Gibberellic acid as a gametocide for the common onion (Allium cepa L.) . Euphytica , 22 : 239
  • Vandermeer , Q. P. and Vanbennekom , J. L. 1982 . Gibberellins as gametocides for the common onion (Allium cepaL.). III. GA4+7 and pollen viability . Euphytica , 31 : 503
  • Abdel‐Rahman , M. and Isenberg , F. M. R. 1974 . The role of exogenous plant growth regulators in the dormancy of onion bulbs . J. Agr. Sci. , 82 : 133
  • Zink , F. W. 1961 . N6‐Benzyladenine, a senescence inhibitor for green vegetables . Agr. Fd. Chem. , 9 : 304
  • Thomas , T. H. 1969 . The role of growth substances in the regulation of onion bulb dormancy . J. Exp. Bot. , 20 : 124
  • Jones , H. A. 1921 . Preliminary report on onion dormancy studies . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 17 : 128
  • Boswell , V. R. 1924 . Influence of the time of maturity of onions on the behaviour during storage and the effect of storage temperature on subsequent vegetative and reproductive development . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 20 : 234
  • Kato , T. 1966 . Physiological studies on the bulbing and dormancy of onion plant. VIII. Relations between dormancy and organic constituents of bulbs . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 35 : 142
  • Wittmer , W. H. and Sharma , R. C. 1950 . The control of storage sprouting in onions by preharvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide . Science , 112 : 597
  • Paterson , D. R. and Wittmer , S. H. 1953 . Further investigations on the use of maleic hydrazide as a sprout inhibitor for onions . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 62 : 405
  • Isenberg , F. M. R. 1956 . The use of maleic hydrazide on onions . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 68 : 343
  • Mathur , P. B. , Date , W. B. , Srivastava , H. C. and Subrahmanyam , H. 1958 . Effect of preharvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide on the cold storage behavior of onions . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 9 : 312
  • Isenberg , F. M. R. and Ang , J. K. 1963 . Effects of maleic hydrazide field sprays on storage quality of onion bulbs . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 84 : 378
  • Isenberg , F. M. R. , Thomas , T. H. , Pendergrass , M. and Abdel‐Rahman , M. 1974 . Hormone and histological differences between normal and maleic hydrazide treated onions stored over winter . Acta Hort. , 38 : 95
  • Abdel‐Rahman , M. and Isenberg , F. M. R. 1974 . The role of endogenous plant growth regulators in the dormancy of onion bulbs . J. Agr. Sci. , 82 : 113
  • Richardson , D. G. , Bubl , C. and Mansour , N. S. 1977 . Evaluation of top desiccants on curing of Danvers yellow globe onions and subsequent storage quality . Acta Hort. , 62 : 317
  • Shafi , M. M. 1978 . Onion storage in Pakistan . J. Agr. Res. Pak. , 16 : 189
  • Matlob , A. N. 1979 . The effect of preharvest foliar sprays of maleic hydrazide on the sprouting of onion bulbs during storage . Mesopot. J. Agr. , 14 : 145
  • Misra , R. S. and Panda , S. C. 1979 . Biochemical changes in onion bulbs during storage . Punjab Hort. J. , 19 : 86
  • Bertolini , P. and Tonini , G. 1980 . Effects of maleic hydrazide and of drying and storage method on the main changes in onions . Fruticoltura , 42 : 69
  • Iordachescu , C. and Mihailescu , N. 1981 . Efficiency of some preharvest treatments on onion quality preservation . Acta Hort. , 116 : 151
  • Stallknecht , G. F. , Garrison , J. , Walz , A. J. , Simpson , W. R. and Thornberg , C. 1982 . The effect of maleic hydrazide salts on quality and bulb tissue residues of stored “Yellow Sweet Spanish”; onions . Hort. Sci. , 17 : 926
  • Dhesi , N. S. , Randhawa , K. S. and Nandpuri , K. S. 1966 . Losses in weight of onions during storage as influenced by certain plant growth regulators . J. Res. Ludhiana , 3 : 23
  • Randhana , K. S. and Nandpuri , K. S. 1966 . Effect of plant growth regulators on sprouting of onions under ordinary storage conditions . J. Agron. , 11 : 238
  • Kepkowa , A. 1966 . The influence of time and rate of application on the effectiveness of maleic hydrazide in the storage of onions under different conditions . Rocz. Nauk. Roln. Ser. A. , A91 : 361
  • Villalobos , P. A. , Kocher , G. F. and Ramirez , V. M. 1966 . The inhibition of sprouting in Valencia onions during storage by maleic hydrazide sprays . Agr. Tec. (Santiago) , 26 : 69
  • Villalobos , P. A. and Sagues , G. L. 1967 . Prolonging the storage of Valencia onions by applying a sprouting inhibitor . Invest. Prog. Agr. , 1 : 33
  • Kato , T. 1970 . Studies on the mechanism of retardation of sprouting and occurrence of functional disorders in onion bulbs applied with maleic hydrazide . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 39 : 177
  • Kato , T. 1970 . Studies on the mechanism of retardation of sprouting and occurrence of functional disorders in onion bulbs applied with maleic hydrazide . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 39 : 178
  • Tucker , W. G. 1974 . Onion respiration during long‐term storage . Acta Hort. , 38 : 127
  • Ward , C. M. and Tucker , W. G. 1976 . Respiration of maleic hydrazide treated and untreated onion bulbs during storage . Ann. Appl. Bot. , 82 : 135
  • Date , W. B. 1960 . The effect of preharvest foliar sprays of maleic hydrazide on the cold storage behavior of onions and garlic . Food Sci. , 9 : 203
  • Omar , F. A. and Arafa , A. E. 1979 . Chemical composition of garlic bulbs during storage as affected by MH as a preharvest foliar spray . Agr. Res. Dev. , 57 : 203
  • Austin , R. B. 1972 . Bulb formation in onions as affected by photoperiod and spectral quality of light . J. Hort. Sci. , 47 : 493
  • Rickard , P. C. and Wickens , R. 1977 . The effect of time of harvesting of spring sown dry bulb onions on their yield, keeping ability and skin quality . Exp. Hort. , 29 : 45
  • Kepka , A. K. and Sypien , M. A. 1971 . The influence of some factors on the keeping quality of onions . Acta Hori. , 20 : 65
  • Atwa , A. A. , Radwan , A. A. and Stino , K. R. 1974 . Physical changes in Egyptian onions during transportation, A. Weight loss , % . Agr. Res. Rev. , 52 : 167
  • Atwa , A. A. , Radwan , A. A. and Stino , K. R. 1974 . Physical changes in Egyptian onions during transportation, B. Firmness and culls and bruising % . Agr. Res. Rev. , 52 : 173
  • Atwa , A. A. , Radwan , A. A. and Stino , K. R. 1974 . Effect of different curing methods on the firmness and weight loss of Egyptian onions . Agr. Res. Rev. , 52 : 159
  • Thompson , A. K. , Booth , R. H. and Proctor , F. J. 1972 . Onion storage in the tropics . Trop. Res. , 14 : 19
  • Buffington , D. E. , Sastry , S. K. and Burgis , D. S. 1976 . Infra‐red radiation curing of Florida onions . Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. , 89 : 207
  • Buffington , D. E. , Sastry , S. K. , Gustashaw , J. C. Jr. and Burgis , D. S. 1981 . Artificial curing and storage of Florida onions . Trans. A.S.A.E. , 2 : 782
  • Shipway , M. R. 1978 . The Refrigerated Storage of Vegetables and Fruits , 324 London : Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
  • Whitwell , J. 1970 . Factor affecting crop harvesting and storing . Commercial Grower , : 517
  • Williams , L. G. and Franklin , D. F. 1971 . Bulk harvesting, handling and storage of “Yellow Sweet Spanish”; onions . Trans. A.S.A.E. , 14 : 55
  • Bleasedale , J. K. A. , Tucker , G. W. and Hough , K. 1969 . “ Bulb storage of onions, onion skin colour and keeping quality ” . In Ann. Rep. , 78 Wellesbourne, , U.K. : National Vegetable Research Station .
  • Stow , J. R. 1976 . The effect of defoliation on storage potential of bulbs of the onion (Allium cepa) . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 84 : 71
  • O'Connor , D. 1979 . Onion Storage , Onion Grower Guide No. 2 5 London : Grower Books .
  • Atwa , A. A. , Radwan , A. A. and Stino , K. R. 1974 . The effect of common storage conditions on the physical characters of onion bulbs subjected to different treatments, A. Percentages of weight loss . Agr. Res. Rev. , 5 : 177
  • Atwa , A. A. , Radwan , A. A. and Stino , K. R. 1974 . The effect of common storage conditions on the physical characters of onion bulbs subjected to different treatments, B. Percentages of culls and non‐marketable bulbs . Agr. Res. Rev. , 52 : 181
  • Musa , S. K. , Adlan , A. B. and Abdalla , A. A. 1974 . Physiological studies of stored Wad Ramli onions . Exp. Agr. , 10 : 51
  • Stow , J. R. 1975 . Resistance of 20 cultivars of onions (Allium cepa) to rotting and sprouting during high temperature storage . Exp. Agr. , 11 : 201
  • Saimbhi , M. S. and Randhawa , K. S. 1982 . Losses in White Onion variety Punjab‐48 under ordinary storage conditions as influenced by bulb size . J. Res. Punjab Agr. Univ. , 19 : 188
  • Ward , C. M. 1979 . The effect of bulb size on the storage life of onions . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 91 : 113
  • Hall , C. W. 1980 . Drying and Storage of Agricultural Crops , 344 Westport, Conn. : AVI Publishing .
  • Robinson , J. E. , Browne , K. M. and Burton , W. G. 1975 . Storage characteristics of some vegetables and soft fruits . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 81 : 399
  • Abdalla , A. A. and Mann , L. K. 1963 . Bulb development in the onion (Allium cepa L.) and the effect of storage temperature on bulb rest . Hilgardia , 35 : 85
  • Stow , J. R. 1975 . Effects of humidity on losses of bulb onions (Allium cepa) stored at high temperatures . Exp. Agr. , 11 : 81
  • Stow , J. R. and Ward , C. M. 1978 . The effect of transfer from low to high temperatures on losses of stored bulb onions (Allium cepa) . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 88 : 193
  • Tucker , W. G. , Stow , J. R. and Ward , C. M. 1977 . The high temperature storage of onions in the United Kingdom . Acta Hort. , 62 : 181
  • Bruev , S. J. and Rumyantsev , V. A. 1979 . Low temperature storage of semi‐pungent varieties of onion . Kartofel'i Ovoshchi , : 26
  • 1980 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 12 : 8J1127
  • Sukholotyuk , I. I. , Sheshenya , S. K. and Buevich , N. A. 1982 . Frozen storage of onions . Kartofel'i Ovoshchi , 22 : 2
  • Poovaiah , B. W. , Vest , G. and Rasmussen , H. P. 1972 . Peroxidase activity in onion bulbs of long and short dormancy . Hort. Sci. , 7 : 533
  • Rutherford , P. P. and Whittle , R. 1983 . How long will your crop store for? . Grower , June 23 : 26
  • Gorin , N. and Borcsok , S. 1980 . Chemical composition of stored onions, cultivar Hyduro, as a criterion of freshness . Lebens‐Wiss. u. Technol. , 13 : 164
  • Udry , V. 1972 . Onions: storage with or without tops. Results of a two year trial . Rev. Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture , 4 : 181
  • Lutz , J. M. and Hardenburg , R. E. 1968 . The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks . U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook , 66 : 46
  • Kolesnik , A. A. and Ogneva , O. K. 1969 . Influence of subzero temperatures on keeping quality of onions . Kholodil'naya Teknika , 46 : 41
  • Apeland , J. 1971 . Effects of scale quality on physiological processes in onion . Acta Hort. , 20 : 72
  • 1978 . Onions — Guide To Storage , International Organization for Standardization . International Standard ISO 1673: 1978
  • Kaess , G. 1938 . Lagerung von Zwiebeln in Stickstoff . Landbw. Jahrbuch , 85 : 713
  • Kaess , G. 1939 . Lagerung von Zwiebeln in Stickstoff . Landbw. Jahrbuch , 88 : 926
  • Chawan , T. and Pflug , I. 1968 . Controlled atmosphere storage of onions . Hort. Abstr. , 39 : 899
  • Hruschka , H. W. Refrigerated storage and shelf life of packaged fresh rhubarb, kale and green onions . Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Refrigeration . Vol. 3 , pp. 177
  • Stoll , K. 1974 . Storage of vegetables in modified atmospheres . Acta Hort. , 38 : 13
  • Adamicki , F. and Kepka , A. K. 1974 . Storage of onions in controlled atmospheres . Acta Hort. , 38 : 53
  • Greidanus , P. and Schouten , S. P. 1975 . Storage of vegetables , Ann. Rep. Wageningen, , Netherlands : Sprenger Institute .
  • Isenberg , F. M. R. 1979 . Controlled atmosphere storage of vegetables . Hort. Rev. , : 337
  • Shirokov , E. P. and Timiryasew , K. A. 1977 . Storage of head lettuce and spring onions in polyethylene packages filled with nitrogen or air . Acta Hort. , 62 : 93
  • Cessari , A. and Tonini , G. 1966 . Entreposage de Vail en atmosphere artificielle , 4 – 5 . Boulogne, Paris : Inst. Inhern du Froid/ Inhern Inst. Refrig. Comm. .
  • Shirokov , E. P. , Ushakova , M. I. and Padel'tsyna , G. V. 1976 . Optimal compostion of the gaseous environment for the storage of garlic . Doklady TSKhA , : 136
  • Stoll , K. 1974 . The storage of vegetables in controlled atmospheres . Bull. Int. Intern, du Froid , 54 : 1302
  • Hoftun , H. 1978 . Storage of leeks. I. Effects of varieties and of treatments during the growing period and at harvest . Meldinger fra Norges Landbrukshogskole , 57 (36) : 1
  • Hoftun , H. 1978 . Storage of leeks. II. Storage at different temperatures . Meldinger fra Norges Landbrukshogskole , 57 (37) : 1
  • Hoftun , H. 1978 . Storage of leeks. III. Storage in controlled atmospheres . Meldinger fra Norges Land‐brukshogskole , 57 (38) : 1
  • Hoftun , H. 1978 . Storage of leeks. IV. Effects of temperature and composition of the atmosphere on growth of Botrytis porri . Meldinger fra Norges Landbrukhogskole , 57 (39) : 1
  • Kurki , L. 1979 . Leek quality changes in CA‐storage . Acta Hort. , 93 : 85
  • Vandenberg , L. and Lentz , C. P. 1974 . High humidity storage of some vegetables . J. Inst. Can. Sci. Technol. Aliment. , 7 : 260
  • Vandenberg , L. and Lentz , C. P. 1977 . Effect of relative humidity of storage life of vegetables . Acta Hort. , 62 : 197
  • Vandenberg , L. and Lentz , C. P. 1977 . Study of rate of air change, condensation and mixed commodities in high humidity vegetable storage . Acta Hon. , 62 : 209
  • Ishii , K. and Okobo , M. 1984 . The keeping quality of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler) by low temperature and seal packaging with polythene bag . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 53 : 87
  • Pathak , B. S. , Grover , P. C. and Jaiswal , S. P. 1974 . Studies on the effect of environment and the thickness of the layer on the storage of onions . J. Res. Punjab Agr. Univ. , 11 : 46
  • Felsenstein , G. and Haas , E. 1980 . Long term storage and potatoes and onions in Israel . Can. Agr. Engineering , 22 : 35
  • Lougheed , E. C. and Franklin , E. W. 1975 . Airflow rates influence CO2 production of apple fruits, potato tubers, and onion bulbs . Hort. Sci. , 10 : 388
  • Karmarkar , D. V. and Joshi , B. M. 1941 . Investigations on the storage of onions . Ind. J. Agr. Res. , 11 : 82
  • Adamicki , F. 1977 . Respiration rate of onion bulbs depending on temperature, O2 and the concentration of the atmosphere . Acta Hort. , 62 : 15
  • Franklin , D. F. , Works , D. W. and Williams , L. G. 1966 . Experiments in harvesting, curing and storing “Yellow Sweet Spanish”; onions . Bull. Idaho Agr. Exp. Stat. , : 479
  • Grunewald , T. 1977 . Technologische Aspekte der Zwiebel Strahlung . Lebens.‐Wiss. u. Tech. , 10 : 1
  • Josephson , E. S. and Peterson , M. S. 1983 . Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation , Vol. I , 7 Boca Raton, FI. : CRC Press .
  • Josephson , E. S. and Peterson , M. S. 1983 . Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation , Vol. III , 4 Boca Raton, FI. : CRC Press .
  • Elias , P. S. and Cohen , A. J. 1983 . Recent Advances in Food Irradiation , New York : Elsevier/North Holland .
  • Dallyn , S. L. , Sawyer , R. L. and Sparrow , A. H. 1955 . Extending onion storage life by gamma irradiation . Nucleonics , 13 : 48
  • Dallyn , S. L. and Sawyer , R. L. 1959 . Effect of gamma and fast electron irradiation on storage qualities of onions . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 73 : 390
  • Nuttall , V. W. , Lyall , L. H. and McQueen , K. F. 1961 . Some effects of gamma radiation on stored onions . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 41 : 805
  • Curzio , O. A. and Croci , C. A. 1983 . Extending onion storage life by gamma‐irradiation . J. Food Process Preserv. , 7 : 19
  • Curzio , O. A. , Croci , C. A. and Quaranta , H. O. 1983 . Extending the storage life of garlic by gamma‐irradiation . Acta Aliment. , 12 : 343
  • Menniti , A. M. 1979 . Effect of gamma‐irradiation on pathological and physiological changes in garlic cv Piacento. Results of 1 year of experiments . Frutticoltura , 41 : 58
  • Pijanowrki , E. 1962 . Draft research on food preservation by irradiation in Poland . Food Irradiation , 3 : A2
  • Lewis , N. F. and Mathur , P. B. 1963 . Extension of storage lives of potatoes and onions by Cobalt‐60 gamma‐rays . Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotop. , 14 : 447
  • Patil , J. A. 1966 . Gamma irradiation for vegetable storage. A, onion bulbs . Coll. Agr. Parbhani Mag. , 7 : 3
  • Metlitskii , L. V. , Sal'Kova , E. G. , Mukhine , N. , Korableva , N. P. and Morazova , N. P. 1964 . Use of ionizing irradiations during storage of the onion and garlic . Biokhim. Plodov. Ovoshchei , : 163
  • Bandyopadhyay , C. , Tewari , G. M. and Sreenivasan , A. Studies on some chemical aspects of gamma‐irradiated onions . FAO/IAEA Int. Symp. Radiat. Preserv. Foods 1972 . pp. 11 Vienna : IAEA .
  • Nair , P. M. , Thomas , P. , Ussuf , K. K. , Surendranathan , K. K. , Limaye , S. P. , Srirangarajan , A. N. and Padwal Desai , S. R. Studies on sprout inhibition of onions and potatoes and on delayed ripening of bananas and mangoes by gamma irradiation . FAO/IAEA Int. Symp. Radiat. Preserv. Foods 1972 . pp. 366 Vienna : IAEA .
  • Mathur , P. B. 1963 . Extension of storage life of garlic bulbs by gamma‐irradiation . Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotop. , 14 : 625
  • Abdel‐AI , Z. E. 1967 . The possibility of using gamma radiation to improve the keeping quality of Egyptian garlic . Alexand. J. Agr. Res. , 15 : 381
  • Salkova , Z. 1982 . Application of radiation technology in vegetable preservation . Prumsyl Potravin , 33 : 76
  • 1983 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 15 : 8J1194
  • Oliver , W. T. , Hilliard , W. G. and Van Petten , G. R. 1966 . Effects of feeding irradiated onion to rats and pigs . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 4 : 569
  • Van Petten , G. R. , Oliver , W. T. and Hilliard , W. G. 1966 . Effect of feeding irradiated onion to the rat for 1 year . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 4 : 585
  • Van Petten , G. R. , Hilliard , W. G. and Oliver , W. T. 1966 . Effect of feeding irradiated onion to consecutive generations in the rat . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 4 : 593
  • Gabriel , K. L. and Edmonds , R. S. 1969 . Report of a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food , W.H.O. Tech. Rep. Ser. 451
  • Hilliard , W. G. , Oliver , W. T. and Van Petten , G. R. 1966 . Long‐term effects of feeding irradiated onion to dogs . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 4 : 577
  • Hattori , Y. , Mori , M. , Kaneko , F. and Matsuyama , A. 1979 . Mutagenicity tests of irradiated onions by Escherichia coli mutants . in vitro, Mutat. Res. , 60 : 115
  • Priyadarshini , E. and Tulpule , P. G. 1976 . Aflatoxin production on irradiated foods . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 14 : 293
  • Mittler , S. and Eiss , M. I. 1982 . Failure of irradiated onions to induce sex‐linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster . Mutat. Res. , 104 : 113
  • Kalman , B. , Kiss , I. and Farkas , J. 1979 . Pilot scale studies oh the irradiation of onions in Hungary . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 11 : 4J610
  • 1981 . Report of a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food , W.H.O. Org. Tech. Rep. Ser. 659
  • Tada , M. and Shiroishi , M. 1969 . The effect of gamma irradiation and storage on the content of sugar in the onion bulb . Sci. Rep. Fac. Agr. Akayama Univ. , 33 : 71
  • Mumtaz , A. , Farooqui , W. A. , Sattar , A. and Muhammad , A. 1970 . Inhibition of sprouting in onions by gamma radiations . Food Irrad. , 10 : 10
  • Salem , S. A. 1974 . Effect of gamma radiation on the storage of onions used in the dehydration industry . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 25 : 257
  • Carneiro Da Silva , C. J. G. , Sa , J. P. M. Jr. , Da Silveira , S. V. , De Aleida , L. M. , Goduy , M. O. and Dall'Olliu , A. 1975 . Efeitos da radiacao gama na conservacao de variedades de cebola (Allium cepa) da reg'iao do Sao Francisco, Pernambuco . Pesq. agropec. bras. Ser Agron. , 10 : 53
  • Chachin , K. , Ogata , K. and Honjo , H. 1976 . Relationship between some reducing compounds levels in the inner buds of onions and the effect of sprout‐inhibition by gamma irradiation . Nippon Shok. Kogyo Gakkaishi , 23 : 351
  • Mahmoud , A. A. , Kalman , B. and Farkas , J. A study of some chemical changes in onion bulbs and their inner buds as affected by gamma‐irradiation and storage . Proc. Int. Symp. Wageningen . pp. 99 Vienna : IAEA .
