Food applications and the toxicological and nutritional implications of amorphous silicon dioxide

References

• Andersson , K. and Paul , S. 1982 . Foam. II. Chemical defoaming and a simple way to measure the effectiveness of defoamers in aqueous dispersions . Scand. J. Dye and Lacquer , 28 (12) : 252
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , H. 1981 . Characterization of silicon dioxide surfaces by successive determinations of the solute rate . Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 30
   Google Scholar
• Bobalik , J. M. 1985 . Influence of Fumed Silica on Protein Functionality in Model and Real Food Systems , Urbana : University of Illinois . M. S. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Bobalik , J. M. and Villota , R. Effect of amorphous silica on the rheology of doughs made from weak and strong wheat flours . J. Cereal Chem. , submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Bobalik , J. M. and Villota , R. Application of amorphous silica in baking systems . J. Cereal Chem. , submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla‐Vidales , C. M. , Plett , E. A. and Loncin , M. 1981 . Observations on aroma retention during air‐drying of sugar solutions . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 14 (3) : 153
   Google Scholar
• Brody , A. R. , Roe , M. W. , Evans , J. N. and Davis , G. S. 1982 . Deposition and translocation of inhaled silica in rats. Quantification of particle distribution, macrophage participation, and function . Lab. Invest. , 47 (6) : 533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouillard , R. E. , Katz , H. A. and Muenchow , H. L. Whole Cell Enzyme Composition Containing Fumed Silica . U.S. Patent 4,304,857 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . Cab‐O‐Sil Fumed Silica in Foods , Tuscola, Ill. : Cabot Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . Cab‐O‐Sil Properties and Functions , Tuscola, Ill. : Cabot Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . Cab‐O‐Sil Technical Data, Health, safety, and regulatory status of Cab‐O‐Sil fumed silica , Tuscola, Ill : Cabot Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Cabras , P. , Cardu , P. and Serra , M. 1982 . White winemaking technology of Nuragus di Cagliari. Clarification treatments during prefermentation . Vignevini , 9 (4) : 47
   Google Scholar
• Carlisle , E. M. 1980 . A silicon requirement for normal skull formation in chicks . J. Nutr. , 110 (2) : 352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlisle , E. M. 1980 . Biochemical and morphological changes associated with long bone abnormalities in silicone deficiency . J. Nutr. , 110 (5) : 1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlisle , E. M. 1982 . The nutritional essentiality of silicon . Nutr. Rev. , 40 (7) : 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charache , P. , Macleod , C and White , P. 1962 . Effects of silicate polymers on erythrocytes in presence and absence of complement . J. Gen. Physiol. , 45 : 1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirife , J. and Karel , M. 1973 . Contribution of adsorption to volatile retention in a freeze‐dried food model containing PVP . J. Food Sci. , 38 : 768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S. and Villota, R. unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , H. and Miller , D. 1982 . Cab‐O‐Sil N70‐TS as a Rheology Control Agent for Adhesives and Sealants , Tuscola, Ill. : Cabot Corporation, Cab‐O‐Sil Division .
   Google Scholar
• CPC International, Inc. Immobilization of Glucose Isomerase and the Continuous Isomerization of Glucose . Netherlands Patent Appl. 7,703,672 . 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , M. G. , Collings , A. J. , Kiss , I. S. and Sharratt , M. 1974 . A lifespan study of a polydimethylsilox‐ane in the mouse . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 12 (4) : 443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dauber , J. H. , Rossman , M. D. and Daniele , R. P. 1981 . Characterization of the inflammatory response in experimental silicosis . Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 94
   Google Scholar
• Davies , R. 1981 . Effects of synthetic silicas on mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro . Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 67
   Google Scholar
• Decker , W. J. , Corby , D. G. , Hilburn , R. E. and Lynch , R. E. 1981 . Adsorption of solvents by activated charcoal, polymers, and mineral sorbents . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 23 (Suppl. 1) : 44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deutsche Gold and Silbersheideanstalt, Fat Emulsion Products . British Patent 1,134,706 . 1968 .
