103
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is copper an antioxidant nutrient?

, &
Pages 1-31 | Published online: 29 Sep 2009

References

  • Chow , C. K. 1979 . Nutritional influence on cellular an‐tioxidant defense systems . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 32 : 1066
  • Machlin , L. J. and Bendich , A. 1987 . Free radical tissue damage; protective role of antioxidant nutrients . FASEB J. , 1 : 441
  • Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J. M. C. 1984 . Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease . Biochem. J. , 219 : 1
  • Gutteridge , J. M. C. , Halliwell , B. , Trefry , A. , Harrison , P. M. and Blake , D. 1983 . Effect of ferritin‐containing fractions with different iron loading on lipid peroxidation . Biochem. J. , 209 : 557
  • Starke , P. E. , Gilbertson , J. D. and Farber , J. L. 1985 . Lysosomal origin of ferric iron required for cell killing by hydrogen peroxide . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 133 : 371
  • Laub , R. , Schneider , Y. J. , Octave , J. N. , Trouet , A. and Crichton , R. R. 1985 . Cellular pharmacology of deferrioxamine B and derivatives in cultured rat he‐patocytes in relation to iron mobilization . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 34 : 1173
  • Wyllie , J. 1957 . Copper poisoning at a cocktail party . Am. J. Publ. Health , 47 : 617
  • Chuttani , H. K. , Gupta , P. S. , Gulati , S. and Gupta , D. N. 1965 . Acute copper sulfate poisoning . Am. J. Med. , 39 : 849
  • Walsh , F. M. , Crosson , F. J. and Bayley , M. 1977 . Acute copper intoxication, pathophysiology and therapy with a case report . Am. J. Dis. Child. , 131 : 149
  • Petering , D. H. and Antholine , W. E. 1988 . Copper toxicity: speciation and reactions of copper in biological systems . Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. , 9 : 225
  • Sokol , R. J. , Devereaux , M. S. , Traber , M. G. and Shikes , R. H. 1989 . Copper toxicity and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes: effect of vitamin E . Pediatr. Res. , 25 : 55
  • Sokol , R. J. , Devereaux , M. , Mierau , G. W. , Hambidge , K. M. and Shikes , R. H. 1990 . Oxidant injury to hepatic mitochondrial lipids in rats with dietary copper overload . Gastroenterology , 99 : 1061
  • Davis , G. K. and Mertz , W. 1987 . “ Copper ” . In Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition , 5th ed. , Edited by: Mertz , W. Vol. 1 , 301 San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Freedman , J. H. , Ciriolo , M. R. and Peisach , J. 1989 . The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity . J. Biol. Chem. , 264 : 5598
  • Freedman , J. H. and Peisach , J. 1989 . Intracellular copper transport in cultured hepatoma cells . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 164 : 134
  • Ciriolo , M. R. , Desideri , A. , Paci , M. and Rotilio , R. 1990 . Reconstitution of Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase by the Cu(I)‐glutathione complex . J. Biol. Chem. , 265 : 11030
  • National Research Council . 1989 . “ Copper ” . In Recommended Dietary Allowances , 10th ed. , 224 Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
  • Johnson , M. A. 1989 . “ Influence of ascorbic acid, zinc, iron, sucrose and fructose on copper status ” . In Copper Bioavailability and Metabolism , Edited by: Kies , C. 29 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Danks , D. M. 1988 . Copper deficiency in humans . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 8 : 235
  • Eipper , B. A. and Mains , R. E. 1988 . Peptide α‐ami‐dation . Annu. Rev. Physiol. , 50 : 333
  • Jenkinson , S. G. , Lawrence , R. A. , Grafton , W. D. , Gregory , P. E. and McKinney , M. A. 1984 . Enhanced pulmonary toxicity in copper‐deficient rats exposed to hyperoxia . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 4 : 170
  • Lawrence , R. A. and Jenkinson , S. G. 1987 . Effects of copper deficiency on carbon tetrachloride‐induced lipid peroxidation . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 109 : 134
  • Dubick , M. A. , Zidenberg‐Cherr , S. , Rucker , R. B. and Keen , C. L. 1988 . Superoxide dismutase activity in lung from copper‐ and manganese‐deficient mice exposed to ozone . Toxicol. Lett. , 42 : 149
  • Saari , J. T. , Dickerson , F. D. and Habib , M. P. 1990 . Ethane production in copper‐deficient rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 195 : 30
  • Taylor , C. G. and Bray , T. M. 1991 . Increased lung copper‐zinc‐superoxide dismutase activity and absence of magnetic resonance imaging‐detectable lung damage in copper‐deficient rats exposed to hyperoxia . J. Nutr. , 121 : 467
  • Zidenberg‐Cherr , S. , Han , B. , Dubick , M. A. and Keen , C. L. 1991 . Influence of dietary‐induced copper and manganese deficiency on ozone‐induced changes in lung and liver antioxidant systems . Toxicol. Lett. , 57 : 81
  • Paynter , D. I. 1980 . The role‐of dietary copper, manganese, selenium, and vitamin E in lipid peroxidation in tissues of the rat . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 2 : 121
  • Paynter , D. I. and Martin , G. B. 1980 . Investigations into combined dietary deficiencies of copper, selenium, and vitamin E in the rat . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 2 : 175
  • Balevska , P. S. , Russanov , E. M. and Kassabova , R. A. 1981 . Studies on lipid peroxidation in rat liver by copper deficiency . Int. J. Biochem. , 13 : 489
  • Russanov , E. M. and Kassabova , T. A. 1982 . Enzymes of oxygen metabolism and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes from copper‐deficient rats . Int. J. Biochem. , 14 : 321
  • Fields , M. , Ferretti , R. J. , Smith , J. C. and Reiser , S. 1984 . Interaction between dietary carbohydrate and copper nutriture on lipid peroxidation in rat tissues . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 6 : 379
  • Davies , N. T. and Sarkozy , P. 1985 . “ The effects of copper deficiency on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes ” . In Trace Elements in Man and Animals , Edited by: Mills , C. F. , Bremner , I. and Chester , J. K. 39 U.K. : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau .
  • Kubow , S. , Bray , T. M. and Bettger , W. J. 1986 . Effects of dietary zinc and copper on free radical production in rat lung and liver . Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 645 : 1281
  • Jain , S. K. and Williams , D. M. 1988 . Copper deficiency anemia: altered red blood cell lipids and viscosity in rats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 48 : 637
  • Silverman , S. , Fields , M. and Lewis , C. 1990 . The effect of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in the copper‐deficient rat . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 1 : 98
  • Lynch , S. M. and Strain , J. J. 1989 . Effects of copper deficiency on hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activities in lactose‐ and sucrose‐fed rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 61 : 345
  • Brown , J. C. W. and Strain , J. J. 1990 . Effect of dietary homocysteine on copper status in rats . J. Nutr. , 120 : 1068
  • Lynch , S. M. , Phil , D. and Strain , J. J. 1990 . Effects of skimmed milk powder, whey or casein on tissue trace element status and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed control and copper‐deficient diets . Nutr. Res. , 10 : 449
  • Fischer , J. E. , Johnson , M. A. and Tackett , R. L. 1991 . The effect of copper deficiency on adriamycin toxicity . Toxicol. Lett. , 57 : 147
  • Kays , S. E. , Crowell , W. A. and Johnson , M. A. 1990 . The influence of copper nutrition on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats . Magn. Trace Elements , 9 : 294
  • Lynch , S. M. and Strain , J. J. 1989 . Dietary saturated or polyunsaturated fat and copper deficiency in the rat . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 22 : 131
  • Bloomer , L. C. and Lee , G. R. 1978 . “ Normal copper metabolism ” . In Metals and the Liver , Edited by: Powell , L. W. 179 New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Chung , K. , Romero , N. , Tinker , D. , Keen , C. L. , Amemiya , K. and Rucker , R. 1988 . Role of copper in the regulation and accumulation of superoxide dismutase and metallothionein in rat liver . J. Nutr. , 118 : 859
  • Failla , M. L. , Babu , U. and Seidel , K. E. 1988 . Use of immunoresponsiveness to demonstrate that the dietary requirement for copper in young rats is greater with dietary fructose than dietary starch . J. Nutr. , 118 : 487
  • Fields , M. , Holbrook , J. , Scholfield , D. , Rose , A. , Smith , J. C. and Reiser , S. 1986 . Development of copper deficiency in rats fed fructose or starch: weekly measurements of copper indices in blood . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 181 : 120
  • Johnson , M. A. and Gratzek , J. M. 1986 . Influence of sucrose and starch on the development of anemia in copper‐ and iron‐deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 116 : 2443
  • Johnson , M. A. and Hove , S. S. 1986 . Development of anemia in copper‐deficient rats fed high levels of dietary iron and sucrose . J. Nutr. , 116 : 1225
  • Johnson , M. A. and Murphy , C. L. 1988 . Adverse effects of high dietary iron and ascorbic acid on copper status in copper‐deficient and copper‐adequate rats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 47 : 96
  • Johnson , M. A. 1986 . Interaction of dietary carbohydrate, ascorbic acid and copper with the development of copper deficiency in rats . J. Nutr. , 116 : 802
  • Johnson , W. T. and Kramer , T. R. 1987 . Effect of copper deficiency on erythrocyte membrane proteins of rats . J. Nutr. , 117 : 1085
  • Prohaska , J. R. 1991 . Changes in Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities in copper‐deficient mice and rats . J. Nutr. , 121 : 355
  • Prohaska , J. R. 1983 . Changes in tissue growth, concentrations of copper, iron, cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase subsequent to dietary or genetic copper deficiency in mice . J. Nutr. , 113 : 2148
  • Taylor , C. G. , Bettger , W. J. and Bray , T. M. 1988 . Effect of dietary zinc or copper deficiency on the primary free radical defense system in rats . J. Nutr. , 118 : 613
  • Reiser , S. , Ferretti , R. J. , Fields , M. and Smith , J. C. 1983 . Role of dietary fructose in the enhancement of mortality and biochemical changes associated with copper deficiency in rats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 38 : 214
  • Fields , M. , Lewis , C. , Scholfield , D. J. , Powell , A. S. , Rose , A. J. , Reiser , S. and Smith , J. C. 1986 . Female rats are protected against the fructose induced mortality of copper deficiency . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 183 : 145
  • Colville , J. G. and Johnson , M. A. in press . Prior exposure to copper, but not iron, decreases the severity of copper deficiency in growing rats . Magn. Trace Elements ,
  • Danks , D. M. 1983 . “ Hereditary disorders of copper metabolism in Wilson's disease and Menkes’ disease ” . In The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease , 5th ed. , Edited by: Stanbury , J. B. , Wyngaarden , J. B. , Fredrickson , D. S. , Goldstein , J. L. and Brown , M. S. 1251 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Brewer , N. R. 1987 . Comparative metabolism of copper . Vet. Med. Today , 190 : 654
  • Shaw , J. C. L. 1988 . Copper deficiency and non‐accidental injury . Arch. Dis. Child. , 63 : 448
  • Castillo‐Duran , C. and Uauy , R. 1988 . Copper deficiency impairs growth of infants recovering from malnutrition . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 47 : 710
  • Underwood , E. J. 1977 . Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition , 5th ed. , 56 New York : Academic Press .