  • Messiaen , C. M. and Pereau‐Leroy , P. 1969 . Amelioration de la conservation des bulbes d'ail par irradiation gamma . Compt. Rend. Seance Acad. Agr. Fr. , 5 : 485
  • El‐Oksh , I. I. , Abdel‐Kader , A. S. , Wally , Y. A. and El‐Kholly , A. F. 1971 . Comparative effects of gamma radiation and maleic hydrazide on storage of garlic . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 96 : 637
  • Minard , H. R. G. 1978 . Effect of clove size, spacing, fertilizers and lime on yield and nutrient content of garlic (Allium sativum) . N.Z. J. Exp. Agr. , 6 : 139
  • Sotomayor , R. I. 1977 . The effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on garlic production . Hort. Agr. , 47 : 1379
  • Tesi , R. and Ricci , A. 1982 . The effect of plant spacing on garlic production . Ann. Fac. Sci. Agrar. Univ. Studi. Napoli Portici , 16 : 6
  • Ledesma , A. , Racca , R. W. and Reale , M. I. 1983 . Effect of storage conditions and planting times on the growth of garlic cv Rosado‐Paraguayo (Allium sativum L.) . Phyton , 143 : 207
  • 1983 . Garlic Guide To Cold Storage , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization . International Standard ISO, 6663–1983
  • Suhonen , I. 1970 . On the storage life of the leek . Acta Agr. Scand. , 20 : 25
  • Aycock , R. and Jenkins , J. M. Jr. 1960 . “ Methods of controlling certain diseases of shallots ” . In Plant Dis. Rep. Vol. 44 , 934
  • Cohat , J. 1982 . Influence des conditions de conservation des bulbes d'echalote (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) sur leur levee . Agronomie , 2 : 905
  • Diehl , J. F. 1977 . Experiences with irradiation of potatoes and onions . Lebens. Wiss. u. Technol. , 10 : 178
  • Aoki , S. , Kawashima , K. and Hayasi , T. 1982 . “ Irradiation of onions with the commercial potato irradiator ” . In Rep. Natl. Food Res. Inst. Vol. 42 , 104
  • Watanabe , T. and Tozaki , H. 1967 . The Co‐60 irradiation of garlic to prevent sprouting and its influence on alliinlyase activities . Food Irradiation , 2 : 106
  • Heath , H. B. 1981 . Source Book of Flavors , 99 Westport, Conn. : AVI Publishing Co. .
  • Hanson , L. P. 1975 . Commercial Processing of Vegetables , 272 Park Ridge, N.J. : Noyes Data Corporation .
  • Havringhurst , C. R. 1955 . Continuous operations break batch bottlenecks . Food Engineering , 27 : 63
  • Gummery , C. S. 1977 . A review of commercial onion products . Food Trade Rev. , 47 : 452
  • Warburton , S. and Pixton , S. W. 1977 . Moisture relations of dried onions . J. Stored Prod. Res. , 13 : 85
  • Pruthi , J. S. 1980 . Spices and condiments. Chemistry, microbiology, and technology . Adv. Food Res. , : 198
  • Saimbhi , M. S. , Padda , D. H. and Singh , G. 1971 . Evaluation of onion varieties for dehydration traits . J. Food Sci. Tech. (Mysore) , 8 : 149
  • Bhatti , M. B. and Asghar , L. M. 1965 . Certain dehydration studies on Pakistan onions . Agr. Pak. , 16 : 299
  • Sethi , V. , Anand , J. C. , Netrapal , J. and Bhagghandani , P. M. 1973 . Quality screening of white onion cultivars for use in dehydration . Ind. Food Packer , 22 : 5
  • Kamoi , I. , Kikuchi , S. , Matsumoto , S. and Obara , T. 1981 . Studies on dehydration of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and carrot (Daucus carora L. var sativa D.C.) by microwave . J. Agr. Sci. (Tokyo) , : 150
  • Joslyn , M. A. and Peterson , R. G. 1958 . Reddening of white onion bulb purees . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 6 : 754
  • Joslyn , M. A. and Peterson , R. G. 1960 . Reddening of white onion tissue . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 8 : 72
  • Lukes , T. M. 1959 . Pinking of onions during dehydration . Food Technol. , 13 : 391
  • Yamaguchi , M. , Shannon , S. , Howard , F. D. and Joslyn , M. A. 1965 . Factors affecting the formation of a pink pigment in onion purees . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 86 : 475
  • Shannon , S. , Yamaguchi , M. and Howard , F. D. 1967 . Reactions involved in formation of a pink pigment in onion purees . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 5 : 417
  • Shannon , S. , Yamaguchi , M. and Howard , F. D. 1967 . Precursors involved in the formation of pink pigments in onion purees . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 15 : 423
  • Li , K. H. , Bundus , R. H. and Noznick , P. P. Prevention of pink color in white onions . U.S. Patent 3,352,691 . 1967 .
  • Andonian , W. A. and Dickinson , W. A. Jr. Process for controlling the pinking of onions . U.S. Patent 4,374,153 . 1983 .
  • Hamed , M. G. E. and Foda , Y. H. 1966 . Freeze drying of onions . Z. Lebens.‐Unters. Forsch. , 130 : 220
  • 1981 . Dehydrated Onion — Specification , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization . International Standard ISO 5559, 1981
  • 1981 . Dehydrated Onion , British Standard Organization . B.S. 6205
  • Johnson , A. H. and Peterson , M. S. 1974 . Encyclopedia of Food Technology , 669 West‐port, Conn. : AVI Publishing Co. .
  • Matvienko , L. N. 1979 . Improved production of quick‐frozen ready‐to‐serve dishes . Konservnaya i Ovosh‐chesushil'naya Promyshlennost’ , : 12
  • 1980 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , : 127G483
  • Srivastava , H. C. and Mathur , P. B. 1956 . Studies on smoke‐curing of garlic bulbs . Bull. Cent. Food Technol. Res. Inst. Mysore , 5 : 286
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Lal , G. and Subrahmantan , V. 1959 . Chemistry and technology of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 429
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. , Ramu , S. D. V. and Lal , G. 1959 . Pilot plant studies on the manufacture of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 448
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Lal , G. and Subrahmanyan , V. I. Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of garlic powder . Indian Patent 65138 . 1960 .
  • Singh , L. J. , Pruthi , J. S. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. and Lal , G. 1959 . Effect of regional variability in garlic on the quality of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 431
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. , Kalbag , S. S. and Lal , G. 1959 . Effect of different methods of dehydration on the quality of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 444
  • Casetti , P. Garlic powder . French patent 79,158 . 1962 .
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. and Lal , G. 1959 . Some technological aspects of dehydration of garlic — a study of some factors affecting the quality of garlic powder during dehydration . Food Sci. , 8 : 441
  • Joslyn , M. A. and Sano , T. 1956 . The formation and decomposition of green pigment in crushed garlic tissue . Food Res. , 21 : 170
  • House Shokuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Garlic paste product . Japanese examined patent, 5,427,416 . 1979 .
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. and Lal , G. 1959 . Determination of the critical temperature of dehydration of garlic . Food Sci. , 8 : 436
  • Singh , L. J. , Pruthi , J. S. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. , Swaminathan , M. and Subrahmanyan , V. 1959 . Effect of type of packaging and storage temperature on allyl sulphide, total sulfur, antibacterial activity and volatile reducing substances in garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 453
  • Singh , L. J. , Pruthi , J. S. , Sankaran , A. N. , Indiramma , K. and Lal , G. 1959 . Effect of type of packaging and storage temperature on flavor and colour of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 457
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. , Indiramma , K. , Sankaran , A. N. and Lal , G. 1959 . Effect of nitrogen packing and storage temperature on the quality of garlic powder . Food Sci. , 8 : 461
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. and Lal , G. 1959 . Thermal stability of alliinase and enzymatic regeneration of flavour in odourless garlic powder . Current Sci , 28 : 403
  • Kikkoman , K. K. Odorless garlic product . Japanese examined patent 5,703,341 . 1982 .
  • 1981 . Dehydrated Garlic — Specification , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization . International Standard ISO 5560, 1981
  • 1981 . Dehydrated Garlic , British Standard Organization . B.S. 6194
  • Pruthi , J. S. , Singh , L. J. and Lal , G. 1960 . Nonenzymatic browning in garlic powder during storage . Food Sci. , 9 : 243
  • Avagimov , V. B. , Kas'Yanov , G. I. , Pekhov , A. V. , Andreeva , L. P. , Bessarabov , V. I. and Ko‐Ioeva , I. K. 1982 . Manufacture and use of garlic preparations . Myasnaya Industriya SSSR , 21
  • 1983 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 15 : 9T510
  • Vaughn , R. H. 1970 . Incidence of various groups of bacteria in dehydrated onions and garlic . Food Technol. , 24 : 83
  • Sheneman , J. N. 1973 . Microbiology of dehydrated onion products. I. Survey of aerobic mesophilic bacteria . J. Food Sci. , 38 : 206
  • Firstenberg , G. , Mannheim , C. H. and Cohen , A. 1974 . Microbial quality of dehydrated onions . J. Food Sci. , 39 : 685
  • Gilmore, G. C., and Scarlett, T. M., unpublished observation.
  • Johnson , M. G. and Vaughn , R. H. 1969 . Death of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the presence of freshly reconstituted dehydrated garlic and onion . Appl. Microbiol. , 17 : 903
  • Siregar , J. A. , Steinberg , M. P. , Wei , L. S. and Nelson , A. I. 1967 . Effect of storage conditions on standard plate counts of raw onions . J. Food Sci. , 32 : 349
  • Krishnaswarmy , M. A. , Patel , J. D. , Parthasarathy , N. and Nair , K. K. S. 1973 . Some of the types of coliforms, aerobic mesophilic spore formers, yeasts and moulds present in spices . J. Plant Crops , 1 : 200
  • Heath , H. B. 1983 . The microbiology of onion products . Food , 5 : 22
  • Wei , L. S. , Siregar , J. A. , Steinberg , M. P. and Nelson , A. I. 1967 . Overcoming the bacteriostatic activity of onion in making standard plate counts . J. Food Sci. , 32 : 346
  • Hall , J. R. 1969 . Enhanced recovery of Salmonella montevideo from onion powder by the addition of potassium sulphite to lactose broth . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 52 : 940
  • Wilson , C. R. and Andrews , W. H. 1976 . Sulfite compounds as neutralizes of spice toxicity for Salmonella . J. Milk Food Technol. , 39 : 464
  • Andrews , W. H. , Wagner , D. and Roetting , M. J. 1979 . Detection of Salmonella in onion and garlic powders: collaborative study . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 62 : 499
  • Delkinova , S. M. and Dupuy , P. 1973 . Sanitation of onion powder by irradiation and heating . Acta Ailment , 2 : 181
  • Farkas , J. and El‐Nawawy , A. S. 1973 . Effect of gamma radiation on the viable cell count and some other quality characteristics of dried onions . Acta Aliment. , 2 : 437
  • Silberstein , O. , Galetto , W. and Henzi , W. 1979 . Irradiation of onion powder: effect on microbiology . J. Food Sci. , 44 : 975
  • Farkas , J. , Andrassy , E. and Incze , K. 1981 . Evaluation of possible mutagenicity of irradiated spices . Acta Aliment. , 10 : 129
  • Farkas , J. and Andrassy , E. 1981 . Prophage lambda induction (inductest) of blood of rats fed irradiated spices . Acta Aliment. , 10 : 137
  • Farkas , J. and Andrassy , E. 1982 . Investigations on the possible genotoxic effect of irradiated onion powder by means of prophage induction (inductest) . Acta Aliment. , 11 : 245
  • Galetto , W. , Kahan , J. , Eiss , M. , Welbourn , J. , Bednarczyk , A. and Silberstein , O. 1979 . Irradiation treatment of onion powder: effects on chemical constituents . J. Food Sci. , 44 : 591
  • Schreyen , L. , Dirinck , P. , Van Wassenhove , F. and Schamp , N. 1976 . Volatile flavor components of leek . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 24 : 336
  • Poulsen , K. P. and Nielsen , P. 1979 . Freeze drying of chives and parsley — optimization attempts . Bull. Int. Intern, du Froid , 59 : 1118 Abstr. C1–77.
  • Lutomski , J. 1982 . Die Bedeutung der Zwiebel in der Phytotherapie . Z. Phytother. , 1 : 252
  • Raghavan , B. , Abraham , K. O. and Shankaranarayana , M. L. 1983 . Chemistry of garlic and garlic products . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 42 : 401
  • Widdowson , E. M. and McCance , R. A. 1960 . The Composition of Foods, , 3rd ed. , Special Rep. Ser. No. 297 London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
  • Watt , B. K. and Merrill , A. L. 1963 . Composition of Foods; Raw, Processed, Prepared , Agricultural Handbook No. 8 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture .
  • Pellet , P. L. and Shadarevian , S. 1970 . Food Composition Tables for Use in the Middle East, , 2nd ed. , Beirut : American Univ. Beirut .
  • Qureshi , E. I. , Chaudry , M. I. and Malik , M. A. 1968 . Chemical composition and nutritive value of some varieties of onion . Pak. J. Med. Res. , 7 : 155
  • Ketiku , A. O. 1976 . The chemical composition of Nigerian onions. (Allium cepa Linn.) . Food Chem. , 1 : 41
  • Bajaj , K. L. , Kaur , G. , Singh , J. and Gill , S. P. S. 1980 . Chemical evaluation of some important varieties of onion, (Allium cepa L.) . Qual. Plant—P1. Foods Hum. Nutr. , 30 : 117
  • Christensen , R. E. , Beckman , R. M. and Birdsall , J. J. 1968 . Some mineral elements of commercial spices and herbs as determined by direct reading emission spectroscopy . J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. , 51 : 1003
  • Noda , K. , Taniguchi , H. , Suzuki , S. and Hirai , S. 1983 . Comparison of the selenium contents of the genus Allium measured by fluorometry and neutron activation analysis . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 47 : 613
  • Raj , K. P. S. , Agrawal , Y. K. and Patel , M. R. 1980 . Analysis of garlic for its metal contents . J. Ind. Chem. Soc. , 57 : 1121
  • Lupea , V. and Vranceanu , C. 1972 . Beitrag zur Untersuchung des Molybdangehaltes einiger Lebensmittel aus Gebieten mit endemischer Nephritis . Die Nahrung , 16 : 637
  • Roshania , R. D. and Agrawal , Y. K. 1981 . N‐p‐Chlorophenyl substituted hydroxamic acids as analytical reagents for the trace determination of vanadium (V) . Chemia Analityczna , 26 : 191
  • Kononko , L. N. and Emchenko , N. L. 1983 . Levels of naturally occurring lithium in onions and garlic . Vopr. Pitan. , : 66
  • 1983 . Chem. Abstr. , 99 : 211294f
  • Lopez , A. and Williams , H. L. 1979 . Essential elements in fresh and canned onions . J. Food Sci. , 44 : 887
  • Kucherov , E. V. and Khairetdinov , S. S. 1983 . Allium obliquum productivity and its ascorbic acid content . Rastit Resur. , 19 : 185
  • 1983 . Chem. Abstr. , 99 : 19658m
  • Rick , R. C. 1978 . The tomato . Sci. Am. , 239 : 66
  • Freeman , G. G. Progress in Flavor Research . Proc. 2nd Weurman Flavour Res. Symp. Factors affecting flavor during growth, storage and processing of vegetables , Edited by: Land , D. G. and Nursten , H. E. pp. 225 New York : Applied Science Publishers .
  • Yamauchi , R. and Matsushita , S. 1976 . Tocopherol contents of vegetables and fruits . Nippon Nogeigaku Kaishi , 50 : 569
  • Leth , T. and Andersson , L. 1982 . Vitamin E content of frozen as compared to fresh vegetables . Publik. Statens Levnedmiddelinstitut ,
  • 1983 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 15 : 12J1857
  • El‐Abbady , A. M. , El‐Gindy , A. D. and Doss , S. H. 1972 . Studies on the Egyptian onion byproducts. I. Composition after oil extraction Egypt . J. Animal Prod. , 12 : 57
  • Abou‐Zeid , A. A. , Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Mohamad , A. F. 1979 . Utilization of waste products of dehydrated onion industry for production of fodder yeast . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 1977
  • Doss , S. H. 1979 . Studies on the Egyptian onion byproducts. III. Amino acid content and improving the nutrient qualilty . Egypt J. Food Sci. , 7 : 49
  • Eichenberger , W. and Grob , E. C. 1970 . Uber die quantitative Bestimmung von Sterinderivaten in Pflan‐zen und die Intrazellulare Verteilung der Steringlycoside in Blattern . FEBS Letters , 11 : 177
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Edrees , M. 1971 . Chemical investigations on some constituents of pigmented onion skins . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 22 : 298
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Edrees , M. 1972 . A study on the composition of garlic skins and the structural features of the isolated pectic acid . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 23 : 871
  • Farag , R. S. , Shabana , M. K. and Shallam , H. A. 1981 . Biochemical studies on some chemical characteristics of sliced Egyptian onions . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm. , 83 : 233
  • Stoianova‐Ivanova , B. and Tzutzulova , A. M. 1974 . On the composition of higher fatty acids in the scales of the interior of Allium sativum L. bulbs . C. R. de 1'Acad. Bulg. des Sciences , 27 : 503
  • Kamanna , V. S. and Chandrasekhara , N. 1980 . Fatty acid composition of garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) lipids . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 57 : 175
  • Yang , K‐Y. and Shin , H.‐S. 1982 . Lipids and fatty acid composition of garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) . Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. , 14 : 388
  • Cassagne , C. and Cezard , J‐F. 1972 . Mise en evidence d'hydrocarbunes et d'acides gras a tres longue chaine dans le chloroplastes d’ Allium porrum . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 275 : 2077 Ser D.
  • Lessire , R. , Abdul‐Karim , T. and Cassagne , C. 1982 . Origin of the wax very long chain fatty acids in leek, Allium porrum L., leaves: a plausible model . Linn. Soc. Symp. , : 167
  • Isono , H. , Tachinami , S. and Kurono , G. 1976 . Studies on the constituents of Liliaceae plants. V. Convenient analytical method on the constituents of aliphatic compounds . Yakugaku Zasski , 96 : 86
  • Deineko , G. I. 1982 . Fatty acid composition of the lipids of the inflorescences of Allium karataviense . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 17 : 583
  • Kuon , J. and Bernhard , R. A. 1963 . An examination of the free amino acids of the common onion (Allium cepa) . J. Food Sci. , 28 : 298
  • Matikkala , E. J. and Virtanen , A. I. 1967 . On the quantitative determination of the amino acids and gamma‐glutamyl peptides of onions . Acta Chem. Scand. , 21 : 2891
  • Schuphan , W. and Schwerdtfeger , E. 1971 . Arginin als Stickstoffreserve bei der Kuchenzwiebel (Allium cepa L.) . Ernahrungs Umshau , 18 : 288
  • Schuphan , W. and Schwerdtfeger , E. 1972 . Biochemistry of the vegetative development of Allium cepa with especial emphasis upon protein and amino acid pattern. The role of arginine as an N‐pool . Qual. Plant Mater. , 21 : 141
  • Bordia , P. C. , Simlot , M. M. and Kumar , S. 1971 . Growth and chemical composition of eleven varieties of onion . Madras Agr. J. , 58 : 424
  • Wunsch , A. 1975 . Freie Aminosauren und Proteinaminosauren in Blatt‐Wurzelgemusen und Kartoffeln . Landwirtsch. Forsch. , 28 : 345
  • Spåre , C‐G. and Virtanen , A. I. 1964 . On the occurrence of free selenium‐containing amino acids in onion . Acta Chem. Scand. , 18 : 280
  • Hamilton , J. W. 1975 . Chemical examination of seleniferous onions Allium cepa . Adv. Front. Plant. Sci. , 30 : 189
  • Robinson , G. M. and Robinson , R. 1932 . A survey of anthocyanins . Biochem. J. , 26 : 1647
  • Fouassin , A. 1956 . Identification par chromatographie des pigments anthocyaniques des fruits et des legumes . Rev. Ferment. Ind. Aliment. , 11 : 173
  • Brandwein , B. J. 1965 . The pigments in three cultivars of the common onion (Allium cepa) . J. Food Sci. , 30 : 680
  • Fuleki , T. 1969 . The anthocyanins of strawberry, rhubarb, radish, and onion . J. Food Sci. , 34 : 365
  • Fuleki , T. 1969 . “ Pigments responsible for the color of red onion ” . In Rep. Hort. Res. Inst. Ontario 124
  • Fuleki , T. 1971 . Anthocyanins in red onion . Allium cepa, J. Food Sci. , 36 : 101
  • Du , C. T. , Wang , P. L. and Francis , F. J. 1974 . Cyanidin‐3‐lamiriariobioside in Spanish red onion (Allium cepa L.) . J. Food Sci. , 39 : 1265
  • Du , C. T. and Francis , F. J. 1975 . Anthpcyanins of garlic (Allium sativum L.) . J. Food Sci. , 40 : 1101
  • Moore , A. B. , Francis , F. J. and Jason , M. E. 1982 . Acylated anthocyanins in red onions . J. Food Protect. , 45 : 590
  • Moore , A. B. , Francis , F. J. and Clydesdale , F. M. 1982 . Changes in chromatographie profile of anthocyanins of red onion during extraction . J. Food Protect. , 45 : 738
  • Boscher , J. 1970 . Composition des pigments anthocyaniques presents dans les bulbilles inflorescentielles d’ Allium vineale . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 271 : 584 Ser. D
  • Perkin , A. G. and Hummel , J. J. 1896 . Occurrence of quercetin in the outer skins of the bulb of the onion (Allium cepa) . J. Chem. Soc. , 69 : 1295
  • Ouchi , K. 1948 . “ Coloring and other matters of the brown scaly leaf (outer skin) of Allium cepa ” . In Misc. Rep. Research Inst. Nat. Resources (Japan) Vol. 11 , 30
  • 1950 . Chem. Abstr. , : 9013g
  • Kuroda , C. and Umeda , M. 1951 . The pigments and related compounds in the outer skins of onion bulbs . J. Sci. Res. Inst. (Tokyo) , 45 : 17
  • 1951 . Chem. Abstr. , : 6698i
  • Okajima , M. 1960 . Constituents of the pifimented outer skin of onion bulbs. II. The separation of quercetin from the outer skin with aqueous alkaline solutions . Sci. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. (To‐kyo) , 54 : 245
  • 1961 . Chem. Abstr. , : 4669i
  • Kuroda , S. Quercetin from onion peelings . Japanese patent 6649 . 1953 .