   Google Scholar
• Drake , B. B. Free‐Flowing Enzyme Composition . U.S. Patent 4,010,073 . 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• El‐Shattaway , H. H. , Peck , G. E. and Kildsig , D. O. 1981 . Aspartame‐direct compression excipients: preformulation stability screening using differential scanning calorimetry . Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. , 7 (5) : 605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , J. , Ulbrich , R. , Ziemann , R. , Flatau , S. , Wolna , P. , Schleiff , M. , Pluschke , Y. and Schel‐lenberger , A. 1980 . Thermal inactivation of immobilized enzymes: a kinetic study . J. Solid‐Phase Biochem. , 5 (2) : 79
   Google Scholar
• Goertges , S. 1980 . Influence of raw material on the clarification and stabilization of apple juice . Fluess. Obsf. , 47 (l) : 16
   Google Scholar
• Groth , D. H. , Moorman , W. J. , Lynch , D. W. , Stettler , L. E. , Wagner , W. D. and Hornung , R. W. 1981 . Chronic effects of inhaled amorphous silicas in animals . Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , G. D. and Possmann , P. 1977 . Colloidal silicon dioxide as a fining agent for wine . Am. J. Enol. Vitic. , 28 (2) : 108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley , J. D. and Margolis , J. 1961 . Haemolytic activity of colloidal silica . Nature (London) , 189 : 1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkes , J. G. and Villota , R. 1984 . Functional properties of amorphous silicon dioxide in oil‐water emulsions . 44th Annu. Meet. I.F.T., Session 34, No. 318 . 1984 , Anaheim, Calif..
   Google Scholar
• Hollenbach , A. M. , Peleg , M. and Rufner , R. 1982 . Effect of four anticaking agents on the bulk characteristics of ground sugar . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenbach , A. M. , Peleg , M. and Rufner , R. 1983 . Interparticle surface affinity and the bulk properties of conditioned powders . Powder Technol. , 35 : 51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havrankova , J. and Skoda , V. 1982 . Activity of nonspecific esterase in lung lavage after the application of silica dust . Prac. Lek. , 34 (6–7) : 222
   Google Scholar
• Hempel , H. U. and Schmadel , E. Powdered Defoamers for Aqueous Systems . German Patent DE 3,115,644 . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , K. Improving the Stability of Activity of Special Methylpolysiloxanes . German Patent DD 152, 687 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Holik , D. J. and Mueller , N. J. Glucoamylase Immobilized on Cationic Colloidal Silica . British Patent Appl. 2,003,483 . 1979 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , J. Y. Water‐Dispersible Composition . U.S. Patent 4,016,337 . 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• Her , R. K. 1977 . Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Her , R. K. 1979 . The Chemistry of Silica , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Her , R. K. 1981 . The surface chemistry of amorphous synthetic silica‐interaction with organic molecules in an aqueous medium . Am. Soc. Tech. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Jahr , J. 1981 . Possible health hazards from different types of amorphous silicas . Am. Soc. Tech. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 199
   Google Scholar
• Jakubke , H. D. , Bullerjahn , R. , Haensler , M. and Koennecke , A. 1982 . Application of immobilized proteases to peptide synthesis . Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. , 9 : 529
   Google Scholar
• Janda , W. Improvements in or Relating to the Clarification of Citrus Fruit . British Patent 1,535,983 . 1978 .