  • Reiser , S. , Smith , J. C. , Mertz , W. , Holbrook , J. T. , Scholfield , D. J. , Powell , A. S. , Canfield , W. K. and Canary , J. J. 1985 . Indices of copper status in humans consuming a typical American diet containing either fructose or starch . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 42 : 242
  • Turnlund , J. R. , Keyes , W. R. , Anderson , H. L. and Acord , L. L. 1989 . Copper absorption and retention in young men at three levels of dietary copper by use of the stable isotope 65Cu . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 870
  • Devasagayam , T. P. A. 1986 . Low level of lipid peroxidation in newborn rats: possible factors for resistance in hepatic microsomes . FEBS Lett. , 199 : 203
  • McCord , J. M. and Fridovich , I. 1969 . Superoxide dis‐mutase . J. Biol. Chem. , 244 : 6049
  • Fridovich , I. 1975 . Superoxide dismutases . Annu. Rev. Biochem. , 44 : 147
  • Marklund , S. L. 1982 . Human copper‐containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 79 : 7634
  • Marklund , S. L. , Westman , N. G. , Lundgren , E. and Roos , G. 1982 . Copper‐ and zinc‐containing superoxide dismutase, manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in normal and neoplastic human cell lines and normal human tissues . Cancer Res. , 42 : 1955
  • Paynter , D. I. , Moir , R. J. and Underwood , E. J. 1979 . Changes in activity of the Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase enzyme in tissues of the rat with changes in dietary copper . J. Nutr. , 109 : 1566
  • Dameron , C. T. and Harris , E. D. 1987 . Regulation of aortic CuZn‐superoxide dismutase with copper . Biochem. J. , 248 : 663
  • Schellhorn , H. E. and Hassan , H. M. 1988 . Response of hydroperoxidase and superoxide dismutase deficient mutants of Esherichia coli K‐12 cells to oxi‐dative stress . Can. J. Microbiol. , 34 : 1171
  • Hoerter , J. , Eisenstark , A. and Touati , D. 1989 . Mutations by near‐ultraviolet radiation Esherichia coli strains lacking superoxide dismutase . Mutat. Res. , 215 : 161
  • Bilinski , T. , Litwinska , J. , Blaszcaynski , M. and Bajus , A. 1989 . Superoxide dismutase deficiency and the toxicity of the products of autooxidation of polyun‐saturated fatty acids in yeast . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1001 : 102
  • Chang , E. C. , Crawford , B. F. , Hong , A. , Bilinski , T. and Kosman , D. J. 1991 . Genetic and biochemical characterization of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . J. Biol. Chem. , 266 : 4417
  • Scott , M. D. , Meshnick , S. R. and Eaton , J. W. 1989 . Superoxide dismutase amplifies organismal sensitivity to ionizing radiation . J. Biol. Chem. , 264 : 2498
  • Clarkson , S. P. , Large , P. J. , Boulton , C. A. and Bamforth , C. W. 1991 . Synthesis of superoxide dismutase, catalase and other enzymes and oxygen and superoxide toxicity during changes in oxygen concentration in cultures of brewing yeast . Yeast , 7 : 91
  • Freeman , B. A. , Turrens , J. F. , Mirza , Z. , Crapo , J. D. and Young , S. L. 1985 . Modulation of oxidant lung injury by using liposome‐entrapped superoxide dismutase and catalase . Fed. Proc. , 44 : 2591
  • Aldred , A. R. , Grimes , A. , Schreiber , G. and Mercer , J. F. B. 1987 . Rat ceruloplasmin: molecular cloning and gene expression in liver, choroid plexus, yolk sac, placenta, and testis . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 2875
  • Yang , F. , Naylor , S. L. , Lum , J. B. , Cutshaw , S. , McCombs , J. L. , Naberhaus , K. H. , McGill , J. R. , Adrian , G. S. , Moore , C. M. , Barnett , D. R. and Bowman , B. H. 1986 . Characterization, mapping, and expression of the human ceruloplasmin gene . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 83 : 3257
  • Gutteridge , J. M. C. and Stocks , J. 1981 . Caeruloplas‐min: physiological and pathological perspectives . CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. , 14 : 257
  • Goldstein , I. M. , Kaplan , H. B. , Edelson , H. S. and Weissman , G. 1982 . Ceruloplasmin: an acute phase reactant that scavenges oxygen‐derived free radicals . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 389 : 368
  • Gutteridge , J. M. C. 1983 . Antioxidant properties of ca‐eruloplasmin towards iron‐and copper‐dependent oxygen radical formation . FEBS Lett. , 157 : 37
  • Marklund , S. L. 1986 . Ceruloplasmin, extracellular‐superoxide dismutase, and scavenging of superoxide anion radicals . J. Free Radical Biol. Med. , 2 : 255
  • Yamashoji , S. and Kajimoto , G. 1983 . Antioxidant effect of caeruloplasmin on microsomal lipid peroxidation . FEBS Lett. , 152 : 168
  • Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J. M. C. 1990 . The anti‐oxidants of human extracellular fluids . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 280 : 1
  • Holtzman , N. A. and Gaumnitz , B. M. 1970 . Studies on the rate of release and turnover of ceruloplasmin and apoceruloplasmin in rat plasma . J. Biol. Chem. , 245 : 2354
  • Barber , E. F. and Cousins , R. J. 1988 . Interleukin‐l‐stimulated induction of ceruloplasmin synthesis in normal and copper‐deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 118 : 375
  • Linder , M. C. , Houle , P. A. , Isaacs , E. , Moore , J. R. and Scott , L. E. 1979 . Copper regulation of ceruloplasmin in copper deficient rats . Enzyme , 24 : 23
  • Al‐Timini , D. and Dormandy , T. L. 1977 . The inhibition of lipid autoxidation by human caeruloplasmin . Biochem. J. , 168 : 283
  • Wollenberg , P. , Mahlberg , R. and Rummel , W. 1990 . The valency state of absorbed iron appearing in the portal blood and ceruloplasmin substitution . Biol. Met. , 3 : 1
  • Osaki , S. , Johnson , D. A. and Frieden , E. 1966 . The possible significance of the ferrous oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in normal human serum . J. Biol. Chem. , 241 : 2746
  • Osaki , S. , Johnson , D. A. and Frieden , E. 1971 . The mobilization of iron from the perfused mammalian liver by a serum copper enzyme, ferroxidase I . J. Biol. Chem. , 245 : 3018
  • Boyer , R. F. and Schori , B. E. 1983 . The incorporation of iron into apoferritin as mediated by ceruloplasmin . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 116 : 244
  • Broadley , C. and Hoover , R. L. 1989 . Ceruloplasmin reduces the adhesion and scavenges superoxide during the interaction of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes with endothelial cells . Am. J. Pathol. , 135 : 647
  • Gubler , C. J. , Lahey , M. E. , Chase , M. S. , Cartwright , G. E. and Wintrobe , M. M. 1952 . Studies on copper metabolism, III. The metabolism of iron in copper‐deficient swine . Blood , 7 : 1075
  • Chase , M. S. , Gubler , C. J. , Cartwright , G. E. and Wintrobe , M. M. 1952 . Studies on copper metabolism. IV. The influence of copper on the absorption of iron . J. Biol. Chem. , 199 : 757