  • 1954 . Chew. Abstr. , 48 : 12184c
  • Michaluk , A. and Oswiecimska , M. 1961 . Obtaining quercetin from onion skins . Farm. Polska , 17 : 258
  • 1962 . Chem. Abstr. , : 7425h
  • Koeppen , B. H. 1960 . The isolation and identification of quercetin from yellow‐spotted pickled onions . S. Afr. J. Agr. Sci. , 3 : 131
  • Fernandez , M. and Vega , F. A. 1981 . Innocuous alterations in preserved onions, Allium cepa L. . J. Food Sci. , 46 : 1966
  • Starke , H. and Herrmann , K. 1976 . Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VI. On the changes‐ of the flavonols of onions . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 161 : 137
  • Herrmann , K. 1956 . Quercetin glycosides of onions (Allium cepa) . Naturwiss. , 43 : 158
  • Herrmann , K. 1958 . Flavonols and phenols of the onion (Allium cepa) . Arch. Pharm. , 291 : 238
  • Harborne , J. B. 1965 . Plant Polyphenols. XIV. Characterization of flavonoid glycosides by acidic and enzymic hydrolysis . Phytochemistry , 4 : 107
  • Schmidtlein , H. and Herrmann , K. 1975 . Uber Phenolsaunen des Gemuses. IV. Hydroxyzimtsauren and Hydroxybenzolsauren weiterer Gemusearten und der Kartoffeln . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 159 : 257
  • Herrmann , K. 1976 . On the contents and the localization of phenolics in vegetables . Qual. Plant—Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 25 : 231
  • Bilyk , A. , Cooper , P. L. and Sapers , G. M. 1984 . Varietal differences in distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in onion (Allium cepah.) tissue . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 32 : 274
  • Panisset , B. and Tissut , M. 1983 . Metabolisme des flavonols dans les tuniques isolees de huit varietes d'oignon: effect d'un traitement par l'acide gibberelique et Pamonozide . Physiol. Veg. , 21 : 49
  • Tissut , M. 1974 . Etude de la localisation et dosage in vivo des flavones de I'oignon . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 279 : 659 Ser. D
  • Bezanger‐Beauquesne , L. and Delelis , A. 1967 . Sur les flavonoides du bulbe d'Allium ascalonicum (Liliacees) . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 265 : 2118 Ser. D
  • Tronchet , J. 1971 . Les derives flavoniques des feuilles d'Allium porrum L. Localisation, repartition et effects des traumatismes . Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. , 118 : 173
  • Starke , H. and Herrmann , K. 1976 . Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VII. Flavonols of leek, chive, and garlic . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 161 : 25
  • Kaneta , M. , Hikichi , H. , Endo , S. and Sugiyama , N. 1980 . Identification of flavones in thirteen Liliaceae species . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 44 : 1405
  • Runkova , L. V. and Talieva , M. I. 1976 . Distribution of phenol compounds in the leaves of some species of the genus . Allium, Doklady Bot. Sci. , 223 ( 5 ) : 106
  • Herrmann , K. 1977 . Review on non‐essential constituents of vegetables. II. Cruciferae (Brassica vegetables, radish, turnip, rutabaga, horseradish) and Graminae (onion, leek, chive, garlic, asparagus) . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 165 : 151
  • Schafers , F. I. and Herrmann , K. 1982 . Occurrence of methyl and ethyl esters of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids in vegetables. II. Phenolic acid compounds of vegetables . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 175 : 117
  • Link , K. P. , Angell , H. R. and Walker , J. C. 1929 . The isolation of protocatechuic acid from pigmented onions scales and its significance in relation to disease resistance in onions . J. Biol. Chem. , 81 : 369
  • Link , K. P. and Walker , J. C. 1933 . The isolation of catechol from pigmented onion scales and its significance in relation to disease resistance in onions . J. Biol. Chem. , 100 : 379
  • Hatfield , W. C. , Walker , J. C. and Owen , J. H. 1948 . Antibiotic substances in onion in relation to disease resistance . J. Agr. Res. , 77 : 115
  • Salem , M. A. and Michail , S. H. 1981 . The role of polyphenols, oxidative and macerating enzymes in onion bulb cultivars infected with Botrytis allii . Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. , 16 : 59
  • El‐Waziri , S. M. , El‐Sayed , S. A. and Yehia , A. H. 1978 . Association of metabolic alterations in onion (Allium cepa L.) with neck rot disease resistance caused by Botrytis allii Munn . Agr. Res. Rev. , 56 : 43
  • Walker , J. C. and Stahmann , M. A. 1955 . Chemical nature of disease resistance in plants . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 6 : 351
  • Farkas , G. L. and Kiraly , Z. 1962 . Role of phenolic compounds on the physiology of plant diseases and disease resistance . Phytopath. Zeitschr. , 44 : 105
  • Clark , C. A. and Lorbeer , J. W. 1975 . The role of phenols in Botrytis brown stain of onion . Phytopathology , 65 : 338
  • Talieva , M. N. , Runkova , L. V. and Yalovaya , Z. I. 1973 . Indole and phenol compounds in Peronospora — infected onions . Mikol. Phytopatol. , 7 : 363
  • Bennett , E. 1941 . The effect of storage on the carbohydrates of Ebenezer onion . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 39 : 293
  • Sinha , A. and Sanyal , A. K. 1959 . Separation and estimation of sugar components of Allium cepa Linn. (N.O. Liliaceae) by paper chromatography . Current Sci. , 28 : 281
  • Pant , R. , Agrawal , H. C. and Kapur , A. S. 1962 . The water soluble sugars and total carbohydrate contents of onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) . Flora (Jena) , 152 : 530
  • Srinivasan , M. , Bhatia , I. S. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1953 . Carbohydrates of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (A. cepa L.) . Current Sci. , 22 : 208
  • Bose , S. and Shrivastava , A. N. 1961 . Soluble carbohydrates fron onion (Allium cepa Linn) . Sci. Cult. , 27 : 253
  • Flam , A. and Mitiska , J. 1971 . Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung der Kohlenhydrate in der Zwiebel (Allium cepa) . Mitt Geb. Lebensmittelunters. u. Hygiene , 62 : 151
  • Lolas , G. M. and Markakis , P. 1973 . Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of onions (Allium cepa) . Confructa , 18 : 37
  • Goodenough , P. W. and Atkin , R. K. 1981 . Quality in Stored and Processed Vegetables and Fruit , New York : Academic Press .
  • Nishibori , S. and Namiki , K. 1982 . Free sugar contents in onion bulbs of different cultivars and different production areas and their changes by storage and gamma irradiation . Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakk. , 29 : 271
  • Gorin , N. 1982 . Sum of soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) and l‐malate as possible parameters of freshness for stored onions, cultivar Hyduro . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 174 : 300
  • Longe , O. G. 1981 . Effect of boiling on the carbohydrate constituents of some non‐leafy vegetables . Food Chem. , 6 : 1
  • Gorin , N. 1979 . Enzymatic and high pressure liquid chromatographic estimation of glucose, fructose and sucrose in powders from stored onions . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 27 : 195
  • Bacon , J. S. D. 1959 . The trisaccharide fraction of some monocotyledons . Biochem. J. , 73 : 507
  • Darbyshire , B. and Henry , R. J. 1979 . The association of fructans with high percentage dry weight in onion cultivars suitable for dehydrating . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 30 : 1035
  • Mizuno , T. , Kinpyo , T. and Harada , K. 1957 . Studies on the carbohydrates of Allium species. III. The carbohydrate components in garlic Allium sativum Linn . Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi , 31 : 572
  • Arime , M. and Deki , M. 1983 . Components of sugars in garlic . Kanzei Chir. Bunsok. Ho. , 23 : 89
  • Takeichi , M. , Nakamura , H. , Nishimura , H. and Mizutani , J. 1973 . The free sugars of Allium victorialis L. . Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi , 47 : 491
  • Mizuno , T. and Kinpyo , T. 1955 . Studies on the carbohydrates of Alliums. I. Kinds of carbohydrates of Allium fistulosum L . J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 29 : 665
  • Khodzhaeva , M. A. and Kondratenko , E. S. 1983 . Allium carbohydrates. III. Characterization of Allium species polysaccharides . Khim. Prir. Soedin , : 228
  • Darbyshire , B. and Henry , R. J. 1978 . The distribution of fructans in onions . New Phytol. , 81 : 29
  • Shiomi , N. 1978 . Isolation and identification of 1‐kestose and neokestose from onion bulbs . J. Fac. Agr. Hokk. Univ. , 58 : 548
  • Darbyshire , B. and Henry , R. J. 1981 . Differences in fructan content and synthesis in some Allium species . New Phytol. , 87 : 249
  • Di Miniac , M. 1970 . Application de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse a l'etude des glucides du bulbe d'oignon (Allium cepa L.) var jaune paille des vertus . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 270 : 1583 Ser. D.
  • Singh , S. and Bhatia , I. S. 1972 . Carbohydrates in the bulbs of Allium cepa Linn. I. Detection, isolation and analysis of the first members of the series . J. Res. Punjab Agr. Univ. , 9 : 327
  • Kihara , Y. 1939 . Carbohydrates of the bulbs of Allium. IX . J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 15 : 348
  • Kihara , Y. 1937 . Carbohydrates of the bulbs of Allium. VIII. Distribution of scorodose . J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 13 : 363
  • 1937 . Chem. Abstr. , 31 : 8605.9
  • Khodzhaeva , M. A. and Ismailov , Z. F. 1979 . Allium carbohydrates. I. Isolation and characterisation of the polysaccharides . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 15 : 114
  • Das , N. N. , Das , A. and Mukherjee , A. K. 1977 . Structure of the d‐galactan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs . Carbohydr. Res. , 56 : 337
  • Das , N. N. and Das , A. 1978 . Structure of the d‐fructan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs . Carbohydr. Res. , 64 : 155
  • Whiteside , W. C. , Vandermark , J. S. and Splittstoesser , W. E. 1975 . Changes in various constituents of onion as influenced by two light regimes . Hort. Sci. , 10 : 18
  • Ohyama , R. 1969 . Studies on the absence of starch synthesis in the cells of onion (Allium cepa Linn) . J. Agr. Sci. Jpn. , 14 : 103
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Edrees , M. 1968 . The pectic substances of the pigmented onion skins. I. Characteristics and acid‐decomposition products . J. Chem. U.A.R. , 11 : 383
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Edrees , M. 1973 . The pectic substances of pigmented onion skins: formation of galacturone in heated pectin and pectic acid solutions . Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 16 : 235
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Edrees , M. 1973 . The pectic substances of the pigmented onion skins: characterization of the structural building unit of pectic acid . Pak. J. Biochem. , 6 : 5
  • Alexander , M. M. and Sulebele , G. A. 1973 . Pectic substances in onion and garlic skins . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 24 : 611
  • Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. and Khaireldin , A. A. 1970 . Pectin of garlic skins . J. Chem. U.A.R. , 13 : 27
  • Sen , S. K. and Rao , C. V. N. 1966 . Studies on pectic substances in onion (Allium cepa Linn.) . Ind. J. Appl. Chem. , 29 : 127
  • Sen , S. K. , Chatterjee , B. P and Rao , C. V. N. 1971 . A galactan from onion (Allium cepa Linn.) pectic substance . J. Chem. Soc. Sect. C. , : 1788
  • Belo , P. S. Jr. and de Lumen , B. O. 1981 . Pectic substances content of detergent‐extracted dietary fibers . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 29 : 370
  • Fujiwara , M. and Watanabe , H. 1952 . Allithiamine, a newly found compound of Vitamin B1 . Proc. Imp. Acad. Jpn. , 28 : 156
  • Fujiwara , M. , Watanabe , H. and Matsui , K. 1954 . Discovery of allithiamine . J. Biochem. , 41 : 29
  • Ikeda , K. 1969 . Nutritional significance of the ingestion of garlic, (a supplement) . Vitamins (Japan) , 40 : 263
  • Matsukawa , T. and Yurugi , S. 1952 . The structure of allithiamine . Proc. Imp. Acad. Jpn. , 28 : 146
  • Yurugi , S. 1954 . Reaction between thiamine and ingredients of Allium genus plants. III. Reaction with l‐cysteine and allithiamine . Yakugaku Zasshi , 74 : 511
  • Matsukawa , T. , Yurugi , S. and Matsuoka , T. 1953 . Products of the reaction between thiamine and ingredients of the plants of Allium genus. Detection of allithiamine and its homologues . Science , 118 : 325
  • Yurugi , S. , Matsuoka , T. and Togashi , M. 1955 . Studies on the reaction between thiamine and ingredients of the plants of Allium genus . J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. , 74 : 1017
  • Yurugi , S. 1954 . On the sulphur‐containing ingredients of Allium genus plants . Yakugaku Zasshi , 74 : 519
  • Fujiwara , M. , Yoshimura , M. and Tsuno , S. 1955 . “Allithiamine”; a newly found derivative of Vitamin B1. III. On the allicin homologues in the plants of the Allium species . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 42 : 591
  • Fujiwara , M. , Yoshimura , M. , Tsuno , S. and Murakami , F. 1958 . “Allithiamine”; a newly found derivative of vitamin B1. On theallicin homologues in the vegetables . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 45 : 141
  • Fujiwara , M. 1976 . Allithiamine and its properties . J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. , 22 : 57
  • Tsuno , S. 1958 . The thiamine content of Allium plants . Vitamins , 14 : 676
  • Hatanaka , H. and Kaneda , Y. 1980 . Enzymatic assay of scordinin as the main tonic principle active in garlic used in health foods . Jpn. J. Hygiene , 35 : 746
  • Attrep , K. A. , Mariani , J. M. Jr. and Attrep , M. Jr. 1973 . Search for prostaglandin A, in onion . Lipids , 8 : 484
  • Panosyan , A. G. 1981 . The search for prostaglandins and prostaglandin‐like compounds in plants . Khim. Prir. Soedin , 17 : 102
  • Attrep , K. A. , Bellman , W. P. Sr. , Attrep , M. Jr. , Lee , J. B. and Braselton , W. E. Jr. 1980 . Separation and identification of prostaglandin A, in onion . Lipids , 15 : 292
  • Sallam , L. A. R. , El‐Refai , A. H. , Edrees , M. and Abdel‐Fattah , A. F. 1974 . Studies on the outer pigment skins of onions . Qual. Plant. , 24 : 159
  • Oka , Y. , Kiriyama , S. and Yoshida , A. 1974 . Sterol composition of spices and cholesterol in vegetable foodstuffs . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Nutr. , 27 : 347
  • Itoh , T. , Tamura , T. , Mitsuhashi , T. and Matsumoto , T. 1977 . Sterols of Liliaceae . Phytochemistry , 16 : 140
  • Oka , Y. , Kiriyama , S. and Yoshida , A. 1973 . Sterol composition of vegetables . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Nutr. , 26 : 121
  • Stoianova‐Ivanova , B. , Tzutzulova , A. and Caputto , R. 1980 . On the hydrocarbon and sterol composition in the scales and fleshy part of Allium sativum Linnaeus bulbs . Riv Ital. EPPOS , 62 : 373
  • Smoczkiewicz , M. A. , Nitschke , D. and Wieladek , H. 1982 . Microdetermination of steroid and triterpene saponin glycosides in various plant materials. I. Allium species . Mikrochim. Acta , 11 : 42
  • Lazur'Evskii , G. V. , Kintya , P. K. , Pukhal'Skaya , E. Ch. and Sof'Ina , Z. P. 1977 . Structure and activity of steroidal glycosides . Pharm. Chem. J. , 11 : 749
  • Lazur'Evskii , G. V. , Krokhmalyuk , V. V. and Kintya , P. K. 1975 . Structure of steroid glycosides of Allium narcissiflorum Wills . Dokl. Biochem. , 221 : 151
  • Pirtskhalava , G. G. , Gorovits , M. B. , Gorovits , T. T. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1979 . Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. XII. Turoside A from Allium turcomanicum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 14 : 294
  • Pirtskhalava , G. V. , Gorovits , M. B. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1979 . Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. XIII. Turoside A 6‐O‐benzoate from Allium turcomanicum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 14 : 459
  • Vollerner , Yu. S. , Gorovits , M. B. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1979 . Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. XIV. The structure of Karatavioside A . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 14 : 630
  • Vollerner , Yu. S. , Gorovits , M. B. , Gorovits , T. T. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1980 . Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. XVIII. The structure of Karatavioside C. . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 16 : 264
  • Chinchavadze , D. G. , Kel'Ginbaev , A. N. , Gorovits , M. B. , Eristavi , L. I. , Gorovits , T. T. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1979 . Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. XV. Eruboside B from Allium eru‐bescens . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 15 : 442
  • Pkheidze , T. A. , Kereselioze , E. V. and Kemertelidze , E. P. 1974 . Diosgenin, neoruscogenin and rusco‐genin from Ruscus ponticus, R. hypophyllum and Allium albidum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 7 : 823
  • Kereselidze , E. V. , Pkheidze , T. A. and Kemertelidze , E. P. 1973 . Diosgenin from Allium albidum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 6 : 387
  • Gorovits , M. B. , Khristulas , F. S. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1971 . Alliogenin and alliogenin β‐D‐glucopyr‐anoside from Allium giganteum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 7 : 412
  • Khristulas , F. S. , Gorovits , M. B. , Luchanskaya , V. N. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1973 . A new steroid sapogenin from Allium giganteum . Chem. Nat. Compounds , 6 : 510
  • Eristavi , L. I. , Gorovits , M. B. and Abubakirov , N. K. 1973 . Steroid sapogenins of Allium waldsteinii . Khim. Prir. Soedin , 9 : 124
  • Azarkova , A. F. , Glyzina , G. S. , Mel'Nikova , T. M. , Maisuradze , N. I. and Kogan , L. M. 1974 . Diosgenin from Allium angulosum . Khim. Prir. Soedin , 10 : 407
  • Balashova , N. N. , Kintya , R. K. , Demidov , E. S. , Koval'Chuk , L. P. , Khaisin , M. F. and Vakar , L. I. 1983 . Steroid glycosides as factors in the horizontal resistance of onion to downey mildew . Izv. Akad. Nauk. Mold. SSR Ser Biol. Khim. Nauk. , : 26
  • Thomas , T. S. and Isenberg , F. M. 1972 . Hormone physiology of onion bulbs during dormancy . Exp. Hort. , 23 : 48
  • Aung , L. H. and Peterson , C. E. 1974 . Gibberellin‐like substances of dormant and non‐dormant bulbs of Allium cepa L. . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 99 : 279
  • Thomas , T. H. 1981 . “ Hormonal changes during senescence: ripening and regrowth of stored vegetables ” . In Quality in Stored and Processed Vegetables and Fruit , Edited by: Goodenough , P. W. and Atkin , R. K. London : Academic Press .
  • Clark , J. E. and Heath , O. V. S. 1962 . Studies on the physiology of the onion plant. V. An investigation into the growth substance content of bulbing onions . J. Exp. Bot. , 13 : 227
  • Kato , T. 1965 . The relations between the metabolism of carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, and auxin and bulbing phenomena . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 34 : 43
  • Aung , L. H. , Dehertogh , A. A. and Staby , G. L. 1969 . Gibberellin‐like substances in bulb species . Can. J. Bot. , 47 : 1817
  • Ogawa , Y. 1966 . On the effects of plant extracts on the alpha‐amylase activity in rice endosperm . Plant Cell Physiol. , : 519
  • Tsukamoto , Y. , Fujita , M. , Inaba , T. and Asahira , T. 1969 . Changes of growth promoting substances and abscisic acid during the dormancy in onion . Mem. Res. Inst. Food Sci. (Kyoto Univ.) , 30 : 24
  • Thomas , T. H. 1969 . The role of growth substances in the regulation of onion bulb dormancy . J. Exp. Bot. , 20 : 124
  • Aung , L. H. and Peterson , C. E. 1974 . Gibberellin‐like substances dormant and non‐dormant bulbs of Allium cepa L. . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 99 : 279
  • Thomas , T. H. and Isenberg , F. M. R. 1974 . “ Growth regulator studies ” . In Ann. Rep. Natl. Vegetable Research Station 72 Wellesbourne, , U.K.
  • Kato , T. 1966 . Germination inhibitor in onion juice . J. Jpn. Soc. Hon. Sci. , 35 : 71
  • Naito , S. , Yamaguchi , N. and Yokoo , Y. 1981 . Studies on natural antioxidant. II. Antioxidative activities of vegetables of Allium species . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. , 28 : 291
  • Naito , S. , Yamaguchi , N. and Yokoo , Y. 1981 . Studies on natural antioxidants. III. Fractionation of antioxidant extracted from garlic . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. , 28 : 465
  • Pratt , D. E. and Watts , B. M. 1964 . The antioxidant activity of vegetable extracts. I. Flavone aglycones . J. Food Sci. , 29 : 27
  • Erazo , G. S. and Concha , C. M. I. 1981 . Effects of storage conditions on some chemical properties of onions of the cv Valenciana Sintetica . Alimentos , 6 : 13
  • Cavallito , C. J. and Bailey , J. H. 1944 . Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum. I. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 66 : 1950
  • Cavallito , C. J. , Buck , J. and Suter , C. 1944 . Allicin, the antibacterial principle of AUium sativum. II. Determination of the chemical structure . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 66 : 1952
  • Stoll , A. and Seebeck , E. 1947 . Alliin, the pure mother substance of garlic oil . Experientia , 3 : 114
  • Stoll , A. and Seebeck , E. 1948 . Allium compounds. I. Alliin, the true mother compound of garlic oil . Helv. Chim. Acta , 31 : 189
  • Stoll , A. and Seebeck , E. 1949 . Uber den enzymatischern Abbau der Alliins und die Eigenschaften der Alliinase . Helv. Chim. Acta , 32 : 197
  • Stoll , A. and Seebeck , E. 1951 . Chemical investigations on alliin, the specific principle of garlic . Adv. Enzymol. , 11 : 377
  • Wertheim , T. 1844 . Investigation of garlic oil . Annalen , 51 : 289
  • Wertheim , T. 1845 . On the relationship between mustard and garlic oils . Annalen , 55 : 297
  • Semmler , F. W. 1892 . Uber das atherische Ol des Knoblauchs . Arch. Pharmaz. , 230 : 434
  • Semmler , F. W. 1892 . Das atherische Ol des Kuchenzwiebel . Arch. Pharmaz. , 230 : 443
  • Bordia , A. , Bansal , H. C. , Arora , S. K. and Singh , S. V. 1975 . Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia . Atherosclerosis , 21 : 15
  • Rundqvist , C. 1909 . Pharmacological investigations of Allium bulbs . Pharm. Notisblad. , 18 : 323
  • Lehmann , F. A. 1930 . Untersuchungen uber Allium sativum (Knoblauch) . Arch. Expt. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 147 : 245
  • Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . Studies on organic sulfur compounds and other labile substances in plants — a review . Phytochemistry , 4 : 207
  • Carson , J. F. 1967 . “ Onion Flavor ” . In The Chemistry and Physiology of Flavors , Edited by: Schultz , H. W. , Day , J. L. and Libbey , M. L. 390 Westport, Conn. : AVI Publishing Co. .
  • Abraham , K. O. , Shankaranarayana , M. L. , Raghavan , B. and Natarajan , C. P. 1976 . Alliums — varieties, chemistry, and analysis . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 9 : 193
  • Shankaranarayana , K. L. , Raghavan , B. , Abraham , K. O. and Natarajan , C. P. 1974 . Volatile sulfur compounds in food flavors . CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. , 4 : 395
  • Shankaranarayana , K. L. , Raghaven , B. , Abraham , K. O. and Natarajan , C. P. 1982 . “ Sulfur compounds in flavors ” . In Food Flavours Part A — Introduction , Edited by: Morton , I. D. and MacLeod , A. J. 169 New York : Elsevier/North Holland .
  • Whitaker , J. R. 1976 . Development of flavor, odor, and pungency in onion and garlic . Adv. Food Res. , 22 : 73
  • Ettala , T. and Virtanen , A. I. 1962 . Labelling of sulfur‐containing amino acids and gamma‐glutamyl peptides after injection of labelled sulfate into an onion . Acta Chem. Scand. , 16 : 2061
  • Granroth , B. 1968 . Separation of Allium sulfur amino acids and peptides by thin layer electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography . Acta Chem. Scand. , 22 : 3333
  • Granroth , B. 1970 . Biosynthesis and decomposition of cysteine derivatives in onion and other Allium species . Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. , 154 ( A11 ) : 9
  • Virtanen , A. I. and Matikkala , E. J. 1959 . The isolation of S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide and S‐n‐propyl‐cysteine sulphoxide from onion (Allium cepa) and the antibiotic activity of crushed onion . Acta Chem. Scand. , 13 : 1898
  • Carson , J. F. and Wong , F. F. 1961 . Isolation of (+)‐S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide and of (+)‐S‐n‐pro‐pyl‐l‐cysteine sulphoxide from onions as their N‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl derivatives . J. Org. Chem. , 26 : 4997
  • Tsuno , S. , Murakami , F. , Tazoe , K. and Kitumoto , S. 1960 . The nutritional value of Allium plants. XXX. Isolation of methiin . Bitamin , 20 : 93
  • Hegnauer , R. 1963 . Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen , Vol. 2 , Basel : Birkhauser Verlag .