   Google Scholar
• Jehle , F. A. and Ali , F. Isolated Soy Protein Composition . U.S. Patent 4,233,324 . 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalal , J. and Tlustakova , M. Three‐Dimensional Carrier of an Inorganic Porous Material‐Reactive Polymer . U.S. Patent 4,332,694 . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Kajitani , Y. Food Dehydration by Silica Gel . Japanese Patent 57,166,976 [82,166,976] . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Kawata , T. , Sahara , Y. , Sato , S. and Thompson , T. 1969 . Anticaking effect of silicon dioxide on powdered foods and its acute toxicity . Shikoku Igaku Zasshi , 25 (2) : 285
   Google Scholar
• Kindlund , A. and Lundstroem , I. 1982 . Physical studies of quartz crystal sorption detectors, Sens . Actuators , 3 (1) : 63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsis , V. , Arens , A. , Kamyshnyi , A. L. , Chukhrai , E. S. and Poltorak , O. M. 1979 . Catalytic and adsorption properties of acid proteinase from A. terreus . Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Khim. , 20 (5) : 433
   Google Scholar
• Koval'skii , V. V. and Suslikov , V. L. 1980 . Silicon subregions of the biosphere in the USSR . Tr. Biogeo‐khim. Lab. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 18 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarini , R. P. , Goddard , E. D. and Kanner , B. 1977 . Mechanism of antifoaming action . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 59 (3) : 468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , E. C. , Senyk , G. F. and Shipe , W. F. 1974 . Trypsin immobilized on porous glass: preservation and choice of reactor . J. Food Sci. , 39 (6) : 1124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , R. E. 1981 . Immobilization of glucoamylase using titanium tetrachloride and organic titanates . 11th Proc. Annu. Biochem. Eng. Symp. 1981 . pp. 73
   Google Scholar
• Luca , S. F. , Thommel , J. and Bronn , W. K. Powdered, Free‐Flowing Fresh Baker's Yeast Preparation . German Patent 2,614,348 . 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M. J. Maltitol‐Containing Toothpaste . U.S. Patent 4,357,314 . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyubchenko , I. I. , Tangiev , Kh. Sh. , Kosyura , V. T. and Krechetova , V. V. 1982 . New method for must clarification and wine processing . Vinodel. Vinograd. SSSR , 1 : 12
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , J. 1961 . The effect of colloidal silica on blood coagulation . Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. , 39 : 249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyaji , A. Odorless Garlic Powder . Japanese Examined Patent 5,339,504 . 1978 .
   Google Scholar
• Monceaux , R. Dietetic Composition . French Patent 1,555,507 . 1969 .
   Google Scholar
• Monsan , P. , Duteurtre , B. , Moll , M. and Durand , G. 1978 . Use of papain immobilized on spherosil for beer chillproofing . J. Food Sci. , 43 (2) : 424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montecalvo, J. unpublished data, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Mpenza , E. B. , Gillard , J. and Roland , M. 1982 . Static electricity of powders. II. Effect of gliding agents on electrostatic charges and rheological properties of acetylsalicylic acid . Sci. Tech. Pharm. , 11 (5) : 199
   Google Scholar
• Nakhapetyan , L. A. , Menyailova , I. I. , Zhdanov , S. P. and Koromal'di , E. V. 1976 . Properties of glucoamylase immobilized on inorganic carriers . Fermentn. Spirt. Promst. , 5 : 35
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . “ Current intelligence bulletin 36, Silica flour: silicosis (crystalline silica) ” . Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U.S.), 83(1), 50, 1983 [Report 1981, DHHS/ PUB/NIOSH‐81–137; Order No. PB83–101758]
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , F. H. 1974 . Newer trace elements in human nutrition . Food Technol. , 28 (1) : 38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaev , A. L. , Pisareva , M. S. and Vorchenko , G. D. 1982 . Zh. Fiz. Khim. , 56 (10) : 2632
   Google Scholar
• Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. Concentration of Tocopherols . Japanese Patent 57,144,280 [82,144,280] . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Fabriek , N.V. Chemisch . “Naarden” . Netherlands Patent Appl. 72 14,978 . 1974 .
   Google Scholar
• 1974 . Chem. Abstr. , 81 : 122178g
   Google Scholar
• Ostendorf , J. P. Method for Producing Antioxidants for Foods and Method for Protecting Food and Food Components Against Oxidation, N.V. Chemische Fabriek “Naarden” . Netherlands Patent Appl. 6,716,718 . 1969 .