  • Lee , G. R. , Nacht , S. , Lukens , J. N. and Cartwright , G. E. 1968 . Iron metabolism in copper‐deficient swine . J. Clin. Invest. , 47 : 2058
  • Lee , G. R. , Cartwright , G. E. and Wintrobe , M. M. 1968 . Heme synthesis in copper‐deficient swine . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 127 : 977
  • Williams , D. M. , Loukopoulus , D. , Lee , G. R. and Cartwright , G. E. 1976 . Role of copper in mitochondrial iron metabolism . Blood , 48 : 77
  • Gubler , C. J. , Cartwright , G. E. and Wintrobe , M. M. 1957 . Studies on copper metabolism. XX. Enzyme activities and iron metabolism in copper and iron deficiencies . J. Biol. Chem. , 224 : 533
  • Turrens , J. F. , Crapo , J. D. and Freeman , B. A. 1984 . Protection against oxygen toxicity by intravenous injection of liposome‐entrapped catalase and superoxide dismutase . J. Clin. Invest. , 73 : 87
  • Walther , F. J. , Gidding , C. E. M. , Kuipers , I. M. , Willebrand , D. , Bevers , E. M. , Abuchowski , A. and Viau , A. T. 1986 . Prevention of oxygen toxicity with superoxide dismutase and catalase in premature lambs . J. Free Radical Biol. Med. , 2 : 289
  • Panus , P. C. , Shearer , J. and Freeman , B. A. 1988 . Pulmonary metabolism of reactive oxygen species . Exp. Lung Res. , 14 (Suppl.) : 959
  • Cremer , J. , Jurmann , M. , Dammenhayn , L. , Wahlers , T. , Haverich , A. and Borst , H. G. 1989 . Oxygen free radical scavengers to prevent pulmonary re‐perfusion injury after heart‐lung transplantation . J. Heart Transplant. , 8 : 330
  • Jacobson , J. M. , Michael , J. R. , Jafri , M. H. Jr. and Gurtner , G. H. 1990 . Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes protect against pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the rabbit . J. Appl. Physiol. , 68 : 1252
  • Jolly , S. R. , Kane , W. J. , Bailie , M. B. , Abrams , G. D. and Lucchesi , B. R. 1984 . Canine myocardial reperfusion injury: its reduction by the combined administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase . Circ. Res. , 54 : 277
  • Prasad , K. , Kalra , J. , Chan , W. P. and Chaudhary , A. K. 1989 . Effect of oxygen free radicals on cardiovascular function at organ and cellular levels . Am. Heart J. , 117 : 1196
  • Henderson , J. M. and Johnson , M. A. 1989 . Changes in copper and iron utilization in copper‐deficient rats fed fructose, sucrose or cornstarch . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 40 : 207
  • Owen , C. A. 1973 . Effects of iron on copper metabolism and copper on iron metabolism in rats . Am. J. Physiol. , 224 : 514
  • Sherman , A. R. 1981 . Copper and iron deficiencies: effects on serum lipids and tissue minerals . Nutr. Res. , 1 : 363
  • Johnson , M. A. and Murphy , C. L. 1988 . Anemia associated with changes in iron and iron‐59 utilization in copper deficient rats fed high levels of dietary ascorbic acid and iron . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 17 : 69
  • Patterson , W. P. , Winkelmann , B. A. and Perry , M. C. 1985 . Zinc‐induced copper deficiency: megamineral sideroblastic anemia . Ann. Intern. Med. , 103 : 385
  • Simon , S. R. , Branda , R. F. , Tindle , B. H. and Burns , S. L. 1988 . Copper deficiency and sideroblastic anemia associated with zinc ingestion . Am. J. Hematol. , 28 : 181
  • Bacon , B. R. and Britton , R. S. 1989 . Hepatic injury in chronic iron overload. Role of lipid peroxidation . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 70 : 183
  • Allen , K. G. D. , Arthur , J. R. , Morrlce , P. C. , Nicol , F. and Mills , C. F. 1988 . Copper deficiency and tissue glutathione concentration in the rat . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 187 : 38
  • Zidenberg‐Cherr , S. , Dreith , D. and Keen , C. L. 1989 . Copper status and adriamycin treatment: effects on antioxidant status in mice . Toxicol. Lett. , 48 : 201
  • Shan , X. , Aw , T. Y. and Jones , D. P. 1990 . Glutathi‐one‐dependent protection against oxidative injury . Pharmacol. Ther. , 47 : 61
  • Ross , D. 1988 . Glutathione, free radicals and chemotherapeutic agents . Pharmacol. Ther. , 37 : 231
  • Burk , R. F. 1983 . Glutathione‐dependent protection by rat liver microsomal protein against lipid peroxidation . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 757 : 21
  • Di Mascio , P. , Murphy , M. E. and Sies , H. 1991 . Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 194S
  • Munday , R. and Winterbourn , C. C. 1989 . Reduced glutathione in combination with superoxide dismutase as an important biological antioxidant defense mechanism . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 38 : 4349
  • Jenkinson , S. G. , Lawrence , R. A. , Burk , R. F. and Williams , D. L. 1982 . Effects of copper deficiency on the activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase and on excretion and tissue retention of 75SeO2–3 . J. Nutr. , 112 : 197
  • Prohaska , J. R. and Gutsch , D. E. 1983 . Development of glutathione peroxidase activity during dietary and genetic copper deficiency . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 5 : 35
  • Arthur , J. R. , Morrice , P. C. , Nicol , F. , Beddows , S. E. , Boyd , R. , Hayes , J. D. and Beckett , G. J. 1987 . The effects of selenium and copper deficiencies on glutathione S‐transferase and glutathione peroxidase in rat liver . Biochem. J. , 248 : 539
  • Kays , S. E. and Johnson , M. A. 1988 . Glutathione peroxidase activity in liver, heart, plasma and red blood cells of copper‐deficient and copper‐adequate rats fed fructose . FASEB J. , 2 : A423
  • Prohaska , J. R. , Zinn , K. and Sunde , R. A. 1991 . Copper deficiency lowers rat liver glutathione peroxidase activity and mRNA but not selenium . FASEB J. , 5 : A1291
  • Kelner , M. J. and Bagnell , R. 1990 . Alteration of endogenous glutathione peroxidase, manganese super‐oxide dismutase, and glutathione transferase activity in cells transfected with a copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase expression vector . J. Biol. Chem. , 265 : 10872
  • Ceballos , I. , Delabar , J. M. , Nicole , A. , Lynch , R. E. , Hallewell , R. A. , Kamoun , P. and Sinet , P. M. 1988 . Expression of transfected human CuZn superoxide dismutase gene in mouse L cells and NS20Y neuroblastoma cells induces enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 949 : 58
  • McCay , P. B. , Gibson , D. D. , Fong , K.‐L. and Hornbrook , K. R. 1976 . Effect of glutathione peroxidase activity on lipid peroxidation in biological membranes . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 431 : 459
  • Wendel , A. 1980 . “ Glutathione peroxidase ” . In Enzymatic Basis of Detoxification , Edited by: Jakoby , W. B. Vol. 1 , 333 New York : Academic Press .