  • Hine , R. and Rogers , D. 1956 . Crystal and molecular structure of (+)‐S‐methyl‐l‐cysteine‐S‐oxide; a standard of absolute configuration for asymmetric sulphur . Chemy Ind. , : 1428
  • Tsuno , S. 1958 . The nutritional value of Allium plants. XVII. Formation of S‐(2‐(n‐(2‐methyl‐4‐amino‐5‐pyrimidyl methyl formamido)‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐pentene‐3‐yl) allyl disulphide with Ipheion uniflorum . Bitamin , 14 : 665
  • Virtanen , A. I. and Spåre , C.‐G. 1961 . Isolation of the precursor of the lachrymatory factor in onion (Allium cepa) . Suom. Kemi. , 34 : 72
  • Sugii , M. , Suzuki , T. and Nagasawa , S. 1963 . Isolation of (‐)Spropenyl‐l‐cysteine from garlic . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 11 : 548
  • Carson , J. F. , Lundin , R. E. and Lukes , T. M. 1966 . The configuration of (+)S‐(1‐propenyl)‐l‐cysteine‐S‐oxide from Allium cepa . J. Org. Chem. , 31 : 1634
  • Carson , J. F. and Boggs , L. E. 1966 . The synthesis and base‐catalysed cyclisation of (+)— and (‐)‐cis‐S‐(propenyl)‐l‐cysteine sulphoxides . J. Org. Chem. , 31 : 2862
  • Virtanen , A. I. and Matikkala , E. J. 1956 . A new sulfur‐containing amino acid in the onion . Suom. Kemi. , B29 : 134
  • Virtanen , A. I. and Matikkala , E. J. 1961 . Evidence of the presence of gamma‐glutamyl‐S‐(1‐propenyl) cysteine sulphoxide and cycloalliin as original compounds in onion (Allium cepa) . Suom. Kemi. , B34 : 114
  • Palmer , R. J. and Lee , K. S. 1966 . The structure of cycloalliin hydrochloride monohydrate . Acta Crystall. , 20 : 790
  • Kuriyama , M. , Takagi , M. and Murata , K. 1960 . A new amino acid, chondrine, isolated from red algae . Nippon Suisan Gakk. , 26 : 627
  • Tominaga , F. and Oka , K. 1963 . The isolation and identification of 1, 4‐thiazan‐3‐carboxylic acid‐S‐oxide from the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida . J. Biochem (Tokyo) , 54 : 222
  • Carson , J. F. , Lundin , R. E. and Boggs , L. M. 1969 . Base cyclization of trans‐S‐(1‐butenyl)‐L‐cysteine‐S‐oxide . J. Org. Chem. , 34 : 1996
  • Jacobsen , J. V. , Yamaguchi , M. , Mann , L. K. , Howard , F. D. and Bernhard , R. A. 1968 . An alkyl cysteine sulphoxide lyase in Tulbaghia violacea and its relation to other alliinase‐like enzymes . Phytochemistry , 7 : 1099
  • Bernhard , R. A. 1970 . Chemotaxonomy: distribution studies of sulphur compounds in Allium . Phytochemistry , 9 : 2019
  • Horhammer , L. , Wagner , H. , Seitz , M. and Vejdelek , Z. J. 1968 . Evaluation of garlic preparations. I. Chromatographic studies of actual components of Allium sativum . Pharmazie , 23 : 462
  • Dabritz , E. and Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . S‐Vinyl cysteine‐S‐oxide, a homolog of the precursor of the lachrymatory substances in onion . Chem. Ber. , 98 : 781
  • Kameoka , H. and Hashimoto , S. 1983 . Two sulphur constituents from Allium schoenoprasum . Phytochemistry , 22 : 294
  • Matikkala , E. J. and Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . Gamma‐glutamyl peptidase (glutaminase) in germinating seeds of chive (Allium schoenoprasum) . Acta Chem. Scand. , 19 : 1258
  • Matikkala , E. J. and Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . Gamma‐glutamyl peptidase in sprouting onion bulbs . Acta Chem. Scand. , 19 : 1261
  • Tsuno , S. 1958 . Alliinase in Allium plants . Bitamin , 14 : 659
  • Goryachenkova , E. V. 1952 . Enzyme in garlic which forms allycine (allyinase), a protein with phosphopyridoxal . Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. , 87 : 457
  • 1953 . Chem. Abstr. , 47 : 4928e
  • Mazelis , M. and Crews , L. 1968 . Purification of the alliin lyase of garlic, Allium sativum L. . Biochem. J. , 108 : 725
  • Schwimmer , S. 1969 . Characterisation of S‐propenyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide as the principal endogenous substrate of L‐cysteine sulphoxide lyase of onion . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 130 : 312
  • Schwimmer , S. and Guadagni , D. G. 1967 . Cysteine induced odour intensification in onions and other foods . J. Food Sci. , 32 : 405
  • Tobkin , H. E. and Mazelis , M. 1979 . Alliin lyase: preparation and characterization of the homogenous enzyme from onion bulbs . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 193 : 150
  • Schwimmer , S. and Mazelis , M. 1963 . Characterization alliinase of Allium cepa (onion) . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 100 : 66
  • Kupiecki , F. P. and Virtanen , A. I. 1960 . Cleavage of alkyl cysteine sulfoxides by an enzyme in onion (Allium cepa) . Acta Chem. Scand. , 14 : 1913
  • Schwimmer , S. 1964 . L‐Cysteine sulphoxide lyase competition between enzyme and substrate for added pyridoxal phosphate . Biochem. Biophys. Acta , 81 : 377
  • Schwimmer , S. and Friedman , M. 1972 . Genesis of volatile sulfur‐containing food flavors . Flav. Ind. , : 137
  • Thompson , J. F. , Turner , D. H. and Gering , R. K. 1964 . L‐Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in plants . Phytochemistry , 3 : 33
  • Austin , S. J. and Schwimmer , S. 1971 . L‐Gamma‐glutamyl peptidase activity in sprouted onion . Enzymologia , 40 : 273
  • Schwimmer , S. and Austin , S. J. 1971 . Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase of sprouted onion . J. Food Sci. , 36 : 807
  • Schwimmer , S. and Austin , S. J. 1971 . Enhancement of pyruvic acid release and flavor in dehydrated Allium powders by gamma glutamyl transpeptidases . J. Food Sci. , 36 : 1081
  • Schwimmer , S. 1971 . Enzymatic conversion of gamma‐l‐glutamyl cysteine peptides to pyruvic acid, a coupled reaction for enhancement of onion flavour . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 980
  • Schwimmer , S. Flavor enhancement of Allium products . U.S. Patent 3,725,085 . 1973 .
  • Granroth , B. and Sarnesto , A. 1974 . Synthesis of S‐substituted cysteine derivatives by the cysteine synthase (O‐acetylserine sulfhydryase) of (Allium cepa) and Escherichia coli . Acta Chem. Scand. , B28 : 814
  • Suzuki , T. , Sugii , M. and Kamimoto , T. 1962 . Metabolic incorporation of L‐valine‐C14 into S‐2‐carbox‐ypropylglutathione and S‐2‐carboxypropylcysteine in garlic . Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) , 10 : 328
  • Parry , R. J. and Naidu , M. V. 1983 . Determination of the absolute configuration of (‐)‐S‐(2‐carboxypro‐pyl)‐L‐cysteine . Tet. Lett. , 24 : 1133
  • Schwimmer , S. 1968 . Enzymatic conversion of trans (+)‐S‐(1‐propenyl)‐L‐cysteine‐S‐oxide to the bitter and odor‐bearing components of onion . Phytochemistry , 7 : 401
  • Bandyopadhyay , C. and Tewari , G. M. 1973 . Thin layer chromatographic investigation of color developer involved in pinking of white onion purees . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 21 : 952
  • Muller , A. L. and Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . On the biosynthesis of cycloalliin . Acta Chem. Scand. , 19 : 2257
  • Granroth , B. and Virtanen , A. I. 1967 . S‐(2‐Carboxypropyl) cysteine and its sulphoxide as precursors in the biosynthesis of cycloalliin . Acta Chem. Scand. , 21 : 1654
  • Fridborg , G. 1971 . Growth and organogenesis in tissue cultures of Allium cepa var proliferum . Plant Physiol. , 25 : 436
  • Davey , M. R. , Mackenzie , G. G. , Freeman , G. G. and Short , K. C. 1974 . Studies of some aspects of the growth, fine structure and flavor production of onion tissue grown in vitro . Plant Sci. Lett. , 3 : 113
  • Freeman , G. G. , Whenham , R. J. , Mackenzie , I. A. and Davey , M. R. 1974 . Flavour components in tissue cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.) . Plant Sci. Lett. , 3 : 121
  • Selby , C. , Galpin , I. J. and Collin , H. A. 1979 . Alliinase activity and flavor precursor compounds . New Phytol. , 83 : 351
  • Selby , C. , Turnbull , A. and Collin , H. A. 1980 . Stimulation of flavour precursor synthesis in onion tissue cultures . New Phytol. , 84 : 307
  • Turnbull , A. , Galpin , I. J. and Collin , H. A. 1980 . Feeding of 14C‐labelled precursors of the flavor precursor compounds . New Phytol. , 85 : 483
  • Selby , C. and Collin , H. A. 1976 . Clonal variation in growth and flavor production in tissue cultures of Allium cepa L. . Ann. Bot. , 40 : 911
  • Becker , A. and Schuphan , W. 1975 . Ein Beitrag zur Biogenese und Biochemie antimikrobiell wirkender atherischer Ole der Kuchenzwiebel (Allium cepa L.) . Qual. Plant—Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 25 : 107
  • Lancaster , J. E. and Collin , H. A. 1981 . Presence of alliinase in isolated vacuoles and of alkyl cysteine sulphoxides in the cytoplasm of bulbs of onion (A. cepa) . Plant Sci. Lett. , 22 : 169
  • Turnbull , A. , Galpin , I. J. , Smith , J. L. and Collin , H. A. 1981 . Effect of shoot and root morphogenesis on flavor precursor synthesis in onion tissue culture . New Phytol. , 87 : 257
  • Virtanen , A. I. 1969 . Antimicrobial and antithyroid compounds in some edible vegetables . Qual. Plant Mater. Veg. , 18 : 8
  • Johnson , A. E. , Nursten , H. E. and Williams , A. A. 1971 . Vegetable volatiles: a survey of components identified. I . Chemy Ind. , : 556
  • Bennett , E. 1945 . A note on the presence of pyruvic acid in Ebenezer onions . Plant Physiol. , 20 : 461
  • Penn , R. E. , Block , E. and Revelle , L. K. 1978 . Methanesulfenic acid . J. Am. Cheat. Soc. , 100 : 3622
  • Lukes , T. M. 1971 . Thin layer chromatography of cysteine derivatives of onion flavor compounds and the lachrymatory factor . J. Food Sci. , 36 : 662
  • Yagami , M. , Kawakishi , S. and Namiki , M. 1980 . Identification of intermediates in the formation of onion flavors . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 44 : 2533
  • Boelens , M. , deValois , P. J. , Wobben , H. J. and van der Gern , A. 1971 . Volatile flavor compounds from onion . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 984
  • Isenberg , N. and Grdinic , M. 1973 . Thiosulphinates . Int. J. Sulphur Chem. , 8 : 307
  • Brodnitz , M. H. , Pascale , J. V. and Vanderslice , L. 1971 . Flavour components of garlic extract . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 273
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1976 . Thiopropanal‐Soxide, alk(en)yl thiosulphinates and thiosul‐phonates: simulation of flavour components of Allium species . Phytochemistry , 15 : 187
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1976 . Nature and origin of volatile flavour components of onion and related species . Flavours , 7 : 222
  • Drawert , F. , Berger , R. G. , Broker , B. and Nitz , S. 1982 . Uber die Biogenese von Aromastoffen bei Pflanzen und Fruchten. XXI. Dynamik der Biosynthese von Aromastoffen in Zwiebel homogenaten . Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm. , 1 : 179
  • Saghir , A. R. , Mann , L. K. , Bernhard , R. A. and Jacobsen , J. V. 1964 . Determination of aliphatic mono‐and disulphides in Allium by gas chromatography and their distribution in the common food species . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 84 : 386
  • Boelens , H. and Brandsma , L. 1972 . Formation of dialkylthiophenes by thermolysis of di(l‐alkenyl) disulphides and alkyl 1‐propenyl disulphides . Rec. Trav. Chem. , 91 : 141
  • Wijers , H. E. , Boelens , S. H. , van der Gern , A. and Brandsma , L. 1969 . Synthesis and some properties of 1‐alkenyl disulphides and di(l‐alkenyl) disulphides . Rec. Trav. Chem. , 88 : 519
  • Kohman , E. F. 1952 . Onion pungency and onion flavor. Their chemical determination . Food Technol. , 6 : 288
  • Mazza , G. 1980 . Relative volatilites of some onion flavour components . J. Food Technol. , 15 : 35
  • Mazza , G. , Lemaguer , M. and Hadziev , D. 1980 . Headspace sampling procedures for onion (Allium cepa L.) aroma assessment . Can. Inst. Food Sci. Tech. J. , 13 : 87
  • Bernhard , R. A. 1969 . The sulphur components of Allium species as flavoring matter . Qual. Plant Mater. Veg. , 18 : 72
  • Mazza , G. , Lemaguer , M. and Hadziev , D. 1979 . Effect of cysteine on volatile development in dehydrated onions (Allium cepa L.) . Can. Inst. Food Sci. Tech. J. , 12 : 43
  • Virtanen , A. I. and Spåre , C.‐G. 1962 . On the enzymic splitting of S(l‐propenyl)‐cysteine sulphoxide and the formation of the lachrymatory factor . Soum. Kemi. , B35 : 28
  • Niegisch , W. D. and Stahl , W. H. 1956 . The onion, gaseous emanation products . Food Res. , 21 : 657
  • Moisio , T. , Spåre , C.‐G. and Virtanen , A. I. 1962 . Mass spectral studies of the chemical nature of the lachrymatory factor formed enzymically from S‐(1‐propenyl) cysteine sulphoxide isolated from onion (Allium cepa) . Suom. Kemi. , B35 : 29
  • Spåre , C.‐G. and Virtanen , A. I. 1963 . On the lachrymatory factor in onion (Allium cepa) vapours and its precursors . Acta Chem. Scand. , 17 : 641
  • Brodnitz , M. H. and Pascale , J. V. 1971 . Thiopropanal‐S‐oxide, a lachrymatory factor in onions . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 269
  • Wilkens , W. F. 1964 . Isolation and identification of the lachrymogenic compound of onion , Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 385 New York : Cornell University .
  • Block , E. , Penn , P. E. and Revelle , L. K. 1979 . Structure and origin of the onion lachrymatory factor. A microwave study . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 101 : 2200
  • Block , E. , Revelle , L. K. and Buzzi , A. A. 1980 . The lachrymatory factor of the onion — an n.m.r. study . Tet. Lett. , 21 : 1277
  • Brodnitz , M. H. , Matawan , P. and Pascale , J. V. Neue Schwefelverbindungen mit Zwiebel‐oder Lauch‐geschmack . German Patent 2108727 . 1971 .
  • Saghir , A.‐R. and Mann , L. K. 1965 . The lachrymatory factor in the American wild alliums . Suom. Kemi. , B38 : 78
  • Carson , J. F. and Wong , F. F. 1961 . The volatile flavour components of onions . Agr. Food Chem. , 9 : 140
  • Bernhard , R. A. 1968 . Comparative distribution of volatile aliphatic disulphides derived from fresh and dehydrated onions . J. Food Sci. , 33 : 298
  • Brodnitz , M. H. , Pollock , C. L. and Vallon , P. P. 1969 . Flavour components of onion oil . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 17 : 760
  • Ayseaksoy , H. 1983 . An investigation of the ethereal oils of onion (Altium cepa. Liliaceae) of Turkish origin . Z. Lebensm. unter. Forsch. , 177 : 34
  • Brodnitz , M. H. and Pollock , C. L. 1970 . Gas chromatographic analysis of distilled onion oil . Food Tech‐nol. , 24 : 78
  • Galetto , W. G. and Hoffman , P. G. 1976 . Synthesis and flavor evaluation of some alkylthiophenes. Volatile components of onion . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 24 : 852
  • Yamamish , T. and Orioka , A. 1955 . Chemical studies on the change of flavor and taste of onion by boiling . J. Home Econ. , 6 : 45
  • Galetto , W. G. and Bednarczyk , A. A. 1975 . Relative flavor contribution of individual volatile components of the oil of onion (Allium cepa) . J. Food Sci. , 40 : 1165
  • Brodnitz , M. H. , Pascale , J. V. and Vock , M. H. Propyl propene thiosulphonate and novel flavoring compositions containing it and processes for preparing them . British Patent 1,313,813 . 1973 .
  • Galetto , W. G. and Pace , C. A. Synthetic onion oil composition . U.S. Patent 3,764,709 . 1973 .
  • Naarden International . Onion aromas . British Patent 1355 106 . 1974 .