   Google Scholar
• Pedram , E. O. and Hines , A. L. 1983 . Pure vapor adsorption of water on Mobile sorbead R silica gel . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 28 (1) : 11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg , M. 1977 . Flowability of food powders and methods for its evaluation — a review . J. Food Process. Eng. , 1 : 303
   Google Scholar
• Peleg , M. and Hollenbach , A. M. 1984 . Flow conditioners and anticaking agents . Food Technol. , 3 : 94
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , R. W. , Shevlin , C. M. and Matteucci , J. S. Flexible polymer film with vapor‐impermeable coating . European Patent Appl. EP 62,334 . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Politzki , G. R. , Bieniek , D. , Lahaniatis , E. S. , Scheunert , I. , Klein , W. and Korte , F. 1982 . Determination of vapor pressures of nine organic chemicals adsorbed on silica gel . Chemosphere , 11 (12) : 1217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomper , S. and Akerman , E. Free‐flowing particulate yeast . U.S. Patent 4,232,045 . 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• Pounder , D. J. , Ghadially , F. N. , Mukherjee , T. M. , Hecker , R. , Rowland , R. , Dixon , B. and Lalonde , J. M. A. 1982 . Ultrastructure and electronprobe X‐ray analysis of the pigment in melanosis duodeni . J. Submicrosc. Cytol. , 14 (2) : 389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pourrat , A. , Renoux , R. and Jean , D. 1978 . Formulation de comprimés à base de citroflavonoides. Con‐troles et etude de la conservation . Ann. Pharm. Fr. , 36 (5–6) : 253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentmeester , K. R. Thixotropic Coating Materials for Use in Food and Beverage Canning . British Patent Appl. GB 2,070,633 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubio , J. and Kitchener , J. A. 1976 . The mechanism of adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) Hocculant on silica . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 57 (1) : 132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupprecht , H. and Hofer , J. The stability of suspensions in the presence of inorganic colloids and surface‐active yeasts . Surface Acting Agents Symp. pp. 25 London : Society of Chemistry, Ind. .
   Google Scholar
• Salek , J. and Villota , R. 1984 . Flowability and fluidization performance of food powders containing silicon dioxide . 44th Ann. Meet. I.F.T., Session 31, No. 272 . 1984 , Anaheim, Calif..
   Google Scholar
• Sato , M. , Namba , Y. , Ohba , T. , Mori , T. , Obitsu , M. , Watanabe , Y. and Tasaki , K. 1982 . Fining of sake with silica . J. Soc. Brew. (Japan) , 77 (5) : 338
   Google Scholar
• Sato , M. , Ohba , T. , Mori , T. , Obitsu , M. , Watanabe , Y. and Tasaki , K. 1982 . Clarification of soy sauce with silica sol . Nippon Jozo Kyokai Zasshi , 77 (8) : 553
   Google Scholar
• Sato , M. , Ohba , T. , Mori , T. , Obitsu , M. , Watanabe , Y. and Tasaki , K. 1982 . Correlation between the fining effect of the properties of sake. Fining of sake with silica sol. II . Nippon Jozo Kyokai Zasshi , 77 (11) : 882
   Google Scholar
• Schepers , G. W. H. 1981 . Biological action of precipitation‐process submicron amphorous silica (HI‐SIL233) . Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 144
   Google Scholar
• SCM Glidden Pigments . 1983 . SiLCRON, Fine Particle Silica for Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Baltimore, Md.
   Google Scholar
• SCM Glidden Pigments . 1983 . SiLCRON, a Fine Particle Silica for the Food Industry Baltimore, Md.