  • Burk , R. F. 1990 . Protection against free radical injury by selenoenzymes. . Pharmacol. Ther. , 45 : 383
  • Ursini , F. , Maiorino , M. , Valente , M. , Ferri , L. and Gregolin , C. 1982 . Purification from pig liver of a protein which protects liposomes and biomembranes from peroxidative degradation and inhibits glutathione peroxidase activity on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 710 : 197
  • Yang , J.‐G. , Morrison‐Plummer , J. and Burk , R. F. 1987 . Purification and quantitation of a rat plasma selenoprotein distinct from glutathione peroxidase using monoclonal antibodies . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 13372
  • Kelly , W. A. , Kesterson , J. W. and Carlton , W. W. 1974 . Myocardial lesions in the offspring of female rats fed a copper deficient diet . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 20 : 40
  • Redman , R. S. , Fields , M. , Reiser , S. and Smith , J. C. 1988 . Dietary fructose exacerbates the cardiac abnormalities of copper deficiency in rats . Atherosclerosis , 74 : 203
  • Medeiros , D. M. , Bagby , D. , Ovecka , G. and McCormick , R. 1991 . Myofibrillar, mitochondrial and valvular morphological alterations in cardiac hypertrophy among copper‐deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 121 : 815
  • Medeiros , D. M. , Liao , Z. and Hamlin , R. L. 1991 . Copper deficiency in a genetically hypertensive car‐diomyopathic rat: electrocardiogram, functional and ultrastructural aspects . J. Nutr. , 121 : 1026
  • Viestenz , K. E. and Klevay , L. M. 1982 . A randomized trial of copper therapy in rats with electrocardiographic abnormalities due to copper deficiency . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 35 : 258
  • Kopp , S. J. , Klevay , L. M. and Feliksik , J. M. 1983 . Physiological and metabolic characterization of a car‐diomyopathy induced by chronic copper deficiency . Am. J. Physiol. , 245 : H855
  • Goodman , J. R. , Warshaw , J. B. and Dallman , P. R. 1970 . Cardiac hypertrophy in rats with iron and copper deficiency: quantitative contribution of mitochondrial enlargement . Pediatr. Res. , 4 : 244
  • Burns , W. A. , Fields , M. , Smith , J. C. and Reiser , S. 1990 . Myocardial lesions in copper deficiency modified by dietary carbohydrates . J. Trace Element Exp. Med. , 3 : 67
  • Prohaska , J. R. and Heller , L. J. 1982 . Mechanical properties of the copper‐deficient rat heart . J. Nutr. , 112 : 2142
  • Waisman , J. , Cancilla , P. A. and Coulson , W. F. 1969 . Cardiovascular studies on copper‐deficient swine. XIII. The effect of chronic copper deficiency on the cardiovascular system of miniature pigs . Lab. Invest. , 21 : 548
  • Farquharson , C. , Duncan , A. and Robins , S. P. 1989 . The effects of copper deficiency on the pyridinium crosslinks of mature collagen in the rat skeleton and cardiovascular system . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 192 : 166
  • Seidel , K. E. , Failla , M. L. and Rosebrough , R. W. 1991 . Cardiac catecholamine metabolism in copper‐deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 121 : 474
  • Saari , J. T. 1989 . Chronic treatment with dimethyl sulf‐oxide protects against cardiovascular defects of copper deficiency . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 190 : 121
  • Cunnane , S. C. , McAdoo , K. R. and Karmazyn , M. 1988 . Copper intake affects rat heart performance during ischemia‐reperfusion: possible relation to altered lipid and fatty acid metabolism Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent . Fatty Acids , 34 : 61
  • Mukhopadhyay , A. , Steinberg , N. and Das , D. K. 1989 . Effects of free radicals and oxidants on myocardial cellular injury . Clin. Physiol. Biochem. , 7 : 278
  • Burton , K. P. 1988 . Evidence of direct toxic effects of free radicals on the myocardium . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 4 : 15
  • Ytrehus , K. , Myklebust , R. , Olsen , R. and Mjos , O. D. 1987 . Ultrastructural changes induced in the isolated rat heart by enzymatically generated oxygen radicals . J. Mol. Cell, Cardiol. , 19 : 379
  • Meerson , F. Z. , Kagan , V. E. , Kozlov , Y. P. , Belkina , L. M. and Arkhipenko , Y. V. 1982 . The role of lipid peroxidation in pathogenesis of ischemic damage and the antioxidant protection of the heart . Basic Res. Cardiol. , 77 : 465
  • Werns , S. W. , Shea , M. J. and Lucchesi , B. R. 1986 . Free radicals and myocardial injury: pharmacologic implications . Circulation , 74 : 1
  • Kloner , R. A. , Przyklenk , K. and Whittaker , P. 1989 . Deleterious effects of oxygen radicals in ischemia/ reperfusion . Circulation , 80 : 1115
  • Rao , P. S. , Cohen , M. V. and Mueller , H. S. 1983 . Production of free radicals and lipid peroxides in early experimental myocardial ischemia . J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , 15 : 713
  • Roth , E. , Torok , B. , Kelemen , D. and Pollak , S. 1989 . Free radical mediated injuries after coronary artery occlusion . Basic Res. Cardiol. , 84 : 388
  • Prasad , K. and Kalra , J. 1988 . Oxygen free radicals and heart failure . Angiology , 39 : 417
  • Werns , S. W. , Shea , M. J. , Driscoll , E. M. , Cohen , C. , Abrams , G. D. , Pitt , B. and Lucchesi , B. R. 1985 . The independent effects of oxygen radical scavengers on canine infarct size: reduction by superoxide dismutase but not catalase . Circ. Res. , 56 : 895
  • Guarnieri , C. , Flamigni , F. and Caldarera , C. M. 1980 . Role of oxygen in the cellular damage induced by re‐oxygenation of hypoxic heart . J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , 12 : 797
  • Woodward , B. and Zakaria , M. N. M. 1985 . Effect of some free radical scavengers on reperfusion induced arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart . J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , 17 : 485
  • Bernier , M. , Manning , A. S. and Hearse , D. J. 1989 . Reperfusion arrhythmias: dose‐related protection by anti‐free radical interventions . Am. J. Physiol. , 256 : H1344
  • Watanabe , N. , Inoue , M. and Morino , Y. 1989 . Inhibition of postischemic reperfusion arrhythmias by an SOD derivative that circulates bound to albumin with prolonged in vivo half‐life . Biochem. Pharmacol , 38 : 3477