  • Ledl , F. 1975 . Untersuchung des Rostzwiebelaromas . Z. Lebensm. unter. Forsch. , 157 : 229
  • Ledl , F. , Schnell , W. and Severin , T. L. 1976 . Proof of 2,3‐dihydro‐3, 5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one in foods . Z. Lebensm. unter. Forsch. , 160 : 367
  • Kameoka , H. and Demizu , Y. 1979 . 3,5‐Diethyl‐1,2,4 trithionolane from Allium cepa . Phytochemistry , 18 : 1397
  • Galetto , W. G. and Hoffman , P. G. 1976 . Synthesis and flavor evaluation of several alkyl furanones found in Allium species (onions, shallots, and leeks) . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 24 : 854
  • Dembele , S. and Dubois , P. 1973 . Composition d'essence shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) . Ann. Techn. Agr. , 22 : 121
  • Schreye , L. , Dirinck , P. , Van Wessenhove , F. and Schamp , N. 1976 . Analysis of leek volatiles by head‐space condensation . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 24 : 1147
  • Kameoka , H. , Iida , H. , Hashimoto , S. and Miyazawa , M. 1984 . Sulphides and furanones from steam volatile oils of Allium fistulosum and Allium chinense . Phytochemistry , 23 : 155
  • Kuwata , K. , Vebori , M. , Yamada , K. and Yamazuki , Y. 1982 . Liquid chromatographic determination of alkyl thiols via derivatization with 5,5'‐dithiobis(2‐nitrobenzoic acid) . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 1082
  • Spåre , C.‐G. and Virtanen , A. I. 1961 . The volatile carbonyls and alcohols in the flavor substances of onion (Allium cepa) . Acta Chem. Scand. , 15 : 1280
  • Albrand , M. , Dubois , P. , Etievant , P. , Gelin , R. and Tokarska , B. 1980 . Identification of a new volatile compound in onion (Allium cepa) and leek (Allium porrum) 3,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐2,5‐dihydrothio‐phene . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 28 : 1037
  • Murray , K. E. and Whitfield , F. B. 1975 . The occurrence of 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines in raw vegetables . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 26 : 973
  • Tokarska , B. and Karwowska , K. 1983 . The role of sulfur compounds in evaluation of flavoring value of some plant raw materials . Die Nahrung , 27 : 443
  • Apitz‐Castro , R. , Cabrera , S. , Cruz , M. R. , Ledezma , E. and Jain , M. K. 1983 . Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reactivity and platelet ultrastructure . Thromb. Res. , 32 : 155
  • Schultz , O.‐E. and Mohrmann , H.‐L. 1965 . Beitrag zur Analyse der Inhaltstoffe von Knoblauch‐ A Ilium sativum L. II. Mitteilung. Gaschromatographie des Knoblauchols . Pharmazie , 20 : 441
  • Choudhury , S. K. 1960 . Allyl sulfide content of garlic . Current Sci. (Bangalore) , 29 : 351
  • Oaks , D. M. , Hartman , H. and Dimick , K. P. 1964 . Analysis of sulphur compounds with electron capture hydrogen flame dual channel gas chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 36 : 1560
  • Yoshimura , M. 1958 . Studies on the nutritional value of Allium plants. XI. Investigation of specially smelling ingredients in Allium plants . Bitamin , 14 : 633
  • Bonnet , R. , Niviere , P. and Labeyrie , V. 1974 . Characterisation d'amino acides sulfoxydes dans la gaine et els limbes d’ Allium porrum . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 279 : 1919 Ser. D
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1975 . A survey of volatile components of some Allium species in terms of S‐alk(en)yl‐l‐cysteine sulphoxides present as flavor precursors . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 26 : 1869
  • Jasperson , H. and Jones , R. 1947 . Some unsaponifiable constituents of deodorization distillates of vegetable oils . J. Soc. Chem. Ind. , 66 : 15
  • Auger , J. and Thibout , E. 1979 . Action des substances soufrees volatiles du poireau (Allium porrum) sur la poute d'Acrolepiopsis assectella, (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutoidea): prepoderance des thiosulfi‐nates . Can. J. Zool. , 57 : 2223
  • Auger , J. and Thibout , E. 1981 . Emission par le poireau Allium porrum de thiosulfinates actif sur la teigne du Poireau, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera) . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. III. , 292 : 217
  • Wu , J. L. , Chou , C. C. , Chen , M. H. and Wu , C. M. 1982 . Volatile flavor compounds from shallots . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 606
  • Wu , C. M. and Wu , L‐P. 1981 . Flavour chemistry of Allium cepa L. var aggregatum and its application in foods . Yen Chiu Pao Kao‐Shih Pin Kung Yeh Fa Chan Yen Chiu So , 197 : 1
  • 1983 . Chem. Abstr. , 98 : 12443q
  • Wu , J. L. and Wu , C. M. 1982 . Flavour chemistry of shallot and its application in canned rice food . Yen Chiu Pao Kao‐Shih Pin Kung Yeh Fa Chah Yen Chiu So , 244 : 1
  • 1983 . Chem. Abstr. , 98 : 177797q
  • Wu , J. C. and Wu , C. M. 1982 . Volatile compounds from freeze‐dried shallot, baked shallot, and deep fried shallot . Rep. Food Ind. Res. Dev. Inst. , 284 : 1
  • Wu , J. L. and Wu , C. M. 1981 . High performance liquid chromatographic separation of shallot volatile oil . J. Chromatogr. , 214 : 234
  • Dooley , C. J. 1982 . Volatile flavor compounds from shallots . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 4
  • Libbey , L. M. 1982 . Identity of volatile compounds of shallots . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 5
  • Wahlroos , O. and Virtanen , A. I. 1965 . Volatiles from chives (Allium schoenoprasum) . Acta Chem. Scand. , 19 : 1327
  • Hashimoto , S. , Miyazawa , M. and Kameoka , H. 1983 . Volatile flavor components of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) . J. Food Sci. , 48 : 1858
  • Nishimura , H. , Fujiwara , K. , Mizutani , J. and Obata , Y. 1971 . Volatile flavour components of caucas . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 992
  • Akashi , K. , Nishimura , H. and Mizutani , J. 1975 . Precursors and enzymatic development of caucas flavor components . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 39 : 1507
  • Kameoka , H. and Miyake , A. 1974 . The constituents of the steam volatile oil from Allium tuberosum Rottler . J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 48 : 385
  • Mackenzie , I. A. and Ferns , D. A. 1977 . The composition of volatiles from different parts of Allium tuberosum plants . Phytochemistry , 16 : 763
  • Iida , H. , Hashimoto , S. , Miyazawa , M. and Kameoka , H. 1983 . Volatile flavour components of nir (Allium tuberosum Rottl.) . J. Food Sci. , 48 : 660
  • Saito , S. and Takama , F. 1976 . Effect of vinyl film covering on the growth, quality and chemical composition of vegetables. IV. Effect on the quality and volatile aroma components of the Chinese chive, Allium tuberosum Rottler et Sprengel . J. Agr. Sci. (Tokyo) , 21 : 177
  • Kameoka , H. , Demizu , Y. , Iwase , Y. and Kamimura , Y. 1981 . Constituents of the neutral fraction of steam volatile oil from Allium fistulosum Linn var. caespitosum Makino . Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi , 55 : 315
  • Hashimoto , S. , Miyuzawa , M. and Kameoka , H. 1984 . Volatile flavour components of Allium grayi Regal . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 35 : 353
  • Barnard , D. and Cole , E. R. 1959 . The detection and estimation of thiosulphinates and thiosulphonates . Anal. Chem. Acta. , 20 : 540
  • Carson , J. F. and Wong , F. F. 1959 . A colour reaction for thiosulphinates . Nature (London) , 183 : 1673
  • Watanabe , T. and Komada , A. 1966 . Measurement of allicin with N‐ethylmaleimide . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 29 : 418
  • Nakata , C. , Nakata , T. and Hishikawa , A. 1970 . An improved colorimetric determination of thiosulphin‐ate . Anal. Biochem. , 37 : 92
  • Freeman , G. G. and McBreen , F. 1973 . A rapid spectrophotometric method of determination of thiosul‐phinate in onion (Allium cepa) and its significance in flavor studies . Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 1 : 1150
  • Tewari , G. M. and Bandyopadhyay , C. 1975 . Quantitative evaluation of lachrymatory factor in onion by thin‐layer chromatography . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 23 : 645
  • Tewari , G. M. and Bandyopadhyay , C. 1977 . Pungency and lachrymatory factor as a measure of flavour strength of onions . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 10 : 94
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1975 . A rapid spectrophotometric method of determination of thio‐propanal‐S‐oxide (lachrymator) in onion (Allium cepa L.) and its significance in flavor studies . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 26 : 1529
  • Bandyopadhyay , C. , Srirangarajan , A. N. and Sreenivasan , A. 1970 . Studies on the flavor components of onion (Allium cepa). I. Thin layer chromatographic investigation of onion oil . J. Chromatogr. , 47 : 400
  • Platenius , H. and Knott , J. E. 1935 . The pungency of the onion bulb as influenced by the stage of the development of the plant . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 33 : 481
  • Currier , H. B. 1945 . Photometric estimation of volatile sulfur in onions as a criterion of pungency . Food Res. , 10 : 177
  • Farber , L. 1967 . The chemical evaluation of the pungency of onion and garlic by the content of volatile reducing substances . Food Technol. , 11 : 621
  • 1982 . Dehydrated garlic — determination of volatile organic sulfur compounds , Geneva : International Standard Organization . ISO 5567
  • Saguy , M. , Mannheim , C. H. and Peleg , Y. 1970 . Estimation of volatile aroma and flavor compounds . J. Food Technol. , 5 : 165
  • Abraham , K. O. , Shankaranarayana , M. L. , Raghavan , B. , Shastry , L. V. L. and Natarajan , C. P. 1973 . Asafoetida. I. Oxidimetric determination of the volatile oil . Flav. Ind. , 4 : 310
  • Jaegar , H. 1955 . Quantitative Bestimmung von Allicin in frischen Knoblauch . Arch. Pharm. , 288 : 145
  • Alfonso , N. and Lopez , E. 1960 . Bestimmungsmethoden fur den Geruchswert Mexikanischer Knoblau‐charten . Z. Lebensm. Unters. , 111 : 410
  • Schwimmer , S. and Weston , W. J. 1961 . Enzymatic development of pyruvic acid in onion as a measure of pungency . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 9 : 301
  • Schwimmer , S. and Guadagni , D. G. 1962 . Relation between olfactory threshold concentration and pyruvic acid content of onion juice . J. Food Sci. , 27 : 94
  • Schwimmer , S. and Guadagni , D. G. 1968 . Kinetics of the enzymic development of pyruvic acid and odor in frozen onions treated with cysteine C‐S lyase . J. Food Sci. , 33 : 193
  • Ismail , F. A. 1975 . Evaluation of pungency in Egyptian varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.) . Egypt J. Food Sci. , 3 : 49
  • Schwimmer , S. , Venstrom , D. W. and Guadagni , D. G. 1964 . Relation between pyruvate content and odor strength of reconstituted onion powder . Food Technol. , 18 : 1231
  • Lancaster , J. E. and Kelly , K. E. 1983 . Quantitative analysis of the S‐alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides in onion (Allium cepa) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 34 : 1229
  • Lancaster , J. E. , McCallion , B. J. and Shaw , M. L. 1984 . The levels of flavour precursors, the S‐alk(en)yl‐l‐cysteine sulphoxides during the growth of the onion (.Allium cepa L.) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 35 : 415
  • Yamaguchi , M. , Paulson , K. N. , Kinsella , M. N. and Bernhard , R. A. 1975 . Effects of soil temperature on growth and quality of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) used for dehydration . J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 100 : 415
  • Nieuwhof , N. , Debruyn , J. W. and Garretsen , F. 1973 . Methods to determine solidity and dry matter content of onions (Allium cepa L.) . Euphytica , 22 : 39
  • McCollum , G. D. 1968 . Heretability and genetic correlation of soluble solids, bulb size and shape in white sweet Spanish onion . Can. J. Genet. Cytol. , 10 : 508
  • Schweisguth , B. 1974 . Etude de la teneur en matiere seche de l'oignon, Allium ccpaL. II. Heredite de la teneur en matiere seche du bulbe . Ann. d'Amelioration Plantes , 24 : 185
  • Malkki , Y. , Nikkila , O. E. and Aalto , M. 1978 . The composition and aroma of onions and influencing factors . J. Sci. Agr. Soc. Fin. , 50 : 103
  • Nilsson , T. 1980 . The influence of the time of harvest on the chemical composition of onions . Swed. J. Agr. Res. , 10 : 77
  • Nagai , M. 1967 . Growth of onions as a summer crop. II. Freshweight and dry matter content of the leaves as indicators for measuring growth and maturity . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 36 : 299
  • Schweisguth , B. and Bruant , B. 1973 . Etude de la teneur en matiere seche de l'oignon, Allium cepa L. I. Evolution de la tenneur en matiere seche au cours due developement vegatatif de la plante . Ann. d'Amelioration Plantes , 23 : 357
  • Lancaster , J. E. and Kelly , K. E. 1984 . Dry matter percentage of leaf blades and scales during the growth of onion (Allium cepa L.) . N.Z. J. Agr. Res. , 27 : 83
  • Bajaj , K. L. , Kaur , G. , Singh , J. and Gill , S. P. S. 1979 . Lachrymatory factor and other chemical constituents of some varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.) . J. Plant Foods , 3 : 199
  • Steer , B. T. 1982 . The effect of growth temperature on dry weight and carbohydrate content of onion (Allium cepah. cvCreamgold) bulbs . Aust. J. Agr. Res. , 33 : 559
  • Svec , L. V. , Thoroughgood , C. A. and Mok , H. C. S. 1976 . Chemical evaluation of vegetables grown with conventional or organic soil amendments . Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 7 : 213
  • Lazic , B. 1975 . The effect of the size of the sets on intensity of growth, maturity, and qualitative properties of onion . Acta Hort. , 52 : 259
  • Hansen , H. 1978 . The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition of vegetables . Qual. Plant—Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 28 : 45
  • Belik , V. F. and Tyurina , S. M. 1982 . Harvesting times and chemical composition of perennial onions . Kartofel'i Ovoshchi , : 31
  • Karmarkar , D. V. and Joshi , B. M. 1941 . Investigations on the storage of onions . Ind. J. Agr. Sci. , 11 : 82
  • Bennet , E. 1941 . The effect of storage on the carbohydrates of the Ebenezer onion . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 39 : 293
  • Yamaguchi , M. , Pratt , H. K. and Morris , L. L. 1957 . Effect of storage temperatures on keeping quality and composition of onion bulbs and on subsequent darkening of dehydrated flakes . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 69 : 421
  • Basker , J. 1975 . Changes in the solids and ash content of onions on storage . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Tech. , 8 : 75
  • Darbyshire , B. 1978 . Changes in the carbohydrate content of onion bulbs stored for various times at different temperatures . J. Hort. Sci. , 53 : 195
  • Edelman , J. and Jefford , T. G. 1968 . The mechanism of fructosan metabolism in higher plants as exemplified in Helianthus tuberosum . New Phytol. , 67 : 517
  • Hardh , J. E. , Persson , A. R. and Ottosson , L. 1977 . Quality of vegetables cultivated at different latitudes in Scandinavia . Acta Agr. Scand. , 27 : 81
  • Nilsson , T. 1979 . Yield, storage ability, quality, and chemical composition of carrot, cabbage and leek at conventional and organic fertilizing . Acta Hort. , 93 : 209
  • Peleg , Y. , Mannheim , C. H. and Berk , Z. 1970 . Changes in quality of dehydrated kibbled onions during storage . J. Food Sci. , 35 : 513
  • Michovic , M. , Stojanovic , N. and Ervacanin , M. 1972 . The caloric value of dehydrated vegetables and change in the vitamin value during storage . Hrana Ishrana , 13 : 343
  • Bodwell , C. E. and Womack , M. 1978 . Effects of heating methods on protein nutritional value of fresh or frozen prepared food products . J. Food Sci. , 43 : 1543
  • Shurikhin , I. M. , Linke , O. E. , Frolova , G. F. and Los , T. I. 1980 . Application of gas chromatography for studying variation in sugar content during culinary treatment of some vegetables . Vopr. Pitan. , : 59
  • Omar , F. A. and Arafa , A. E. 1979 . Chemical composition of garlic bulbs during storage as affected by MH as preharvest foliar spray . Agr. Res. Rev. , 57 : 203
  • Vincent , O. 1961 . Effect of ionizing gamma radiation on ascorbic acid and thiamine in foodstuffs . J. Hygiene Epidem. Microb. Immunol. , 5 : 248
  • Mathur , P. B. , Date , W. B. , Srivastava , H. C. and Subramanyam , H. 1958 . Effects of preharvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide on the cold‐storage behaviour of onions . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 9 : 312
  • El‐Hinnawy , S. I. , El‐Hadidy , Z. A. , El‐Ghobashy , R. E. and Shama , A. I. 1977 . Effect of gamma radiation on the phenolic compounds, sulphoglycosides content and activities of oxidative enzymes in garlic bulbs during storage . Res. Bull. Fac. Agr., Ain Shams University, Egypt , 795 : 1
  • El‐Warraki , A. , El‐Hadidy , Z. A. , El‐Globashy , R. and Shama , A. I. 1978 . Effect of y‐radiation on the free amino acids of garlic bulbs . Res. Bull. Fac. Agr. Ain Shams University, Egypt , 949 : 1
  • Guo , A.‐X. , Wang , G.‐Z. and Wang , Y. 1981 . Biochemical effect of irradiation on potato, onion, and garlic in storage. I. Changes of major nutrients during storage . Yuang Tzu Neng Nung Yeh Ying Yung , 1 : 16
  • Saghir , A. R. , Mann , L. K. and Yamaguchi , M. 1965 . Composition of volatiles in Allium as related to habitat, stage of growth and plant part . Plant Physiol. , 35 : 681
  • Platenius , H. 1941 . Factors affecting onion pungency . J. Agr. Res. , 62 : 371
  • Chua , G. K. , Lacroix , L. J. , Levy , R. and Unrau , A. M. 1968 . Relationships between the flavor of canned onions and their chemical components as separated by gas chromatography . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 93 : 817
  • Freeman , G. G. 1975 . Distribution of flavor components in onion (Allium cepa L.), leek (Allium porrum) and garlic (Allium sativum) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 26 : 471
  • Lacroix , L. J. , Chua , G. K. , Levy , R. and Unrau , A. M. 1967 . The application of electron capture gas chromatography in the determination of flavor components of onions . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 9 : 410
  • Kumar , K. and Sahay , R. K. 1954 . Effect of sulfur fertilization on the pungency of onion . Current Sci. , 24 : 368
  • Freeman , G. G. and Mossadeghi , N. 1970 . Effect of sulphate nutrition on flavor components of onion (Allium cepa) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 21 : 610
  • Freeman , G. G. and Mossadeghi , N. 1971 . Influence of sulfate nutrition on the flavor components of garlic (Allium sativum) and wild onion (Allium vineale) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 22 : 330
  • Freeman , G. G. and Mossadeghi , N. 1973 . Studies on relationship between water regime and flavor strength in watercress (Roripa nasturtium‐aquaticum (L.) Hayek), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capi‐tata), and onion (Allium cepa) . J. Hort. Sci. , 48 : 365
  • Fenwick , G. R. , Heaney , R. K. and Mullin , W. J. 1983 . Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 18 : 123
  • Platenius , H. and Knott , J. E. 1936 . The pungency of the onion bulb as influenced by the stage of development of the plant . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 33 : 481
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1974 . Flavour changes in dry bulb onions during overwinter storage at ambient temperature . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 25 : 517
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1976 . Effect of overwinter storage at three temperatures on the flavor intensity of dry bulb onions . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 27 : 37
  • Pierce , H. D. Jr. , Vernon , R. S. , Borden , J. H. and Oehlschlager , A. C. 1978 . Host selection by Hylemya antiqua (Meigen): identification of three new attractants and oviposition stimulants . J. Chem. Ecol. , 4 : 65
  • Vernon , R. S. , Judd , G. J. R. , Borden , J. H. , Pierce , H. D. Jr. and Oehlschlager , A. G. 1981 . Attraction of Hylemya antiqua Meigen (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the field to host‐produced oviposition stimulants and their non‐host analogues . Can J. Zool. , 59 : 872
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1974 . Changes in onion (Allium cepa L.) flavor components resulting from some postharvest processes . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 25 : 499
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1975 . The use of synthetic (±)‐S‐l‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide and of aliiinase preparations in studies of flavor changes resulting from processing of onion (Allium cepa L.) . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 26 : 1333
  • Mahdi , A. A. , Rice , A. C. and Weckel , K. G. 1961 . Effect of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid on flavor of processed fruit and vegetable products . Agr. Food Chem. , 9 : 143
  • Malkki , Y. and Heinonen , S. 1978 . Freeze drying of high aroma onions . J. Sci. Agr. Soc. Finland , 50 : 125
  • Schwimmer , S. 1962 . Alteration of the flavor of processed vegetables by enzyme preparations . J. Food Sci. , 28 : 460
  • Freeman , G. G. and Whenham , R. J. 1976 . Synthetic S‐alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides — aliiinase fission products: simulation of flavor components of Allium species . Phytochemistry , 15 : 521
  • Mazza , G. and Lemaguer , M. 1979 . Volatiles retention during the dehydration of onion (Allium cepa L.) . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 12 : 333
  • Kawakishi , S. , Namiki , K. , Nishimura , H. and Namiki , M. 1971 . Effects of gamma irradiation on the enzyme relating to the development of characteristic odour of onions . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 19 : 166
  • Nishimura , H. and Mizutani , J. 1975 . Effect of gamma irradiation on development of lachrymator of onion . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 39 : 2245
  • Nishimura , H. , Kawakishi , S. and Namiki , M. 1970 . Studies on the gamma radiolysis of sulfur‐containing amino acids. I. Gamma radiolysis of S‐n‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide and S‐allyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides in aqueous solution . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 34 : 609
  • Nishimura , H. , Asahi , A. , Fujiwara , K. , Mizutani , J. and Obata , Y. 1971 . Changes in flavor components of onion by gamma irradiation . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 35 : 1831
  • Nishimura , H. and Mizutani , J. 1975 . Effect of gamma irradiation on development of lachrymator of onion . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 39 : 2245
  • Schwimmer , S. 1967 . Development of a bitter substance in onion juice . Food Technol. , 21 : 292
  • Curzio , D. A. and Ceci , L. N. 1984 . Evaluation of enhereal extracts of irradiated garlic . Food Chem. , 14 : 287
  • Figuerola , R. F. and Estevez , A. A. M. 1977 . Dehydration of “Blandino”; garlic (Allium ampeloprasum) in the south of Chile . Investigation Agricola , 3 : 81
  • Legendre , M. G. , Dupuy , H. P. , Rayner , E. T. and Schuller , W. H. 1980 . Rapid instrumental technique for the analysis of volatiles in salad dressing . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 57 : 361
  • Bolton , S. , Null , G. and Troetel , W. M. 1982 . The medical uses of garlic — fact and fiction . Am. Pharm. , 22 : 448
  • Petkov , W. 1966 . Pharmakologische und Klinische Untersuchungen des Knoblauchs . Deutsche Apotheker Z. , 106 : 1861
  • Petkov , V. 1979 . Plants with hypotensive, antiantheromatous, and coronaradilating action . Am. J. Chinese Med. , 7 : 197
  • Ikram , M. 1971 . A review on chemical and medicinal aspects of Allium cepa . Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 14 : 395
  • Ikram , M. 1972 . A review on chemical and medicinal aspects of Allium sativum . Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 15 : 81
  • Ernst , E. 1981 . Therapie mit Knoblauch — Theorien uber ein volkstumliches Heilprinzip . Munch, med. Wschr. , 123 : 1537
  • Lau , B. H. S. , Adetumbi , M. A. and Sanchez , A. 1983 . Allium sativum (garlic) and atherosclerosis: a review . Nutr. Res. , 3 : 119
  • Reuter , H. D. 1983 . Antiarteriosklerotische Wirkung von Knoblauchinhaltstoffen . Therapie Woche. , 33 : 2474
  • Kamanna , V. S. and Chandrasekhara , N. 1983 . Biochemical and physiological effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 42 : 353
  • Konvicka , O. 1983 . Knoblauch — eine Gewurtz — und Heilpflanze . Naturwissensch. Rundschau , 36 : 209