   Google Scholar
• Seiwa Kasei , K. K. Food Dehydration, Japanese Patent 57,122,914 [82,122,914] (Cl. B01D31/00) . Appl. 81/8,697 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Shitova , N. B. , Kovalenko , G. A. , Rachkovskaya , L. N. , Sokolovski , V. D. and Levitskii , E. A. 1982 . Immobilization of enzymes, U.S.S.R. SU 950,771, 1982; Otkrytiya . J. Prom. Obrastsy Tovarnye Znaki , 30 : 96
   Google Scholar
• Shkarabu , N. G. 1977 . Effect of some organosilicon compounds on honeybees . Biol. Akt. Soedi‐nenya Elementov IV B Gruppy , : 184
   Google Scholar
• Shoaf , M. D. , Ketch , F. M. and Wong , T. S. Nonweeping Shortenings . U.S. Patent 3,669,681 . 1972 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , N. R. and Bhide , K. H. Mixtures of Cephalexin and Silicon Dioxide for Pharmaceutical Gelatin Capsules . French Patent 2,471,787 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. A. and Woods , J. A. F. Vinegar Flavors . U.S. Patent 3,630,756 . 1971 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. A. and Woods , J. A. F. Flavor, Composition . British Patent 1,312,248 . 1973 .
   Google Scholar
• Societé d'Importation de Parfumerie et de Produits Pharmaceutiques . Cookies Containing Liquid Dimethylpolysiloxane for Digestive Disorders . Belgium Patent BE 889,453 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Stöber Von , W. 1956 . Adsorption seigenschaften and oberflachenstruktur von quarzpulvern . Kolloid‐Z. , 145 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Taguchi , C. Pickling Agents . Japanese Patent 57,194,263 . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Takenaka , H. , Kawashima , Y. and Lin , S. Y. 1981 . Polymorphism of spray‐dried microencapsulated sulfamethoxazole with cellulose acetate phthalate and colloidal silica, montmorillonite or talc . J. Pharm. Sci. , 70 (11) : 1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toray Silicone Co., Ltd. Defoamer Compositions . Japanese Patent 57,156,008 [82,156,008] . 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Urlaub , R. Clarification of Stone Fruit Juice . Swiss Patent 626,513 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Varthalis , S. and Pilpel , N. 1977 . The action of colloidal silicon dioxide as a glidant for lactose, paracetamol, oxytetracycline, and their mixtures . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 29 (1) : 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco , V. S. Preparing Beverage Mix Containing Dextrose Hydrate and Coated Acid . U.S. Patent 4,278,695 . 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Weller , W. 1981 . Effects of unmodified natural and coated silicious earth in a long‐term intraperitoneal test in rats . Am. Soc. Tech. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. , 732 : 174
   Google Scholar
• Wilke , G. , Schoenfelder , D. and Gries , J. Method for Production of Synthetic Sausage Skins for Regenerated Cellulose . East German Patent 69,043 . 1969 .
   Google Scholar
• Willey , J. D. 1982 . “Silica (amorphous)” . In Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Grayson , M. and Eckroth , D. Vol. 20 , 766 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• York , P. 1975 . The use of glidants to improve the flowability of fine lactose powder . Powder Techno. , 11 : 197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuki , E. and Morimoto , K. 1982 . Preventive effect of silicone oil on the thermal deterioration of various frying oils . Yukagaku , 31 (11) : 915
   Google Scholar
• Zinchenko , V. I. , Kosyura , V. T. , Zagoruiko , V. A. , Rivkin , V. L. , Pavlov , V. V. and Khoma , M. I. 1981 . Treatment of young wine materials using a colloidal silicon dioxide solution . Pishcb. Promst. (Kiev) , 4 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Zinchenko , V. I. and Zagoruiko , V. A. 1982 . Silicon dioxide for must clarification and stabilization of wine . Vinodel. Vinograd. S.S.S.R. , 7 : 28
   Google Scholar
• Zolcinska‐Jezierska , J. and Marecka , A. 1981 . Adsorption of some organic vapors on silica gel . Zesz. Nauk. Akad. Gorn.‐Hutn. Cracow im Stanislawa Staszica Mat. Fiz. Chem. , 835 (50) : 129
   Google Scholar