  • Burton , K. P. 1985 . Superoxide dismutase enhances recovery following myocardial ischemia . Am. J. Physiol , 248 : H637
  • Ambrosio , G. , Weisfeldt , M. L. , Jacobus , W. E. and Flaherty , J. T. 1987 . Evidence for a reversible oxygen radical‐mediated component of reperfusion injury: reduction by recombinant human superoxide dismutase administered at the time of reflow . Circulation , 75 : 282
  • Nejima , J. , Knight , D. R. , Fallon , J. T. , Uemura , N. , Manders , W. T. , Canfield , D. R. , Cohen , M. V. and Vatner , S. F. 1989 . Superoxide dismutase reduces reperfusion arrhythmias but fails to salvage regional function or myocardium at risk in conscious dogs . Circulation , 79 : 143
  • Svendsen , J. H. , Bjerrum , P. J. and Haunso , S. 1991 . Myocardial capillary permeability after regional ischemia and reperfusion in the in vivo canine heart . Circ. Res. , 68 : 174
  • Zweier , J. L. , Rayburn , B. K. , Flaherty , J. T. and Weisfeldt , M. L. 1987 . Recombinant superoxide dismutase reduces oxygen free radical concentrations in reperfused myocardium . J. Clin. Invest. , 80 : 1728
  • Singal , P. K. and Kirshenbaum , L. A. 1990 . A relative deficit in antioxidant reserve may contribute in cardiac failure . Can. J. Cardiol , 6 : 47
  • Lankin , V. Z. , Vikhert , A. M. , Kosykh , V. A. , Tikhaze , A. K. , Galakhov , I. E. , Orekhov , A. N. and Repin , V. N. 1984 . Enzymatic detoxication of superoxide anion‐radicals and lipoperoxides in intima and media of atherosclerotic aorta . Biomed. Biochim. Acta , 43 : 797
  • Dubick , M. A. , Hunter , G. C. , Casey , S. M. and Keen , C. L. 1987 . Aortic ascorbic acid, trace elements, and superoxide dismutase activity in human aneurysmal and occlusive disease . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 184 : 138
  • Belch , J. J. F. , Chopra , M. , Hutchison , S. , Lorimar , R. , Sturrock , R. D. , Forbes , C. D. and Smith , W. E. 1989 . Free radical pathology in chronic arterial disease . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 6 : 375
  • Tsao , P. S. and Lefer , A. M. 1990 . Time course and mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in isolated ischemic‐ and hypoxic‐perfused rat hearts . Am. J. Physiol , 259 : H1660
  • Lefer , A. M. and Aoki , N. 1990 . Leukocyte‐dependent and leukocyte‐independent mechanisms of impairment of endothelium‐mediated vasodilation . Blood Vessels , 27 : 162
  • Mehta , J. L. , Nichols , W. W. , Donnelly , W. H. , Lawson , D. L. , Thompson , L. , ter Riet , M. and Saldeen , T. G. P. 1989 . Protection by superoxide dismutase from myocardial dysfunction and attenuation of vasodilator reserve after coronary occlusion and reperfusion in dog . Circ. Res. , 65 : 1283
  • Carew , T. E. , Schwenke , D. C. and Steinberg , D. 1987 . Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage‐rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 7725
  • Haberland , M. E. , Fong , D. and Cheng , L. 1988 . Ma‐londialdehyde‐altered protein occurs in atheroma of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits . Science , 241 : 215
  • Conlson , W. F. and Carnes , W. H. 1963 . Cardiovascular studies on copper‐deficient swine. V. The histogenesis of the coronary artery lesions . Am. J. Pathol. , 43 : 945
  • Hunsaker , H. A. , Morita , M. and Allen , K. G. D. 1984 . Marginal copper deficiency in rats: aortal morphology of elastin and cholesterol values in first‐generation adult males . Atherosclerosis , 51 : 1
  • Mitchell , L. L. , Allen , K. G. D. and Mathias , M. M. 1988 . Copper deficiency depresses rat aortae superoxide dismutase activity and prostacyclin synthesis . Prostaglandins , 35 : 977
  • Sun , Y. 1990 . Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 8 : 583
  • Oberley , L. W. and Buettner , G. R. 1979 . Role of superoxide dismutase in cancer: a review . Cancer Res. , 39 : 1141
  • Mashiba , H. and Matsunaga , K. 1990 . Immunotargeting approach utilizing production of oxygen free radicals . Cancer Lett. , 55 : 183
  • Chakravarty , P. K. , Ghosh , A. and Chowdhury , J. R. 1984 . Cemloplasmin in human malignancies . Acta Med. Okayama , 38 : 315
  • Chakravarty , P. K. , Ghosh , A. and Chowdhury , J. R. 1986 . Evaluation of ceruloplasmin concentration in prognosis of human cancer . Acta Med. Okayama , 40 : 103
  • Kunapuli , S. P. , Singh , H. , Singh , P. and Kumar , A. 1987 . Ceruloplasmin gene expression in human cancer cells . Life Sci. , 40 : 2225
  • Drozdz , M. , Luciak , M. , Jendryczko , A. and Magner , K. 1987 . Changes in lung activity of superoxide dismutase and copper concentration during lung tumorigenesis by hydralazine in Swiss mice . Exp. Pathol. , 32 : 119
  • Beach , R. S. , Gershwin , M. E. and Hurley , L. S. 1982 . Zinc, copper, and manganese in immune function and experimental oncogenesis . Nutr. Cancer , 3 : 172
  • Kamamoto , Y. , Makiura , S. , Sugihara , S. , Hiasa , Y. , Arai , M. and Ito , N. 1973 . The inhibitory effect of copper on DL‐ethionine carcinogenesis in rats . Cancer Res. , 33 : 1129
  • Werts , E. D. and Gould , M. N. 1986 . Relationships between cellular superoxide dismutase and susceptibility to chemically induced cancer in the rat mammary gland . Carcinogenesis , 7 : 1197
  • Fischer , P. W. F. , Campbell , J. S. and Giroux , A. 1991 . Effects of low copper and high zinc intakes and related changes in Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase activity on DMBA‐induced mammary tumorigenesis . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 30 : 65
  • Greene , F. L. , Lamb , L. S. , Barwick , M. and Pappas , N. J. 1987 . Effect of dietary copper on colonic tumor production and aortic integrity in the rat . J. Surg. Res. , 42 : 503
  • Harman , D. 1956 . Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry . J. Gerontol. , 11 : 298
  • Cutler , R. G. 1991 . Antioxidants and aging . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 373S
  • Sohal , R. S. , Sohal , B. H. and Brunk , U. T. 1990 . Relationship between antioxidant defenses and longevity in different mammalian species . Mech. Age. Dev. , 53 : 217
  • Schroder , H. C. , Messer , R. , Bachmann , M. , Bernd , A. and Muller , W. E. G. 1987 . Superoxide radical‐induced loss of nuclear restriction of immature mRNA: a possible cause for ageing . Mech. Age. Dev. , 41 : 251