  • Weisenberger , H. , Grube , H. , Koenig , E. and Pelzer , H. 1972 . Isolation and identification of the platelet aggregation inhibitor present in the onion . Allium cepa, FEBS Lett. , 26 : 105
  • Baghurst , K. I. , Raj , M. J. and Truswell , A. S. 1977 . Onions and platelet aggregation . Lancet , 101 : 8002
  • Bordia , A. 1978 . Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro . Atherosclerosis , 30 : 355
  • Makheja , A. N. , Vanderhoek , J. Y. and Bailey , J. M. 1979 . Properties of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis isolated from onion and garlic . Thromb. Haemostatis , 42 : 74
  • Makheja , A. N. , Vanderhoek , J. Y. and Bailey , J. M. 1979 . Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis by onion and garlic . Lancet , 8119 : 781
  • Makheja , A. N. , Vanderhoek , J. Y. and Bailey , J. M. 1979 . Effects of onions (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis . Prostaglandins Med. , 2 : 413
  • Vanderhoek , J. Y. , Makheja , A. N. and Bailey , J. M. 1980 . Inhibition of fatty acid oxygenases by onion and garlic oils. Evidence for the mechanism by which these oils inhibit platelet aggregation . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 29 : 3169
  • Ariga , T. , Oshiba , S. and Tamada , T. 1981 . Platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic . Lancet , 8212 : 150
  • Oshiba , S. , Ariga , T. , Sawai , H. , Imai , H. and Endoh , H. 1981 . The inhibitory effect of garlic oil on platelet aggregation, II . J. Physiol. Soc. Jpn. , 43 : 407
  • Bosia , A. , Spangenberg , P. , Losche , W. , Arese , P. and Till , U. 1983 . The role of the GSH‐disulphide status in the reversible and irreversible aggregation of human platelets . Thromb. Res. , 30 : 137
  • Boullin , D. J. 1981 . Garlic as a platelet inhibitor . Lancet , 8223 : 776
  • Samson , R. R. 1982 . Effects of dietary garlic and temporal drift on platelet aggregatioin . Atherosclerosis , 44 : 119
  • Srivastava , K. C. 1984 . Effects of aqueous extracts of onion, garlic, and ginger on platelet aggregation and metabolism of arachidonic acid in the blood vascular system: in vitro study . Prostaglandins Leuko‐trienes Med. , 13 : 227
  • Gupta , N. N. , Mehrota , R. M. L. and Sircar , A. R. 1966 . Effect of onion on serum cholesterol, blood coagulation factors and fibrinolytic activity in alimentary lipaemia . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 54 : 48
  • Sudhakaran Menon , I. , Kendal , R. Y. , Dewar , H. A. and Newell , D. J. 1968 . Effect of onions on blood fibrinolytic activity . Br. Med. J. , 256 : 351
  • Sudhakaran Menon , I. 1969 . Fresh onions and blood fibrinolysis . Br. Med. J. , 258 : 845
  • Jain , R. C. and Andleigh , H. S. 1969 . Onion and blood fibrinolytic activity . Br. Med. J. , 258 : 514
  • Abdou , I. A. , Awadalla , M. Z. and Botrous , S. 1970 . Effect of raw Egyptian onions on blood fibrinolytic activity . J. Egypt Publ. Health Assoc. , 45 : 377
  • Valeriote , M. 1969 . Onions, Can . Med. Assoc. J. , 100 : 626
  • Sudhakaran Menon , I. 1970 . Onions and blood fibrinolysis . Br. Med. J. , : 421
  • Jain , R. C. 1971 . Effect of onion on serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and fibrinolytic activity of blood in alimentary lipaemia . J. Assoc. Physic. Ind. , 19 : 305
  • Jain , R. C. 1971 . Study of effects of onion feeding on fibrinolytic activity of blood . J. Assoc. Physic. ind. , 19 : 301
  • Jain , R. C. 1971 . Effect of butter fat and onion on coagulability of blood . Ind. J. Med. Sci. , 25 : 698
  • Bordia , A. and Bansal , H. C. 1973 . Essential oil of garlic in prevention of atherosclerosis . Lancet , 7844 : 1491
  • Augusti , K. T. , Benaim , M. E. , Dewar , H. A. and Virden , R. 1975 . Partial identification of the fibrinolytic activators in onion . Atherosclerosis , 21 : 409
  • Agarwal , R. K. , Dewar , H. A. , Newell , D. J. and Das , B. 1977 . Controlled trial of the effect of cycloalliin on the fibrinolytic activity of venous blood . Atherosclerosis , 27 : 347
  • Abraham , K. O. , Shankaranarayana , M. L. , Raghavan , B. and Natarajan , C. P. 1982 . Odorous compounds of asefetida. VII. Isolation and identification . Ind. Food Packer , 36 : 65
  • Bordia , A. and Arora , S. K. 1975 . The effect of essential oil (active principle) of asafoetida on alimentary lipemia . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 63 : 707
  • Chutani , S. K. and Bordia , A. 1981 . The effect of fried vs. raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man . Atherosclerosis , 38 : 417
  • Bordia , A. K. , Joshi , H. K. , Sanadhya , Y. K. and Bhu , N. 1977 . Effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease . Atherosclerosis , 28 : 155
  • Bordia , A. K. , Sanadhya , S. K. , Rathore , A. S. and Bhu , N. 1978 . Essential oil of garlic on blood lipids and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. I . J. Assoc. Physic. Ind. , 26 : 327
  • Bordia , A. K. and Joshi , H. K. 1978 . Garlic on fibrinolytic activity in cases of acute myocardial infarction. II . J. Assoc. Physic. Ind. , 26 : 323
  • Sainani , G. S. , Desai , D. B. , Natu , S. M. , Pise , D. V. and Sainani , P. G. 1979 . Dietary garlic, onion and some coagulation parameters in Jain community . J. Assoc. Physic. Ind. , 27 : 707
  • Fletcher , R. D. , Parker , B. and Hassett , M. 1974 . Inhibition of coagulase activity and growth of Staphy‐lococcus aureus by garlic extracts . Folia Microbiol. , 19 : 494
  • Wills , E. D. 1956 . Enzyme inhibition by allicin, the active principle of garlic . Biochem. J. , 63 : 514
  • Jain , R. C. 1975 . Onion and garlic in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis. I. Effect on serum lipids and development of atherosclerosis . Artery , 1 : 115
  • Jain , R. C. 1975 . Onion and garlic in experimental atherosclerosis . Lancet , 7947 : 1240
  • Jain , R. C. 1976 . Onion and garlic in experimental cholesterol induced atherosclerosis . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 74 : 1509
  • Augusti , K. T. and Mathew , P. T. 1973 . Effect of long‐term feeding of the aqueous extracts of onion (Allium cepa Linn) and garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on normal rats . Ind. J. Expt. Biol. , 11 : 239
  • Jain , R. C. and Konar , D. B. 1976 . Garlic oil in experimental atherosclerosis . Lancet , 7965 : 918
  • Jain , R. C. and Konar , D. B. 1978 . Effect of garlic oil in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis , 29 : 125
  • Kerekes , M. F. and Feszt , T. 1975 . Effect of Allium sativum L. on serum cholesterol . Artery , 1 : 325
  • Jain , R. C. 1978 . Effect of alcoholic extract of garlic in atherosclerosis . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31 : 1982
  • Kritchevsky , D. 1975 . Effect of garlic oil on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits . Artery , 1 : 319
  • Zacharias , N. T. , Sebastian , K. L. , Philip , B. and Augusti , K. T. 1980 . Hypoglycaemic and hypolipi‐daemic effects of garlic in sucrose‐fed rabbits . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 24 : 151
  • Kamanna , V. S. and Chandrasekhara , N. 1982 . Effect of garlic (AUium sativum Linn) on serum Iipopro‐teins and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in albino rats rendered hypercholesterolemic by feeding cholesterol . Lipids , 17 : 483
  • Das , S. N. , Pramanik , A. K. , Mitra , S. K. and Mukherjee , B. N. 1982 . Effect of garlic pearls (Ranbaxy) on blood cholesterol level in normal dogs . Ind. Vet. J. , 59 : 937
  • Mirhadi , S. A. , Ahuja , S. P. and Gupta , P. P. 1983 . Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the lipid composition and lipid biosynthesis in tissues of rabbits during experimental atherosclerosis . J. Nucl. Agr. Biol. , 12 : 33
  • Bordia , A. , Arora , S. K. , Kothari , K. , Jain , K. C. , Rathore , B. S. , Rathore , A. S. , Dube , M. K. and Bhu , N. 1975 . The protective effect of essential oils of onion and garlic in cholesterol‐fed rabbits . Atherosclerosis , 23 : 103
  • Bordia , A. , Arora , S. K. , Kothari , L. K. , Rathore , B. S. , Jain , K. C. and Bhu , N. 1975 . The protective action of essential oils of onion and garlic (allyl propyl disulphide and diallyl disulphide) in experimental atherosclerosis and its comparison with clofibrate . Artery , 1 : 189
  • Bordia , A. , Verma , S. K. , Khabia , B. L. , Vyas , A. , Rathore , A. S. , Bhu , N. and Bedi , H. K. 1977 . The effect of active principle of garlic and onion on blood lipids and experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits and their comparison with clofibrate . J. Assoc. Phys. Ind. , 25 : 509
  • Bordia , A. , Verma , A. K. , Vyas , A. K. , Khabya , B. L. , Rathore , A. S. and Bhu , N. 1977 . Effect of essential oil of onion and garlic on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits . Atherosclerosis , 26 : 379
  • Sharma , K. K. , Chowdhury , N. K. and Sharma , A. L. 1975 . Studies on hypocholestremic activity of onion. II. Effect on serum cholesterol in rabbits maintained on high cholesterol diet . Ind. J. Nutr. Diet. , 12 : 388
  • Sharma , K. K. , Chowdhury , N. K. and Sharma , A. L. 1975 . Long term effect of onion on experimentally‐induced hypercholesteremia and consequently decreased fibriolytic activity in rabbits . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 63 : 1629
  • Sharma , K. K. , Dwivedi , K. K. and Sharma , S. P. 1977 . Effect of raw and boiled garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on serum lipids in rabbits . Mediscope , 20 : 202
  • Sainani , G. S. , Desai , D. B. , Katrodia , K. M. , Valame , V. P. and Sainani , P. G. 1979 . Onion, garlic and experimental atherosclerosis . Jpn. Heart J. , 20 : 351
  • Bordia , A. and Verma , S. K. 1978 . Garlic on the reversibility of experimental atherosclerosis . Ind. Heart J. , 30 : 47
  • Bordia , A. K. and Verma , S. K. 1980 . Effect of garlic feeding on regression of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits . Artery , 7 : 428
  • Quereshi , A. A. , Abuirmeileh , N. , Din , Z. Z. , Elson , C. E. and Burger , W. C. 1983 . Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic . Lipids , 18 : 343
  • Kamanna , V. S. and Chandrasekbara , N. 1984 . Hypocholesteremic activity of different fractions of garlic . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 79 : 580
  • Chi , M. S. 1982 . Effects of garlic products on lipid metabolism in cholesterol‐fed rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 171 : 174
  • Vatsala , T. M. and Singh , M. 1982 . Effects of onion in atherosclerosis in rabbits. IV. Maintenance of normal activity of aortic enzymes . Current Sci. , 51 : 276
  • Augusti , K. T. and Mathew , P. T. 1975 . Effect of allicin on certain enzymes of liver after a short‐term feeding to normal rats . Experientia , 31 : 148
  • Augusti , K. T. and Mathew , P. T. 1974 . Lipid lowering effect of allicin (dialkyl disulphide oxide) on long term feeding to normal rats . Experientia , 30 : 468
  • Itokawa , Y. , Inoue , K. , Sasagawa , S. and Fujiwara , M. 1973 . Effect of S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide, S‐allylcysteine sulphoxide and related sulfur‐containing amino acids on lipid metabolism of experimental hypercholesterolemic rats . J. Nutr. , 103 : 88
  • Fujiwara , M. , Itokawa , Y. , Uchino , H. and Inoue , K. 1972 . Anti‐hypercholesterolemic effect of a sulfur containing amino acid, S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, isolated from cabbage . Experientia , 28 : 254
  • Sodimu , O. , Joseph , P. K. and Augusti , K. T. 1984 . Certain biochemical effects of garlic oil on rats maintained on high fat‐high cholesterol diet . Experientia , 40 : 78
  • Quereshi , A. A. , Din , Z. Z. , Abuirmeileh , N. , Burger , W. C. , Ahmad , Y. and Elson , C. E. 1983 . Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic. Impact on serum lipids . J. Nutr. , 113 : 1746
  • Sebastian , K. L. , Zacharias , N. T. , Philip , B. and Augusti , K. T. 1979 . The hypolipidemic effect of onion (AIlium cepa Linn.) in sucrose‐fed rabbits . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 23 : 27
  • Chang , M. L. W. and Johnson , M. A. 1980 . Effect of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats . J. Nutr. , 110 : 931
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Morrisey , R. and Kiurfeld , D. 1980 . Influence of garlic oil on cholesterol metabolism in rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 22 : 641
  • Adamu , I. , Joseph , P. K. and Augusti , K. T. 1982 . Hypolipidemic action of onion and garlic unsaturated oils in sucrose fed rats over a two month period . Experientia , 38 : 899
  • Chi , M. S. , Koh , E. T. and Stewart , T. J. 1982 . Effects of garlic on lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol or lard . J. Nutr. , 112 : 241
  • Shoetan , A. , Augusti , K. T. and Joseph , P. K. 1984 . Hypolipidemic effects of garlic oil in rats fed ethanol and a high lipid diet . Experientia , 40 : 261
  • Abdo , M. S. , Mansour , S. A. and El‐Nahla , A. M. 1983 . Effect of some feed additives on blood constituents of growing Hubbard chickens . Vet. Med. J. , 31 : 221
  • Bordia , A. K. , Bansal , H. C. , Arora , S. K. , Rathore , A. S. , Ranawat , R. V. S. and Singh , S. V. 1974 . Effect of the essential oil (active principle) of garlic on serum cholesterol, plasma fibrinogen whole blood coagulation time and fibrinolytic activity in alimentary lipaemia . J. Assoc. Phys. Ind. , 22 : 267
  • Hegsted , D. M. 1976 . Ed., Herbs and the heart . Nutr. Rev. , 34 : 43
  • Jain , R. C. 1971 . Effect of onion on electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in alimentary lipaemia . Ind. J. Med. Sci. , 25 : 601
  • Jain , R. C. , Sachdev , K. N. and Kaushal , S. S. 1973 . Effect of onion ingestion on serum triglyceride, beta lipoprotein‐cholesterol and phospholipids in alimentary lipaemia . J. Assoc. Phys. Ind. , 21 : 357
  • Jain , R. C. and Vyas , C. R. 1977 . Onion and garlic in atherosclerosic heart disease . Medikon , 6 : 12
  • Sharma , K. K. , Sharma , S. P. and Arora , R. C. 1978 . Some observations on the mechanism of fibrinolytic enhancing effect of garlic during alimentary lipaemia in man . J. Postgrad. Med. , 24 : 98
  • Augusti , K. T. 1977 . Hypercholesteraemic effect of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 15 : 489
  • Bordia , A. 1981 . Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 2100
  • Bhushan , S. , Verma , S. , Bhatnagar , V. M. and Singh , J. B. 1976 . A study of the hypocholesterolaemic effect of onion (Allium cepa) on normal human beings . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 20 : 107
  • Bhushan , S. , Verma , S. , Bhatnagar , V. M. and Singh , J. B. 1977 . A study of the hypocholesterolaemic effect of onion on normal human beings . Ind. Med. Gazz. , 16 : 378
  • Bhushan , S. , Sharma , S. P. , Singh , S. P. , Agrawal , S. , Indrayan , A. and Seth , P. 1979 . Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol levels . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 23 : 211
  • Sucur , M. 1980 . Effect of garlic on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients suffering from hyperlipopro‐teinemia . Diabetol. Croatica , 9 : 323
  • Arora , R. C. , Arora , S. and Gupta , R. K. 1981 . The long‐term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease. An appraisal . Atherosclerosis , 40 : 175
  • Arora , R. C. and Arora , S. 1981 . Comparative effect of clofibrate, garlic, and onion on alimentary hyper‐lipemia . Atherosclerosis , 39 : 447
  • Sainani , G. S. , Desai , D. B. , Gorhe , N. H. , Natu , S. M. , Dise , D. V. and Sainani , P. G. 1979 . Effect of dietary garlic and onion on serum lipid profile in Jain community . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 69 : 776
  • Collip , J. B. 1923 . Glucokinin. An apparent synthesis in the normal animal of a hypoglycaemia‐producing principle. Animal passage of the principle . J. Biol. Chem. , 58 : 163
  • Collip , J. B. 1923 . Glucokinin. A new hormone present in plant tissue . 3. Biol. Chem. , 58 : 513
  • Janot , M. M. and Laurin , J. 1930 . Hypoglycaemic action of the bulbs of Allium cepa Linn . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 191 : 1098
  • Laurn , J. 1931 . Hypoglycaemic action of the bulbs of Allium cepa Linn . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 192 : 1289
  • Leland , P. and Havrevold , O. W. 1933 . Zur Kenntnis des per os wirksamen blutzuckersenkenden Prinzips der Zwiebeln (Allium sativum). I. Mitteilung . Hoppe Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 221 : 180
  • Kreitmair , W. 1936 . Pharmakologische Versuche mit einigen einheimischen Pflanzen . E. Merck's Jahrb. , 50 : 102
  • Brahmachari , H. D. and Augusti , K. T. 1961 . Hypoglycaemic agent from onions . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 13 : 128
  • Brahmachari , H. D. and Augusti , K. T. 1962 . Orally effective hypoglycaemic agents from plants . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 14 : 254
  • Brahmachari , H. D. and Augusti , K. T. 1962 . Effects of orally effective hypoglycaemic agents from plants on alloxan diabetes . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 14 : 617
  • Jain , R. C. and Vyas , C. R. 1975 . Garlic in alloxan‐induced diabetic rabbits . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 28 : 684
  • Mahfouz , M. , Abdel‐Maguid , N. and Mikhail , M. M. 1973 . Effect of oral onions on blood fibrinolytic activity and blood sugar . J. Drug Res. Egypt , 5 : 71
  • Augusti , K. T. 1973 . Studies on the effects of a hypoglycaemic principle from Allium cepa Linn . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 61 : 1066
  • Mathew , P. T. and Augusti , K. T. 1975 . Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn, on diabetes mellitus — a preliminary report . Ind. J. Physiol Pharmacol. , 19 : 213
  • Augusti , K. T. 1974 . Effect on alloxan diabetes of allyl propyl disulphide obtained from onion . Die Na‐turwissenschaften , 61 : 172
  • Augusti , K. T. and Benaim , M. E. 1975 . Effect of essential oil of onion (allyl propyl disulphide) on blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin levels of normal subjects . Clin. Chem. Acta , 60 : 121
  • Pushpendran , C. K. , Devasagayam , T. P. A. and Eapen , J. 1982 . Age related hyperglycaemic effect of diallyl disulphide in rats . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 20 : 428
  • Devasagayam , T. P. A. , Pushpendran , C. K. and Eapen , J. 1982 . Diallyl disulphide induced changes in microsomal enzymes of suckling rats . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 20 : 430
  • Mathew , P. T. and Augusti , K. T. 1973 . Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide oxide) on alloxan diabetes. I. Hypoglycaemic action and enhancement of serum insulin effect and glycogen synthesis . J. Ind. Biochem. Biophys. , 10 : 209
  • Augusti , K. T. 1975 . Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide oxide) on alloxan diabetes . Experientia , 31 : 1263
  • Sharma , K. K. , Gupta , R. K. , Gupta , S. and Samuel , K. C. 1977 . Antihyperglycaemic effect of onion: effect on fasting blood sugar and induced hyperglycemia in man . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 65 : 422
  • Dixit , V. P. and Joshi , S. 1982 . Effects of chronic administration of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on testicular function . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 20 : 534
  • Pushpendran , C. K. , Devasagayam , T. P. A. , Chintalwar , G. J. , Banerji , A. and Eapen , J. 1980 . The metabolic fate of (35S) diallyl disulphide in mice . Experientia , 36 : 1000
  • Henson , G. E. 1940 . Garlic an occupational factor in the etiology of bronchial asthma . J. Fla. Med. Assoc. , 27 : 86
  • Falleroni , A. E. , Zeiss , C. R. and Levitz , D. 1981 . Occupational asthma secondary to inhalation of garlic dust . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 68 : 156
  • Lybarger , J. A. , Gallagher , J. S. , Pulver , D. W. , Litwin , A. , Brooks , S. and Bernstein , I. L. 1982 . Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol , 69 : 448
  • Amla , V. , Verma , S. L. , Sharma , T. R. , Gupta , O. P. and Atal , C. K. 1980 . Clinical study of Allium cepa Linn in patients of brochial asthma . Ind. J. Pharmacol. , 13 : 63
  • Handa , G. , Singh , J. and Atal , C. K. 1983 . Antiasthmatic principle of Allium cepa Linn (onions) . Ind. Drugs , 20 : 239
  • Edelstein , A. J. 1950 . Dermatitis caused by garlic . Arch. Dermat. , 61 : 111
  • Burgess , J. F. 1952 . Occupational dermatitis due to onion and garlic . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 66 : 275
  • Bleumink , E. , Doeglas , H. M. G. , Klokke , A. H. and Nater , J. P. 1972 . Allergenic contact dermatitis to garlic . Br. J. Dermat. , 87 : 6
  • Van Ketel , W. C. and de Haan , P. 1978 . Occupational eczema from garlic and onion . Contact Dermat. , 4 : 53
  • Mitchell , J. C. 1980 . Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium) . Contact Dermat. , 6 : 356
  • Burks , J. W. Jr. 1954 . Classic aspects of onion and garlic dermatitis in housewives . Annals of Allergy , 12 : 592
  • Sinha , S. M. , Pasricha , J. S. , Sharma , R. C. and Kandhari , K. C. 1977 . Vegetables responsible for contact dermatitis of the hands . Arch. Dermat. , 113 : 776
  • Menezes Brandao , F. 1977 . Dermite de contacto pelo alho . Trab. Soc. Portug. Dermat. Vencreol. , 35 : 27
  • Van Hecke , E. 1977 . Contact allergy to onion . Contact Dermat. , 3 : 167
  • Yoshikawa , K. , Hadame , K. , Saitoh , K. and Hijikata , T. 1979 . Patch tests with common vegetables in hand dermatitis patients . Contact Dermat. , 5 : 274
  • Pasricha , J. S. and Guru , B. 1979 . Preparation of an appropriate antigen extract for patch tests with garlic . Arch. Dermat. , 115 : 230
  • Hjorth , N. and Roed‐Petersen , J. 1976 . Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers . Contact Dermat. , 2 : 28
  • Bleumink , E. and Nater , J. P. 1973 . Contact dermatitis to garlic, crossreactivity between garlic, onion, and tulip . Arch. Derm. Forsch. , 247 : 117
  • Papageorgiou , C. , Corbet , J‐P. , Menezes‐Brandao , F. , Pecegueiro , M. and Benezra , C. 1983 . Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum L.). Identification of the allergens: the role of mono‐, di‐, and trisulphides present in garlic. A comparative study in man and animal (guinea pig) . Arch. Dermat. Res. , 275 : 229
  • Romanyuk , N. M. 1952 . The influence of the antibiotics of garlic on the activity of proteolytic enzymes of malignant tumors of humans and experimental animals . Ukrain. Biokkim. Zhur. , 24 : 53
  • 1952 . Chem. Abstr. , 48 : 6007
  • Von Euler , H. and Lindeman , G. 1949 . Zur Biochemie der Tumorentwicklung und der Tumorhemmung . Ark. Kemi. , 1 : 87
  • Novinov , M. , Levy , I. and Choclov , A. 1957 . Antitumour activity of alliin . Antibiotika (Moscow) , 2 : 41
  • Weisberger , A. S. and Pensky , J. 1957 . Tumour inhibiting effects derived from an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum) . Science , 126 : 1112
  • Weisberger , A. S. and Pensky , J. 1958 . Tumour inhibition by a sulphydryl‐blocking agent related to an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum) . Cancer Res. , 18 : 1301
  • Fujiwara , M. and Natata , T. 1967 . Induction of tumour immunity with tumour cells treated with extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) . Nature (London) , 216 : 83
  • Nakata , T. 1973 . Effect of fresh garlic extract on tumor growth . Jpn. J. Hyg. , 27 : 538
  • Kroning , F. 1964 . Garlic as an inhibitor for spontaneous tumours in mice . Acta Unio Contra Cancrum , 20 : 855
  • Di Paolo , J. A. and Carruthers , C. 1960 . The effect of allicin from garlic on tumour growth . Cancer Res. , 20 : 431
  • Kimura , Y. and Yamamoto , K. 1964 . Cytological effects of chemicals on tumours XXIII Influence of crude extracts from garlic and some related species on MTK‐sarcoma. III . Gann , 55 : 325
  • Caldes , G. and Prescott , B. 1973 . A potential antileukemic substance present in Allium ascalonicum . Planta Med. , 23 : 99
  • Cheng , H. H. and Tung , T. C. 1981 . Effect of allithiamine on sarcoma — 180 tumour growth in mice . Tai‐wan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih , 80 : 385
  • 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 95 : 1973 66q
  • Kametani , T. , Fukumoto , K. and Umezawa , O. 1959 . Studies on anticancer agents. I. Synthesis of various alkyl thiosulphinates and their tumour‐inhibiting effects . Yakugaku Kenkyu , 31 : 60
  • Dhillon , G. , Deu , B. , Sahai , A. and Criss , W. E. Inhibitor of the in vivo and in vitro guanylate cyclase activity from garlic . Proc. 72nd Ann. Meet. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Washington, D.C.. pp. 17 (Abstract 69)
  • Criss , W. E. , Fakunle , J. , Knight , E. , Adkins , J. , Morris , H. P. and Dhillon , G. 1982 . Inhibition of tumour growth with low dietary protein and with dietary garlic extracts . Proc. 66th Ann. Meeting Federation of Am. Soc. Exp. Biology . 1982 , New Orleans.
  • 1982 . Fed. Proc , 41 : 281 (Abstr. 74)
  • Fakunle , J. B. 1983 . Evaluation of garlic extracts on cancer growth in rats fed diets with varying levels of protein . Diss. Abstr. Int. B , 44 : 116
  • Belman , S. 1983 . Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumour promotion . Carcinogenesis , 4 : 1063
  • Horwitz , N. 1981 . Garlic as a plat du jour. Chinese study finds it could prevent G. I. Cancer . Med. Tri. , August 12
  • Park , S. C. , Park , P. B. , Juhnn , Y. S. , Kimm , S. W. and Lee , R. Y. 1981 . Evidence for the existence of antimutagenic factor(s) inedible plants . Kor. J. Biochem. , 13 : 180
  • Shimuzum , H. , Nagayama , K. , Suzuki , T. and Takemura , N. 1980 . Mutagenic activities of the pyrolysis products of vegetables and soy sauce . Jpn. J. Hygiene , 35 : 774
  • Kada , T. , Sadaie , Y. and Hara , M. 1978 . Analysis of mutagen‐antimutagen reactions in food and food additives by the rec‐assay and reversion‐assay procedures . Mut. Res. , 53 : 206
  • Takemura , N. and Shimizu , H. 1978 . Mutation products off pyrolysis products of alliin and vitamin B . Mut. Res. , 54 : 255
  • Abraham, S. K. and Kesavan, P. C. unpublished work referred to in 817d
  • Abraham , S. K. and Kesaven , P. C. 1984 . Genotoxicity of garlic, turmeric and asafoetida in mice . Mut. Res. , 136 : 85
  • Loeper , M. and Debray , M. 1921 . Antihypertensive action of garlic extract . Bull. Soc. Med. , 37 : 1032
  • Piotrowski , G. 1948 . L'ail en therapeutique . Praxis , : 488
  • Chandcrkar , A. G. and Jain , P. K. 1973 . Analysis of hypotensive action of Allium sativum (garlic) . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 17 : 132
  • Malik , Z. A. and Siddiqui , S. 1981 . Hypotensive effect of freeze‐dried garlic (Allium sativum) sap in dog . J. Pak. Med. Assoc. , 31 : 12
  • Banerjee , A. K. 1976 . Effect of aqueous extract of garlic on arterial blood pressure of homotensive and hypertensive rats . Artery , 2 : 369
  • Foushee , D. B. , Ruffin , J. and Banerjee , U. 1982 . Garlic as a natural agent for the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary report . Cytobios , 34 : 145
  • Ruffin , J. and Hunter , S. A. 1983 . An evaluation of the side‐effects of garlic as an antihypertensive agent . Cytobios , 37 : 85
  • Srinivasan , V. 1969 . A new antihypertensive agent . Lancet , : 800
  • Papayannopoulos , G. 1969 . Garlic . Lancet , : 962
  • Sharaf , A. , Abdou , I. , Hassan , M. , Yossif , M. and Negm , S. 1969 . Pharmaco‐chemical studies on Allium kurrat . Qual. Plant Mater. , 17 : 313
  • Nakagawa , S. , Masamoto , K. , Sumiyoshi , H. , Kunihiro , K. and Fuwa , T. 1980 . Effect of raw and extracted aged garlic on growth of young rats and their organs after peroral administration . J. Tox. Sci. , 5 : 91
  • 1980 . Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis — a preliminary report of 21 cases . Chinese Med. J. , 93 : 123 Anon.
  • Fromtling , R. A. and Bulmer , G. A. 1978 . In vitro effect of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum)on the growth and viability of Cryptococcus neoformans . Mycologia , 70 : 397
  • Caporaso , N. , Smith , S. M. and Eng , R. H. K. 1983 . Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum) . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 23 : 700
  • Saxena , K. K. , Gupta , B. , Kulshrestha , V. K. , Srivastava , R. K. and Prasad , D. N. 1979 . Garlic in stress induced myocardial damage . Ind. Heart J. , 31 : 187
  • Saxena , K. K. , Gupta , B. , Kulshrestha , V. K. , Srivastava , R. K. and Prasad , D. N. 1980 . Effect of garlic pretreatment on isoprenaline‐induced myocardial necrosis in albino rats . Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 24 : 233
  • Prasad , D. N. , Bhattarcharya , S. K. and Das , P. K. 1966 . A study of anti‐inflammatory activity of some indigenous drugs in albino rats . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 54 : 582
  • Sreenivasamurthy , V. , Sreekantiah , K. R. , Jayaraj , A. P. , Johar , D. S. and Chaudhry , D. S. 1962 . A preliminary report on the treatment of acute lepromatous neuritis with garlic . Leprosy Ind. , 34 : 171
  • Ramanujam , K. 1962 . Garlic in the treatment of acute leprous neuritis . Leprosy Ind. , 34 : 174
  • Toscano‐Rico , J. 1926 . Sur les proprietes anti‐helminthinges de l‘Allium sativum . C. R. Soc. Biol. , 95 : 1597
  • Singh , A. K. and Singh , N. 1977 . Pharmaco‐theraupeutic investigation on some medicinal plants . Ann. Natl. Acad. Med. Sci. (Ind.) , 13 : 177
  • Hahn , S. and Koh , K. 1949 . Studies on the resistance of intestinal parasites’ eggs and larvae . Kor. J. Intern. Med. , 1 : 6
  • Soh , C. T. 1960 . The effects of natural food‐preservative substances on the development and survival of intestinal helminth eggs and larvae. II. Action on Ancylostoma duodenalelarvae . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene , 9 : 8
  • Bastidas , G. J. 1969 . Effect of ingested garlic on Necator americanus and Ancylostoma caninum . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene , 18 : 920
  • Braun , H. 1974 . Heilpflanzen — Lexikon fur Arzte und Apotheker , 8 Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
  • Damrau , F. and Ferguson , E. A. 1949 . The therapeutic value of garlic in functional gastrointestinal disorders . Rev. Gastroenterol. (N.Y.) , 16 : 411
  • Hinoki , M. , Nakanishi , K. , Kishimoto , S. , Ushio , N. , Kitamura , H. , Higashitsuji , H. , Hayashi , M. , Tamaki , S. , Vehara , N. , Matsuura , K. and Saijo , H. 1981 . Olfactory vertigo, a neurolological approach . Aggresologie , 22B : 45
  • Abdo , M. S. and AI‐Kafawi , A. A. 1969 . Biological activities of Allium sativum . Jpn. J. Pharmacol. , 19 : 1
  • Bhatia , B. and Ahujarai , P. L. 1984 . Cold tolerance in CCI4‐treated rats and its modification by administration of garlic oil and glucose . Int. J. Biometereol. , 28 : 93
  • Roy , R. G. , Madesayan , N. M. , Ghosh , R. B. , Gopalakrishnan , D. V. , Murthy , N. N. , Dorairaj , T. J. and Sitaraman , N. L. 1976 . Study on inhalation therapy by an indigenous compound on P. Vivax and P. falciparum infections — a preliminary communication . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 64 : 1451
  • Rafinski , T. , Alkiewicz , J. and Jezowa , L. 1974 . Comparative clinical and microbiological investigations of new formualtions of a preparation l'Alliofil . Herba Pol. , 20 : 130
  • Alkiewicz , J. and Dabrowski , B. 1982 . Investigations of application of a lyophilized extract from garlic (Allium sativum L.) in aerosoltherapy of respiratory tract diseases in children . Herba Pol. , 28 : 195
  • Jezowa , L. , Rafinski , T. and Wrocinski , T. 1966 . Investigations on the antibiotic activity of Allium sati‐vum L. . Herba Pol. , 12 : 2
  • Conner , D. E. and Beuchat , L. R. 1984 . Sensitivity of heat‐stressed yeasts to essential oils of plants . Appl. Env. Microbiol. , 47 : 229
  • Conner , D. E. and Beuchat , L. R. 1984 . Effects of essential oils from plants on growth of food spoilage yeasts . J. Food Sci. , 49 : 429
  • Tazoe , K. 1960 . Influence of garlic and related sulfur compounds upon mouse liver rhodanese . Vitamins , 20 : 112
  • Katsunuma , Y. , Isobe , M. , Sugiura , M. and Katsunuma , T. 1977 . Purification and partial properties of trypsin inhibitors in garlic . Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med. , 2 : 265
  • Yanovitch , T. D. 1945 . Influence of phytoncides upon paracholeraic vibrios . C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. U.S.S.K. , XLVIII : 513
  • Stobart , A. 1946, 1984 . New Sci. ,
  • Pateur , L. 1858 . Memoire sur la fermentation appelee lactique . Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Agr. Art. Lille , 5 : 13 Ser. 2
  • Walton , L. , Herbold , M. and Lindegren , C. C. 1936 . Bactericidal effects of vapours from crushed garlic . J. Agr. Res. , 41 : 163
  • Lovell , T. H. 1937 . Bactericidal effects of onion vapours . Food Res. , 2 : 435
  • Fuller , J. E. and Higgins , E. R. 1940 . Onion juice and bacterial growth . Food Res. , 5 : 503
  • Raj , K. P. S. and Patel , N. N. 1977 . Onion — the vegetable drug . Ind. Drugs , 14 : 156
  • Uemori , T. 1929 . Pharmacological investigation of Allium sativum . Folia Pharmacol. Jpn. , 9 : 21
  • 1930 . Chem. Abstr. , 24 : 2191
  • Dittmar , C. 1939 . Some compounds chemotherapeutically active on implanted tumors . Z. Krebesforsh. , 49 : 515
  • Kitagawa , M. and Amano , A. 1935 . Antiseptic action of garlic . Bull. Sci. Fac. Torkultura, Kjusu Imp. Univ. , 16 : 299
  • 1935 . Chem. Abstr. , 29 : 30198
  • Cavallito , C. J. 1946 . Relationship of thiol structures to reaction with antibiotics . J. Biol. Chem. , 164 : 29
  • Kabelik , J. 1970 . Antimikrobielle Eigenschaften des Knoblauchs . Pharmazie , 25 : 266
  • Small , D. L. , Bailey , J. H. and Cavallito , R. J. 1947 . Alkylthiosulfinates . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 69 : 1710
  • Martini , G. 1980 . Garlic and onion extracts and their bactericidal effects . Ind. Aliment. , 19 : 771
  • Elnima , E. I. , Ahmed , S. A. , Mekkawi , A. G. and Mossa , J. S. 1983 . The antimicrobial activity of garlic and onion extracts . Pharmazie , 38 : 747
  • Huddleson , I. F. , Dufrain , J. , Barrons , K. C. and Giefel , M. 1944 . Antibacterial substances in plants . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 105 : 394
  • Subrahmanyan , V. , Krishnamurthy , K. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. and Swaminathan , M. 1957 . Effect of garlic in the diet on the intestinal microflora of rats . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 160 : 173
  • Subrahmanyan , V. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. , Krishnamurthy , K. and Swaminathan , M. 1957 . Studies on the antibacterial activity of spices . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 16C : 240
  • Subrahmanyan , V. , Krishnamurthy , K. , Sreenivasamurthy , V. and Swaminathan , M. 1958 . The effect of garlic on certain intestinal bacteria . Food Sci. , 7 : 223
  • Mantis , A. J. , Koidis , P. A. , Karaioannoglou , P. G. and Panetsos , A. G. 1979 . Effect of garlic extract on food poisoning bacteria . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 12 : 330
  • Mantis , A. J. , Karaioannoglou , P. G. , Spanos , G. P. and Panetsos , A. G. 1978 . The effect of garlic extract on food poisoning bacteria in culture media. I. Staphylococcus aureus . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 11 : 26
  • Klimek , J. W. , Cavallito , C. J. and Bailey , J. H. 1948 . Induced resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics . J. Bact. , 55 : 139
  • Karaioannoglou , P. G. , Mantis , A. J. and Panetsos , A. G. 1977 . The effect of garlic extract on lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarium) in culture medium . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 10 : 148
  • DeWit , J. C. , Notermans , S. , Gorin , N. and Kampelmacher , E. H. 1979 . Effect of garlic oil or onion oil on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in meat slurry . J. Food Protect. , 42 : 222
  • Beuchat , L. R. 1976 . Sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to spices and organic acids . J. Food Sci. , 41 : 899
  • Sanick , I. H. Verfahren zum Schutz von Nahrungsmitteln gegen Befall durch Mikroorganismen und Mittel zur Durchfuhrung des Verfahrens . German Patent 2, 423, 076 . 1974 .
  • Brocklehurst , T. F. , White , C. A. and Dennis , C. 1983 . The microflora of stored coleslaw and factors affecting the growth of spoilage yeasts in coleslaw . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 55 : 57
  • Al‐Delaimy , K. S. and Ali , S. H. 1970 . Antibacterial action of vegetable extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 21 : 110
  • Abdou , I. A. , Abou‐Zeid , A. A. , El‐Sherbeeny , M. R. and Abou‐El‐Gheat , Z. H. 1972 . Antimicrobial activities of Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus, Capsicum frutcscens. Erica saliva, Al‐lium kurrat on bacteria . Qual. Plant Mater. , 22 : 29
  • Dankert , J. , Trornp , F. J. T. , deVries , H. and Klasen , H. J. 1979 . Antimicrobial activity of crude juices of Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa and Allium sativum . Zentralbl. fur Bakter. Parasitenk. Infek‐tionskrankh. Hyg. , 1A : 245 229
  • Larkski , Z. 1965 . The action of garlic phytoncides on Salmonella pullorum in vitro and in vivo . Pol. Arch. Weteryn. , 8 : 631
  • Dabas , Y. P. S. , Rao , V. N. , Saxcna , O. P. and Sharma , V. D. 1983 . Efficacy of garlic therapy against infectious gential tract disorders in bovines . Ind. J. Animal Sci. , 53 : 81
  • Rajora , V. S. , Pachauri , S. P. and Sharma , V. D. 1982 . A note on therapeutic efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) on dermatophytosis in dogs . Ind. Vet. J. , 59 : 815
  • Taniguchi , M. 1983 . Effects of the food quality on the appearance of yellowtail streptococcicosis . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , 49 : 363
  • Tynecka , Z. and Gos , Z. 1973 . The inhibitory action of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth and respiration of some microorganisms . Acta. Microbiol. Pol , 5 : 51 Ser. B
  • Thakur , D. E. , Misra , S. K. and Choudhuri , P. C. 1983 . Trial of some of the plant extracts and chemicals for their antifungal activity in calves . Ind. Vet. J. , 60 : 799
  • Lewis , N. F. , Rao , B. Y. K. , Shah , A. B. , Tewari , G. M. and Bandyopadhyay , C. 1977 . Antibacterial activity of volatile components of onion (Allium cepa) . J. Food Sci. Tech. (Mysore) , 14 : 35
  • Nagai , K. 1973 . Experimental studies on preventive effect of garlic extract against infections with influenza and Japanese encephalitis viruses in mice . J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis. , 47 : 111
  • Nagai , K. 1973 . Experimental studies on the preventative effect of garlic extract against infection with influenza virus . J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis. , 47 : 321
  • Frolov , A. F. and Mishenkova , E. L. 1970 . Inhibitory effect of some preparations from higher plants on reproduction of influenza virus in vitro and in vivo . Mikrobiol. Zh., (Kiev) , 32 : 628
  • 1971 . Chem. Abstr. , 74 : 74916c
  • Gupta , K. C. and Viswanathan , R. 1955 . In vitro study of antitubercular substances from Allium species I Allium schoenoprasum. II. Allium cepa . Antibiotics and Chemother. , 5 : 18
  • Dababneh , B. F. A. and Al‐Delaimy , K. S. 1984 . Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureusby garlic extract . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 17 : 29
  • Sreenivasamurthy , V. , SreekantJah , K. R. and Johar , D. S. 1961 . Stability of allicin and alliin present in garlic . J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) , 20c : 292
  • Rudat , K.‐D. 1969 . Vergluchende Untersuchungen uber die Antibakterielle Wirksamketi Verschiedener Lauchgewachse und Cruciferen‐Arten . Qual. Plant. Mater. , 18 : 29
  • Saleem , Z. and Al‐Delaimy , K. S. 1982 . Inhibition of Bacillus cereusby garlic extracts . J. Food Protect. , 45 : 1007
  • Miura , Y. , Hohara , S. , Tahara , S. and Mizutani , J. 1976 . Antibacterial activity of L‐5‐alkylthiomethyl‐hydantoin‐S‐oxides . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 40 : 1907
  • Tahara , S. , Miura , Y. and Mizutani , J. 1977 . Alkylthiosulphinates antimicrobial principles of 5‐alkyl‐thiomethylhydantoin‐S‐oxides . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 41 : 221
  • Miura , Y. , Tahara , S. and Mizutani , J. 1979 . The structure activity relationships of antibacterial, L‐5‐alkylthiomethylhydantoin S‐oxides and related compounds . J. Pesticide Sci. , 4 : 25
  • Tahara , S. , Miura , Y. and Mizutani , J. 1979 . Antimicrobial l‐5‐alk(en)ylthiomethylhydantoin(±)‐S‐ox‐ides: mode of action . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 919
  • Tahara , S. , Okamura , H. , Miura , Y. and Mizutani , J. 1979 . Elimination reaction of antimicrobial l‐5‐alk(en)ylthiomethylhydantoin‐S‐oxides . Agr. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 2017
  • Petricic , J. , Lulic , B. and Kupinic , M. 1977 . Antimicrobial efficiencies and stabilities of active components of garlic (Allium sativum L.) . Acta Pharm. Jugosl. , 27 : 35
  • Sharma , V. D. , Sethi , M. S. , Kumar , A. and Rarotra , J. R. 1977 . Antibacterial property of Allium sativum Linn: in vivo and invitro studies . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 15 : 466
  • Rao , R. R. , Rao , S. S. and Venkataraman , P. R. 1946 . Studies on allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum (garlic) . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 5 : 31
  • Karaoiannoglou , P. G. 1977 . Effect of garlic extract on growth of vegetative cells and on outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus . Hell. Vet. Med. , 20 : 119
  • Kupinic , M. , Petricic , J. and Lulic , B. 1980 . Bulbus allii sativi (bulb of garlic), semiquantitative microbiological evaluation . Acta Pharm. Jugosl. , 30 : 205
  • Anderson , E. E. , Esselen , W. B. Jr. and Handleman , A. R. 1953 . The effect of essential oils on the inhibition and thermal resistance of microorganisms in acid food products . Food Res. , 18 : 40
  • Srivastava , K. C. , Perera , A. D. and Saridakis , H. O. 1982 . Bacteriostatic effects of garlic sap on gram negative pathogenic bacteria — an in vitro study . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 15 : 74
  • De Wit , J. C. , Notermans , S. H. W. and Gorin , N. 1979 . The antimicrobial effect of onion and garlic extracts . Antonie van Leeuwenhock , 45 : 156
  • Ueda , S. , Yamashita , H. and Kuwabara , Y. 1982 . Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus sp. by spices and flavoring compounds . Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi , 29 : 389
  • Arunachalam , K. 1980 . Antimicrobial activity of garlic, onion, and honey . Geobios , 7 : 46
  • Kumar , A. and Sharma , V. D. 1982 . Inhibitory effect of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . Ind. J. Med. Res. , 76 : 66
  • Uchida , Y. , Takahashi , T. and Sato , N. 1975 . The characteristics of the antibacterial activity of garlic . Jpn. J. Antibiot. , 28 : 638
  • Mohyuddin , M. , Hussain , A. M. , Sattar , A. and Haq , I. 1974 . Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of conventionally processed foods . Proc. Pak. Sci. Conf. , 25 : C1
  • Agrawal , P. 1978 . Effect of root and bulb extracts of Allium spp. on fungal growth . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 70 : 439
  • Murthy , N. B. K. and Amonkar , S. V. 1974 . Effect of a natural insecticide from garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its synthetic form (diallyl‐disulphide) on a plant pathogenic fungi . Ind. J. Exp. Biol. , 12 : 208
  • Petricic , J. , Kupinic , M. and Lulic , B. 1978 . Garlic (Allium sativum L.) antifungal effect of some components of volatile oil . Acta Pharm. Jugosl. , 28 : 41
  • Barone , F. E. and Tansey , M. R. 1977 . Isolation, purification, identification, synthesis, and kinetics of activity of the anticandidal component of Allium sativum, and a hypothesis for its mode of action . Mygologia , 69 : 793
  • Upadhyay , M. P. , Manandhar , K. L. and Shrestha , R. B. 1980 . Antifungal activity of garlic against fungi isolated from human eyes . J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. , 26 : 421
  • Mahajan , V. M. 1981 . Antimycotic activity of different chemicals, chaksine iodide, and garlic . Mykosen , 26 : 94
  • Moore , G. S. and Atkins , R. D. 1977 . The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of an aqueous garlic extract on medically important yeast‐like fungi . Mycologia , 69 : 341
  • Smalley , E. B. and Hansen , H. N. 1962 . Penicillium decay of garlic . Phytopathology , 52 : 666
  • Durbin , R. D. and Uchytil , T. F. 1971 . The role of allicin in the resistance of garlic to Pencillium spp . Phytopathol. Med. , 10 : 227
  • Manning , W. J. and Moore , G. S. 1977 . Effects of an aqueous garlic extract on several plant pathogenic fungi . Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. , 4 : 192
  • Tansey , M. R. and Appleton , J. A. 1975 . Inhibition of fungal growth by garlic extract . Mycologia , 67 : 409
  • Appleton , J. A. and Tansey , M. R. 1975 . Inhibition of growth of zoopathogenic fungi by garlic extract . Mycologia , 67 : 882
  • Fliermans , C. B. 1973 . Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum by garlic . Mycopathol. Mycol. Applic. , 50 : 227
  • Coley‐Smith , J. R. , Dickinson , D. J. , King , J. E. and Holt , R. W. 1968 . The effect of species of Allium on soil bacteria in relation to germination of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 62 : 103
  • Coley‐Smith , J. R. 1969 . Response of root disease fungi to plant exudates; an example of specificity . Phytochemistry , 8 : 5
  • Sharma , A. , Tewari , G. M. , Shrikhande , A. J. , Padwal‐Desai , S. R. and Bandyopadhyay , C. 1979 . Inhibition of aflatoxin‐producing fungi by onion extracts . J. Food Sci. , 44 : 1545
  • Sharma , A. , Tewari , G. M. , Bandyopadhyay , C. and Padwal‐Desai , S. R. 1981 . Sporicidal activity of onion extracts against aflatoxin‐producing fungi . Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. , 14 : 21
  • Sharma , A. , Padwal‐Desai , S. R. , Tewari , G. M. and Bandyopadhyay , C. 1981 . Factors affecting antifungal activity of onion extractives against aflatoxin‐producing fungi . J. Food Sci. , 46 : 741
  • Kempe , R. and Halousek , C. 1976 . Effects of processing on antimicrobial activity of alliums . Rec. Soc. Neg. Univ. , 36 : 12
  • Naito , S. and Shiga , I. 1982 . Microbicidal properties of ozone on various microorganisms suspended in water . J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. , 29 : 1
  • Mabrouk , S. S. and El‐Shayeb , N. M. A. 1981 . The effects of garlic on mycelial growth and aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus . Chem. Mikrobiol. Tech. Lebvensm. , 7 : 37
  • Shashikanth , K. N. , Basappa , S. C. and Sreeivasamurthy , V. 1981 . Stimulatory factors of garlic . Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. , 18 : 79
  • Shashikant , K. N. , Basappa , S. C. and Srinivasamurthy , V. 1981 . Studies on the antimicrobial and stimulatory factors of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) . J. Food Sci. Tech. Ind. , 18 : 44
  • Keyworth , W. G. and Milne , L. J. R. 1969 . Induced tolerance of Sclerotium cepivorum to antibiotics in the presence of onion exudates . Ann. Appl. Bioil. , 63 : 415
  • Yamada , Y. and Azuma , K. 1977 . Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of allicin . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 11 : 743
  • Prasad , G. and Sharma , V. D. 1981 . Antifungal property of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) in poultry feed substrate . Poultry Sci. , 60 : 541
  • Pordesimo , A. N. and Ilag , L. L. 1976 . Toxicity of garlic juice to plant pathogenic organisms . Philipp. J. Biol. , 5 : 251
  • Ark , P. A. and Thompson , J. D. 1959 . Control of certain diseases of plants with antibiotics from garlic (Allium sativum) . Plant Dis. Rep. , 43 : 276
  • Petricic , J. , Kupinic , M. and Stanic , G. 1983 . Effects of various stabilizing agents on the antimicrobial properties of garlic extract . Acta Phar. Jugosl. , 33 : 221
  • Misra , S. B. and Dixit , S. N. 1976 . Fungicidal spectrum of the leaf extract of Allium sativum . Ind. Phy‐topathol. , 29 : 448
  • Misra , S. B. and Dixit , S. N. 1977 . Antifungal activity of vapours of some higher plants . Acta Bot. Ind. , 5 : 14
  • Sreenivasamurthy , V. , Sreekantiah , K. R. and Johar , D. S. 1960 . Effect of garlic on the growth of yeasts and moulds . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 19C : 61
  • Kabelik , J. and Hejtmankova‐Uhrova , N. 1968 . The antifungal and antibacterial effects of certain drugs and of other substances . Vet. Med. (Prague) , 13 : 295
  • Tynecka , Z. and Skwarek , T. 1974 . Wplyw Czosnku (Allium sativum L) na hodowle tkankowe zakazone Candida allicans . Farm. Pol. , 30 : 531
  • Singh , H. B. and Singh , U. P. 1980 . Inhibition of growth and sclerotium formation in Rhizoctonia solani by garlic oil . Mycologia , 72 : 1022
  • Deb‐Kirtaniya , S. , Ghosh , M. R. , Adityachaudhury , N. and Chatterjee , A. 1980 . Extracts of garlic as possible source of insecticides . Ind. J. Agr. Sci. , 50 : 507
  • Bierman , C. J. Insect repellant . Belgian Patent BE 896, 552 . June 4, 1982 . (CI.AOIN), August 16, 1983, NL Appl 82/2,260
  • Amonkar , S. V. and Reeves , E. L. 1970 . Mosquito control with active principle of garlic Allium sativum . J. Econ. Entomol. , 63 : 1172
  • Amonkar , S. V. and Banerji , A. 1971 . Isolation and characterization of larvicidal principle of garlic . Science , 174 : 1343
  • Amonkar , S. V. 1973 . Plant products in insect control . Nucl. Ind. , 12 : 1
  • George , K. C. , Amonkar , S. V. and Eapen , J. 1973 . Effect of garlic oil on incorporation of amino acids into proteins of Culex bipiens quinquefasciatus Say. larvae . Chem.‐Biol. Interactions , 6 : 169
  • Bhatnagar‐Thomas , P. L. and Pal , A. K. 1974 . Studies on the insecticidal activity of garlic oil. II. Mode of action of the oil as a pesticide in Musca domestico nebulo Fabr and Trogoderma granarium Everts . J. Food Sci. Tech. (Mysore) , 11 : 153
  • Bhatnagar‐Thomas , P. L. and Pal , A. K. 1974 . Studies on the insecticidal activity of garlic oil. I. Differential toxicity of the oil to Musca domestica nebulo Fabr and Trogoderma granarium Everts . J. Food Sci. Tech. (Mysore) , 11 : 110
  • George , K. C. and Eapen , J. 1974 . Mode of action of garlic oil — effect on oxidative phosphorylation in hepatic mitochondria of mice . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 23 : 931
  • Tandon , P. L. and Lal , B. 1980 . Comparative efficacy of synthetic garlic oil with some modern insectides against Drosicha mangiferae Green . Progr. Hort. , 12 : 61
  • Rajendran , B. and Gopolan , M. 1979 . Note on the insecticidal properties of certain plant extract . Ind. J. Agr. , 49 : 295
  • Reznik , P. A. and Imbs , Yu G. 1965 . Ixodid ticks and phytoncides . Zool. Zh. , 44 : 1861
  • Witkowski , W. 1972 . Researches on the insecticidal effect of garlic, Allium sativum Linne, against Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) . Biul. Inst. Ochrony Rosl. , 54 : 365
  • Pandey , N. D. , Singh , S. R. and Tewari , G. C. 1976 . Use of some plant powders, oils and extracts as protectants against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis Linn.) . Int. J. Entomol. , 38 : 110
  • Soliman , M. H. and Hay , D. A. 1978 . Interaction of genotype and learning in the food preference of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum . Experientia , 34 : 329
  • Nasseh , M. O. 1983 . Wirkung von Rotextrakten aus Allium sativum L. auf Getriedeblattlause Sitobion a venae F. und Rhopalosiphum padi L. sowie die Grune Pfirsichblattlaus Myzus persicae Sulz . Z. Angew. Entomol. , 95 : 228
  • Venugopal , M. S. and Narayan , V. 1981 . Effects of allitin on the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) . Int. Pest. Control , : 130
  • Sukul , N. C. , Das , P. K. and De , G. C. 1974 . Nematicidal action of some edible crops . Nematologica , 20 : 187
  • Desai , M. V. , Shah , H. M. and Pillai , S. N. 1973 . Nematicidal property of some plant species . Ind. J. Nematol. , 3 : 77
  • Sharma , N. K. , Nath , A. and Thapa , C. D. 1981 . Relative toxicity of chemicals to mushroom nematode Aphelenchoides sacchari . Ind. J. Nematol. , 11 : 231
  • Nath , A. , Sharma , N. K. , Bhardwaj , S. and Thapa , C. D. 1982 . Nematicidal properties of garlic . Nemo‐tologica , 28 : 253
  • Banaag , A. F. , Bandong , P. P. and Luis , R. A. 1961 . Two concentrations of DDT and methoxychlor in the control of insects affecting garlic in storage . Philipp. Agr. , 45 : 36
  • Bhardwaj , A. K. and Thakur , J. R. 1974 . Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Phyticidae: Lepidoptera) infesting stored garlic (Allium sativum) . Current Sci. , 43 : 419
  • Matsumoto , Y. 1970 . “ Effect of sulphides and mercaptans on onion maggot behavior ” . In Control of Insect Behavior by Natural Products , Edited by: Wood , D. L. , Silverstein , R. M. and Nakajima , M. 140 New York : Academic Press .