  • Rao , G. , Xia , E. , Nadakavukaren , M. J. and Richardson , A. 1990 . Effect of dietary restriction on the age‐dependent changes in the expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver . J. Nutr. , 120 : 602
  • Rao , G. , Xia , E. and Richardson , A. 1990 . Effect of age on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in male Fischer F344 rats . Mech. Age. Dev. , 53 : 49
  • Cand , F. and Verdetti , J. 1989 . Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation in the major organs of the aging rats . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 7 : 59
  • Barja de Quiroga , G. , Perez‐Campo , R. and Lopez Torres , M. 1990 . Anti‐oxidant defences and per‐oxidation in liver and brain of aged rats . Biochem. J. , 272 : 247
  • Koizumi , A. , Weindruch , R. and Walford , R. L. 1987 . Influences of dietary restriction and age on liver enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in mice . J. Nutr. , 117 : 361
  • Lammi‐Keefe , C. J. , Swan , P. B. and Hegarty , P. V. J. 1984 . Copper‐zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase activities in cardiac and skeletal muscles during aging in male rats . Gerontology , 30 : 153
  • Scarpa , M. , Rigo , A. , Viglino , P. , Stevanato , R. , Bracco , F. and Battistin , L. 1987 . Age dependence of the level of the enzymes involved in the protection against active oxygen species in the rat brain . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 185 : 129
  • Tayarani , I. , Cloez , I. , Clement , M. and Bourre , J. 1989 . Antioxidant enzymes and related trace elements in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus . J. Neurochem. , 53 : 817
  • Geremia , E. , Baratta , D. , Zafarana , S. , Giordano , R. , Pinizzotto , M. R. , Grazia La Rosa , M. and Garozzo , A. 1990 . Antioxidant enzymatic systems in neuronal and glial cell‐enriched fractions of rat brain during aging . Neurochem. Res. , 15 : 719
  • Ansari , K. A. , Kaplan , E. and Shoeman , D. 1989 . Age‐related changes in lipid peroxidation and protective enzymes in the central nervous system . Growth Dev. Aging , 53 : 117
  • Vertechy , M. , Cooper , M. B. , Ghirardi , O. and Ramacci , M. T. 1989 . Antioxidant enzyme activities in heart and skeletal muscle of rats of different ages . Exp. Gerontol. , 24 : 211
  • Jozwiak , Z. and Jasnowska , B. 1985 . Changes in oxygen‐metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes as a function of age of donor . Mech. Age. Dev. , 32 : 77
  • Gutman , R. L. , Cohen , M. R. , McAmis , W. , Ramchand , C. N. and Sailer , V. 1987 . Free radical scavenging systems and the effect of peroxide damage in aged human skin fibroblasts . Exp. Gerontol. , 22 : 373
  • Sullivan , J. L. 1988 . Iron, plasma antioxidants, and the “oxygen radical disease of prematurity'’ . Am. J. Dis. Child. , 142 : 1341
  • Evans , H. E. , Rosenfeld , W. , Jhaver , R. , Conception , L. and Zabaleta , I. 1986 . Oxidant‐mediated lung disease in newborn infants . J. Free Radical Biol. Med. , 2 : 369
  • Zweier , J. L. , Duke , S. S. , Kuppusamy , P. , Sylvester , J. T. and Gabrielson , E. W. 1989 . Electron paramagnetic resonance evidence that cellular oxygen toxicity is caused by the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals . FEBS Lett. , 252 : 12
  • Housset , B. 1987 . Biochemical aspects of free radical metabolism . Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. , 23 : 287
  • Junod , A. F. 1989 . Oxygen free radicals and lungs . Intern. Care Med. , 15 : S21
  • McElroy , M. , Postle , T. and Kelly , F. 1990 . Antioxidant activity in fetal and neonatal lung . Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , 264 : 449
  • Gerdin , E. , Tyden , O. and Eriksson , U. J. 1985 . The development of antioxidant enzymatic defense in the perinatal rat lung: activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase . Pediatr. Res. , 19 : 687
  • Strange , R. C. , Cotton , W. , Fryer , A. A. , Jones , P. , Bell , J. and Hume , R. 1990 . Lipid peroxidation and expression of copper‐zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase in lungs of premature infants with hyaline membrane disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia . J. Clin. Lab Med. , 116 : 666
  • Yam , J. and Roberts , R. J. 1980 . Oxygen‐induced lung injury in the newborn piglet . Early Hum. Dev. , 4 : 411
  • Sjostrom , K. and Crapo , J. D. 1983 . Structural and biochemical adaptive changes in rat lungs after exposure to hypoxia . Lab. Invest. , 48 : 68
  • Webster , N. R. , Toothill , C. and Cowen , P. N. 1987 . Tissue responses to hyperoxia. Biochemistry and pathology . Br. J. Anaesth. , 59 : 760
  • Hass , M. A. , Iqbal , J. , Clerch , L. B. , Frank , L. and Massaro , D. 1989 . Rat lung Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. Isolation and sequence of a full‐length cDNA and studies of enzyme induction . J. Clin. Invest. , 83 : 1241
  • Ischiropoulos , H. , Nadziejko , C. E. , Kumae , T. and Kikkawa , Y. 1989 . Oxygen tolerance in neonatal rats: role of subcellular superoxide generation . Am. J. Physiol. , 257 : L411
  • Nozue , M. and Ogata , T. 1989 . Correlation among lung damage after radiation, amount of lipid peroxides, and antioxidant enzyme activities . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 50 : 239
  • Reddy , A. K. , Kimball , R. E. and Omaye , S. T. 1986 . Selected pulmonary biochemical and hematological changes produced by prolonged hypoxia in the rat . Exp. Mol. Pathol , 45 : 336
  • Padmanabhan , R. V. , Gudapaty , R. , Liener , I. E. , Schwartz , B. A. and Hoidal , J. R. 1985 . Protection against pulmonary oxygen toxicity in rats by the in‐tratracheal administration of liposome‐encapsulated superoxide dismutase or catalase . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 132 : 164
  • Malaker , K. and Das , R. M. 1988 . Effect of superoxide dismutase on early radiation injury of lungs in the rat . Mol. Cell. Biochem. , 84 : 141
  • Shaffer , S. G. , O'Neill , D. H. and Thibeault , D. W. 1987 . Administration of bovine superoxide dismutase fails to prevent chronic pulmonary sequelae of neonatal oxygen exposure in the rats . J. Pediatr. , 110 : 942
  • Hebbel , R. P. 1986 . Erythrocyte antioxidants and membrane vulnerability . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 107 : 401
  • Bush , J. A. , Jensen , W. N. , Athens , J. W. , Ashenbrucker , H. , Cartwright , G. E. and Wintrobe , M. M. 1956 . Studies on copper metabolism. XIX. The kinetics of iron metabolism and erythrocyte life‐span in copper‐deficient swine . J. Exp. Med. , 103 : 701
  • Bettger , W. J. , Fish , T. J. and O'Dell , B. L. 1978 . Effects of copper and zinc status of rats on erythrocyte stability and superoxide dismutase activity . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 158 : 279
  • Kergonou , J. F. , Thiriot , C. , Braquet , M. , Ducousso , R. and Rocquet , G. 1986 . Influence of whole‐body‐irradiation upon rat erythrocyte: lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility . Biochimie , 68 : 311
  • Hirayama , T. , Folmerz , P. , Hansson , R. , Jonsson , O. , Pettersson , S. , Roberts , D. and Schersten , T. 1986 . Effect of oxygen free radicals on rabbit and human erythrocytes . Scand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. , 20 : 247
  • DiSilvestro , R. A. , Marten , J. and Skehan , M. in press . Effects of copper supplementation on ceruloplasmin and copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase in free‐living rheumatoid arthritis patients . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. ,
  • Sorenson , J. R. J. , Oberley , L. W. , Crouch , R. K. , Kensler , T. W. , Kishore , V. , Leuthauser , S. W. C. , Oberiey , T. D. and Pezeshk , A. 1983 . Pharmacological activities of copper compounds in chronic diseases . Biol. Trace Element Res. , 5 : 257
  • Veronese , F. M. , Boccu , E. , Schiavon , O. , Velo , G. P. , Conforti , A. , Franco , L. and Milanino , R. 1983 . Antiinflammatory and pharmacokinetic properties of superoxide dismutase derivatized with polyethylene glycol via active esters . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 35 : 757
  • Banford , J. D. , Brown , D. H. , Hazelton , R. A. , McNeil , C. J. , Sturrock , R. D. and Smith , W. E. 1982 . Serum copper and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in rheumatoid arthritis . Ann. Rheum. Dis. , 41 : 458
  • Chan , P. H. , Chu , L. , Chen , S. F. , Carlson , E. J. and Epstein , C. J. 1990 . Reduced neurotoxicity in transgenic mice overexpressing human copper‐zinc‐su‐peroxide dismutase . Stroke , 21 : III – 80 .
  • Michowiz , S. D. , Melamed , E. , Pikarsky , E. and Rappaport , Z. H. 1990 . Effect of ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion on superoxide dismutase activity in rat brain . Stroke , 21 : 1613
  • Atalla , S. L. , Toledo‐Pereyra , L. H. , MacKenzie , G. H. and Cederna , J. P. 1985 . Influence of oxygen‐derived free radical scavengers on ischemic livers . Transplantation , 40 : 584
  • Flye , M. W. and Yu , S. 1987 . The synergistic effect of superoxide dismutase and adenosine triphosphate‐MgC12 on acute hepatic ischemia . Transplant. Proc. , 19 : 1324
  • Marubayashi , S. , Dohi , K. , Sumimoto , K. , Oku , J. , Ochi , K. and Kawasaki , T. 1989 . Changes in activity of oxygen free radical scavengers and in levels of endogenous antioxidants during hepatic ischemia and subsequent reperfusion . Transplant. Proc. , 21 : 1317
  • Castillo , M. , Toledo‐Pereyra , L. H. , Shapiro , E. , Guerra , E. , Prongh , D. and Frantzis , P. 1990 . Protective effect of allopurinol, catalase, or superoxide dismutase in the ischemic rat liver . Transplant. Proc. , 22 : 490
  • Kawamoto , S. , Inoue , M. , Tashiro , S. , Morino , Y. and Miyauchi , Y. 1990 . Inhibition of ischemia and reflow‐induced liver injury by an SOD derivative that circulates bound to albumin . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 277 : 160
  • Hasuoka , H. , Sakagami , K. and Orita , K. 1991 . A new slow delivery type of superoxide dismutase prevents warm ischemia damage in swine orthotopic liver transplantation . Transplant. Proc. , 23 : 693
  • Fell , B. F. , Farquharson , C. and Riddoch , G. I. 1987 . Kidney lesions in copper‐deficient rats . J. Comp. Pathol. , 97 : 187
  • Fields , M. , Ferretti , R. J. , Smith , J. C. and Reiser , S. 1984 . The interaction of type of dietary carbohydrates with copper deficiency . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 39 : 289
  • Reeves , P. G. , Noordewier , B. and Saari , J. T. 1990 . Effect of copper deficiency and cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II) treatment on the activities of renal microvillar enzymes in rats . J. Trace Element Electrolytes Health Dis. , 4 : 11
  • Saari , J. T. , Reeves , P. G. , Noordewier , B. , Hall , C. B. and Lukaski , H. C. 1990 . Cardiovascular but not renal effects of copper deficiency are inhibited by dimethyl sulfoxide . Nutr. Res. , 10 : 467
  • Schneider , J. , Friderichs , E. and Giertz , H. 1987 . Comparison of the protective effects by human and bovine superoxide dismutase against ischemia‐ and reperfusion‐induced impairment of kidney function in anesthetized rats . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 3 : 21
  • Hoshino , T. , Maley , W. R. , Bulkley , G. B. and Williams , G. M. 1988 . Ablation of free radical‐mediated reperfusion injury for the salvage of kidneys taken from non‐heart beating donors . Transplantation , 45 : 284
  • Winchell , R. J. and Halasz , N. A. 1989 . Lack of effect of oxygen‐radical scavenging systems in the preserved reperfused rabbit kidney . Transplantation , 48 : 393
  • Bayati , A. , Christofferson , R. , Kallskog , O. and Wolgast , M. 1990 . Mechanism of erythrocyte trapping in ischaemic acute renal failure . Acta Physiol. Scand. , 138 : 13
  • Vicens , A. , Lopez‐Boado , M. A. , Alcaraz , A. , Saenz , A. , Piera , C. , Hotter , G. , Ramos , E. , Klaustermeier , J. , Targarona , E. M. and Fernandez‐Cruz , L. 1990 . Beneficial effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on erythrocyte trapping and 6‐keto‐PGFla TxB2 ratio after ischemia‐reperfusion in kidney transplantation . Transplant. Proc , 22 : 2221
  • DiSilvestro, R. A., personal communication
  • Address Correspondence to: Mary Ann Johnson, Phone: 404–542–4868, Fax: 404–542–4862

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.