  • Matsumoto , Y. and Thorsteinson , A. J. 1968 . Effect of organic sulphur compounds on oviposition in onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua Meigen (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 3 : 5
  • Matsumoto , Y. and Thorsteinson , A. J. 1968 . Olfactory response of larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua Meigen (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to organic sulphur compounds . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 3 : 107
  • Dindonis , L. L. and Miller , J. R. 1980 . Host finding responses of onion and seed corn flies to healthy and decomposing onions and several synthetic constituents of onion . Env. Entomol. , 9 : 467
  • Ishikawa , Y. , Ikeshoji , T. , Matsumoto , Y. , Tsutsumi , M. and Mitsui , Y. 1981 . Field trapping of the onion and seed corn flies with baits of fresh and aged onion pulp . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 16 : 490
  • Nishizawa , S. , Asahi , A. , Nakamura , H. , Tahara , S. , Mizutani , J. and Obata , Y. 1972 . Attraction of flies to some baits in an onion field . Memoirs, Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Univ. , 8 : 102
  • Vernon , R. S. , Borden , J. H. , Pierce , H. D. Jr. and Oehlschlager , A. C. 1977 . Host selection by Hylemya Antiqua. Laboratory bioassay and methods of obtaining host volatiles . J. Chem. Ecol. , 3 : 359
  • Vernon , R. S. , Pierce , H. D. Jr. , Borden , J. H. and Oehlschlager , A. C. 1978 . Host selection by Hylemya antiqua: identification of oviposition stimulants based on proposed active thioalkane moieties . Environ. Entomol. , 7 : 728
  • Ishikawa , Y. , Ikeshoji , T. and Matsumoto , Y. 1978 . A propylthio moiety essential to the oviposition attractant and stimulant of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua Meigen . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 13 : 115
  • Soni , S. K. and Finch , S. 1979 . Laboratory evaluation of sulphur bearing chemicals as attractants for larvae of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) . Bull. Ent. Res. , 69 : 291
  • Tomioka , T. 1977 . Bionomics of Hylemya antiqua Meigen and Hylemya plantura Meigen . Shokubutsuboeki , 31 : 206
  • Ikeshoji , T. , Ishikawa , Y. and Matsumoto , Y. 1980 . Attractants against the onion maggots and flies, Hylemya antiqua, in onions inoculated with bacteria . J. Pest. Sci. , 5 : 343
  • Ikeshoji , T. 1984 . S‐Propenyl cysteine sulphoxide in exudates of onion roots and its possible decompart‐mentalization in root cells by bacteria into attractant of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Dip‐tera:Anthomyiidae) . Appl. Ent. Zoo. , 19 : 159
  • Dindonis , L. L. and Miller , J. R. 1981 . Onion fly and little house fly host finding selectively mediated by decomposing onion and microbial volatiles . J. Chem. Ecol. , 7 : 419
  • Zurlini , G. and Robinson , A. S. 1978 . Onion conditioning pertaining to larval preference, survival, and rate of development in Delia (=HyIemya) antiqua . Ent. Exp. App. , 23 : 279
  • Ishikawa , Y. , Ikeshoji , T. , Matsumoto , Y. , Tsutsumi , M. and Mitsui , Y. 1983 . 2‐Phenylethanol: an attractant for the onion and seed corn flies, Hylemya antiqua and H. platura (Diptera=Anthomyiidae) . Appl. Entomol. Zoo. , 18 : 270
  • Dindonis , L. L. and Miller , J. R. 1981 . Onion fly trap catch as affected by release rates of n‐dipropyl disulphide from polyethylene enclosures . J. Chem. Ecol. , 7 : 411
  • Ikeshoji , T. , Ishikawa , Y. and Matsumoto , Y. 1981 . Ecological and chemical interactions between onion and onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) . Rev. Plant Protect. Res. , 14 : 141
  • Thibout , E. 1974 . Influences respectives de la plante‐hote et de la copulation sur la longevite, la ponte, la production ovarienne et al fertilite des fernelles d’ Acrolepia assectella Zell (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) . Ann. Zoo. Ecol. Anim. , 6 : 81
  • Boscher , J. 1975 . Recherches preliminaires sur les substances emises par le poireau (Allium porrum L.) et stimulant la ponte de la teigne (Acrolepia assectella Zell) . Ann. Zoo. Ecol. Anim. , 7 : 499
  • Boscher , J. 1977 . Mise en evidence du role du disulfure de dipropyle emis par les feuilles de poireau (Allium porrum L.) dans la ponte de la teigne du poireau (Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell.) . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 284 : 635 Ser. D
  • Goldsmith , W. W. 1909 . Onion poisoning in cattle . J. Comp. Path. Therap. , 22 : 151
  • Pipal , F. J. 1917 . A suspected case of stock poisoning by wild onions (Allium canadense) . Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. , : 139
  • Thorp , F. Jr. and Harshfield , G. S. 1939 . Onion poisoning in horses . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 94 : 52
  • Sebrell , W. H. 1930 . An anaemia of dogs produced by feeding onions . Pub. Health Rep. , 45 : 1175
  • Gruhzit , O. M. I . 1931 . Anemia of dogs produced by feeding of the whole onions and on onion fractions . Am. J. Med. Sci. , 181 : 812
  • Gruhzit , O. M. II . 1931 . Anemia in dogs produced by feeding disulphide compounds . Am. J. Med. Sci. , 181 : 815
  • Pierce , K. R. , Joyce , J. R. , England , R. B. and Jones , L. P. 1972 . Acute haemolytic anemia caused by wild onion poisoning in horses . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 160 : 323
  • James , L. F. and Binns , W. 1966 . Effects of feeding wild onions (Allium validum) to bred ewes . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 149 : 512
  • Van Kampen , K. R. , James , L. F. and Johnson , A. E. 1970 . Hemolytic anaemia in sheep fed wild onion (Allium validum) . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc , 156 : 328
  • Kirk , J. H. and Bulgin , M. S. 1979 . Effects of feeding cull domestic onions (Allium cepa) to sheep . Am. J. Vet. Res. , 40 : 397
  • Hutchison , T. W. S. 1977 . Onions as a cause of Heinz body anaemia and death in cattle . Can. Vet. J. , 18 : 358
  • Koger , L. M. 1956 . Onion poisoning in cattle . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc , 129 : 75
  • Farkas , M. C. and Farkas , J. N. 1974 . Hemolytic anemia due to ingestion of onions in a dog . J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. , 10 : 65
  • Spice , R. J. 1976 . Hemolytic anemia associated with ingestion of onions in a dog . Can. Vet. J. , 17 : 181
  • Stallbaumer , M. 1981 . Onion poisoning in a dog . Vet. Record , : 523
  • Van Schouwenburg , S. 1982 . Hemolitiese anemia in'n miniatuur Dachshund veroorsaak deur inname van groot hoeveolhede uie (Allium cepa) . J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. , 53 : 212
  • Kay , J. M. 1983 . Onion toxicity in a dog . Mod. Vet. Pract. , 64 : 477
  • Kobayashi , K. 1981 . Onion poisoning in the cat . Feline Pract. , 11 : 22
  • Baldissera‐Nordio , C. 1952 . Anemia mielotossica da alimentazione con cipolle (Allium cepa) . Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. , 28 : 53
  • Baldissera‐Nordio , C. 1952 . Il Quatro ematologico delle madri e dei feti alia nascita nell'anemia de cipolle . Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. , 28 : 1704
  • Baldissera‐Nordio , C. 1952 . Importanza della luce sul quadro ematologico di conigli anemizzati con cipolle . Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. , 28 : 1705
  • Williams , H. H. , Erickson , B. N. , Beach , E. F. and Macy , I. G. 1941 . Biochemical studies on the blood of dogs with N‐propyl disulphide anaemia . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 26 : 996
  • Bogin , E. , Abrams , M. and Earon , Y. 1984 . Effect of garlic extract on red blood cells . J. Food Protect. , 47 : 100
  • Saghir , A. R. , Cowan , J. W. and Salji , J. P. 1966 . Goitrogenic activity of onion volatiles . Nature (London) , 211 : 87
  • Cowan , J. W. , Saghir , A. R. and Salji , J. P. 1967 . Antithyroid activity of onion volatiles . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 20 : 683
  • Saghir , A. R. , Cowan , J. W. and Salji , J. P. 1968 . The molecular structure of sulphides in relation to antithyroid activity . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 2 : 399
  • Salji , J. P. , Cowan , J. W. and Saghir , A. R. 1971 . The antithyroid activity of Allium volatiles in the rat — in vitro studies . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 16 : 251
  • Hakansson , D. 1963 . “ Allium vineale L. as a weed with special reference to the conditions in southeastern Sweden ” . In Rep. Dept. of Plant Husbandry , Vol. 19 , 9 Uppsala : Agricultural College of Sweden .
  • Iltis , H. 1949 . An immigrant conquers a continent: the story of the wild garlic . Sci. Monthly , 68 : 122
  • Miller , B. S. , Pomeranz , Y. , Converse , H. H. and Brandenburg , N. R. 1977 . “ Removing garlic contamination from harvested wheat ” . In U.S. Department of Agriculture Prod. Res. Rep. Vol. 173 , 1
  • Loewer , O. J. Jr. , White , G. M. and Ross , I. J. 1976 . Evaluation of flotation process for separating garlic from wheat . Trans. Am. Soc Agr. Engineeers , 19 : 1158
  • Stritzke , J. F. and Peters , E. J. 1970 . Dormancy and sprouting in wild garlic . Weed Sci. , 18 : 112
  • Johnson , B. J. 1982 . Postemergence control of wild Allium species with herbicides in Bermudagrass turf . Univ. Georgia Coll. Agr. Exp. Stat. Res. Bull. , 282 : 1
  • Peters , E. J. and Mckelvey , R. A. 1982 . Herbicides and dates of application for control and eradication of wild garlic (Allium vineale) . Weed Science , 30 : 557
  • Haggard , H. W. and Greenberg , L. A. 1935 . Breath odours from alliacious substances . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 104 : 2160
  • Haenen, J. M., personal communication.
  • Sokolov , R. 1975 . A plant of ill repute . Nat. History , 84 : 70
  • Sgoll‐Heck , G. 1983 . Garlic — just a controversial seasoning or the secret of eternal youth? . H and R Contact (Haarmann and Reimer GmbH) , 31 : 25
  • Abdel‐Fatteh , A. R. , Abou‐Zeid , A.‐Z. A. and Farid , M. A. 1984 . Production of ethyl alcohol by Sac‐charomyces cerevisiae including utilization of onion juice . Agr. Wastes , 9 : 101
  • Thomas , P. 1984 . Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin — Part 2. Onions and other bulb crops . CR C Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 21 : 95
  • Zehnder , H. J. 1984 . The irradiation preservation of onions — experiments 1977 to 1983 . Food Technol. , 23 : 114
  • Ishii , K. and Okubo , M. 1984 . The keeping quality of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler) by low temperature and seal‐packaging with polyethylene bag . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 53 : 87
  • Zoghbi , M. G. B. , Ramos , L. S. , Maia , I. G. S. , daSilva , M. L. and Luz , A. I. R. 1984 . Volatile sulfides of the Amazonian garlic bush . J. Agri. Food Chem. , 32 : 1009
  • Block , E. , Ahmad , S. , Jain , M. K. , Crecely , R. W. , Apitz‐Castro , R. and Cruz , M. R. 1984 . (E,Z)‐Ajoene: a potent Antithrombotic agent from garlic . J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 106 : 8295
  • McCallion , B. J. and Lancaster , J. E. 1984 . Changes in the content and distribution, in different organs, of the flavour precursors, the S‐alk(en)yl‐l‐cysteine sulphoxides, during seedling development of onions (Allium cepa) grown under light and dark regimes . Physiol. Plant. , 62 : 370
  • Murota , S. and Watanabe , T. 1984 . Germanium contents in vegetables, herbs and their extracts I . Kobe Joshi Daigaku Kiyo , 17 : 25
  • Khodzhaeva , M. A. and Kondratenko , E. S. 1984 . Allium carbohydrates. VI. Stachyose from A. suvorovii seeds . Khim. Prir, Soedin. , 6 : 787
  • Khodzhaeva , M. A. and Kondratenko , E. S. 1984 . Allium carbohydrates. IV. Glucofructans of Allium longicuspis . Khim. Prir. Soedin. , 6 : 703
  • Khodzhaeva , M. A. and Kondratenko , E. S. 1984 . Allium carbohydrates. V. Glucofructans of Allium cepa . Khim. Prir. Soedin. , 3 : 383
  • Kamal , R. and Sharma , G. L. 1974 . Steroidal sapogenins from bulbs of Allium wallichiiKunth . Pharma‐zie , 39 : 707
  • Agrawal , V. P. , Lessire , R. and Stumpf , P. K. 1984 . Biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids in micro‐somes from epidermal cells of Allium porrum L. . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 230 : 580
  • Kimura , K. , Nishimura , H. , Kimura , I. , Iwata , I. and Mizutani , J. 1984 . Changes in flavour components of onion by roasting . Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi , 37 : 343
  • Srivastava , K. C. 1984 . Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism . Biomed. Biochim. Acta. , 43 : S335
  • Sodimu , O. , Joseph , P. K. and Augusti , K. T. 1984 . Certain biochemical effects of garlic oil on rats maintained on high fat‐high cholesterol diet . Experientia , 40 : 78
  • Bobboi , A. , Augusti , K. T. and Joseph , P. L. 1984 . Hypolipidemic effects of onion oil and garlic oil in ethanol‐fed rats . Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. , 21 : 211
  • Wilcox , B. F. , Joseph , P. K. and Augusti , K. T. 1984 . Effects of allylpropyldisulfide isolated from Allium cepa Linn on high‐fat fed rats . Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. , 21 : 214
  • Chaudhuri , B. N. , Mukherjee , S. K. , Mongia , S. S. and Chakravarty , S. K. 1984 . Hypolipidemic effect of garlic and thyroid function . Biomed. Biochim Acta , 43 : 1045
  • Liakopolou‐Kyriakides , M. , Sinakos , Z. and Kyriakidis , D. A. 1985 . Identification of alliin, a consitutent of Allium cepa with an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation . Phytochemistry , 24 : 600
  • Karawya , M. S. , Abdel Wahab , S. M. , EI‐Olemy , M. M. and Farrag , N. M. 1984 . Diphenylamine, and antihyperglycaemic agent from onion and tea . J. Nat. Prod. , 47 : 775
  • Karawya , M. S. , Khayyal , S. E. , Farrag , N. M. and Ayad , M. M. 1984 . Quantitative determination of diphenylamine in certain edible plant organs . Sci. Pharm. , 52 : 147
  • Dorsch , W. and Weber , J. 1984 . Prevention of allergen‐induced bronchial obstruction in sensitized guinea pigs by crude alcoholic onion extract . Agents and Action , 14 : 626
  • Dorsch , W. , Adam , O. , Weber , J. and Ziegeltrum , T. 1985 . Antiasthmatic effects of onion extracts — detection of benzyl — and other isothiocyanates (mustard oils) as antiasthmatic compounds of plant origin . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 107 : 17
  • Koremura , N. , Hasegawa , T. and Suzuki , T. 1984 . Studies on the growth‐stimulating material in onion to rat . Nogaku Shuko (Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku) , 28 : 400
  • Kim , S. K. , Bae , E. S. and Cha , C. W. 1984 . A study on the effect of garlic on the toxicity of cadmium in rats . Koryo Taehakkyo Vikwa Taehak Nonmunjip , 21 : 65
  • Abraham , S. K. and Kesavan , P. C. 1984 . Genotoxicity of garlic, tumeric and asafoetida in mice . Mutat. Res. , 136 : 85
  • Kanezawa , A. , Nakagawa , S. , Sumiyoshi , H. , Masamoto , K. , Harada , H. , Nakagami , S. , Date , S. , Yokota , A. , Nishkawa , M. and Fuwa , T. 1984 . General toxicity testing of a garlic extraction preparation containing vitamins . Oyo Yakuri , 27 : 909
  • Agrawal , P. and Rai , B. 1984 . Effect of bulb extracts of onion and garlic on soil bacteria . Acta Botan. Ind. , 12 : 45
  • Awasthi , P. B. and Leathers , C. R. 1984 . Effect of aqueous garlic extract on growth of Coccidioides inimitis and two‐arthroconidia‐producing fungi . Acta Botan. Ind. , 12 : 22
  • Kumar , A. and Gupta , R. S. 1984 . A note on the sensitivity of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus for garlic extract (Allium sativum Linn.) . Ind. Vet. J. , 61 : 718
  • Shashikanth , K. N. , Basappa , S. L. and Sreenivasa Murthy , V. 1948 . A comparative study of raw garlic extract and tetracycline on caecal microflora and serum proteins of albino rats . Folia Microbiol. , 29 : 348
  • Renu . 1983 . Fungitoxicity of leaf extracts of some higher plants against Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn . Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. , 6 : 245
  • Ahmed , N. and Sultana , K. 1984 . Fungitoxic effect of garlic on treatment of jute seed . Bangladesh J. Bot. , 13 : 130
  • Miller , J. R. , Harris , M. O. and Breznak , J. A. 1984 . Search for potent attractants of onion flies . J. Chem. Ecol. , 10 : 1477
  • Leconmte , C. and Thibout , E. 1984 . Le pouvoir attractif chez la feigne du poireau, Acrolepiopsis aisectella Zell. (Lep., Hyponomeutoidea) de qualques Allium du complexe ampeloprasum consemmes per l'homme . Acta Ocollogica , 5 : 259
  • Stevens , H. 1984 . Suspected wild garlic poisoning in sheep . Vet. Record , 115 : 363

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.