578
Views
235
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Phytic acid in health and disease

&
Pages 495-508 | Published online: 29 Sep 2009

References

  • Erdman , J. W. 1979 . Oilseed phytate: nutritional implications . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 56 : 736
  • Lott , J. N. A. 1984 . “ Accumulation of seed reserves of phosphorus and other minerals ” . In Seed Physiology , Sydney : Academic Press .
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Andersson , H. , Carlson , N. G. and Sandstrom , B. 1987 . Degradation products of bran phytate formed during digestion in the human small intestine: effect of extrusion cooking on digestibility . J. Nutr. , 117 : 2061
  • Graf , E. 1986 . Phytic Acid Chemistry and Applications , Minneapolis : Pilatus Press .
  • Williams , P. J. and Taylor , T. G. 1985 . A comparative study of phytate hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of the golden hamster . Br. J. Nutr. , 54 : 429
  • Sandberg , A. S. and Andersson , H. 1988 . Effect of dietary phytase on the digestion of phytate in the stomach and small intestine of humans . J. Nutr. , 118 : 469
  • Vohra , P. , Gray , G. A. and Kratzer , F. H. 1965 . Phytic acid‐metal complexes . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 120 : 447
  • Maga , J. A. 1982 . Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, food interactions, nutritional significance and methods of analysis . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 30 : 1
  • Reddy , N. R. , Sathe , S. K. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1982 . Phytates in legumes and cereals . Adv. Food Res. , 28 : 1
  • Jariwalla , R. J. , Sabin , R. , Lawson , S. , Bloch , D. A. , Prender , M. and Herman , Z. S. 1988 . Effects of dietary phytic acid (phytate) on the incidence and growth rate of tumors promoted in Fisher rats by a magnesium supplement . Nutr. Res. , 8 : 813
  • Klevay , L. M. 1977 . Hypocholesterolemia due to sodium phytate . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 15 : 587
  • Heaney , R. P. and Weaver , C. M. 1991 . Phytate's potential role in reducing colon‐cancer risk — reply . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 763
  • Messina , M. 1991 . Increasing use of soyfoods and their potential role in cancer prevention . Perspect. Pract. , 91 : 836
  • Messina , M. and Barnes , S. 1991 . The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 83 : 541
  • Nelson , R. L. 1992 . Dietary iron and colorectal cancer risk . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 12 : 161
  • Nelson , R. L. , Yoo , S. J. , Tanure , J. C. , Andrianopoulos , G. and Misumi , A. 1989 . The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis . Anticancer Res. , 9 : 1477
  • Shamsuddin , A. M. 1992 . Phytate and colon‐cancer risk . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 55 : 478
  • Empson , K. L. , Labuza , T. P. and Graf , E. 1991 . Phytic acid as a food antioxidant . J. Food Sci. , 56 : 560
  • Graf , E. , Empson , K. L. and Eaton , J. W. 1987 . Phytic acid: a natural antioxidant . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 11647
  • Harrison , D. and Mellanby , E. 1934 . Phytic acid and the rickets‐producing action of cereals . Biochem. J. , 28 : 517
  • McCance , R. and Widdowson , E. 1942 . Mineral metabolism of healthy adults on white and brown bread dietaries . J. Physiol. , 101 : 44
  • McCance , R. and Widdowson , E. 1942 . Mineral metabolism of dephytinized bread . J. Physiol. , 101 : 304
  • Knox , T. , Kassarjiian , Z. Dawson‐Hughes , B. 1991 . Calcium absorption in elderly subjects on high and low fiber diets: effect of gastric acidity . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 1480
  • Reinhold , J. G. , Nasr , K. , Lanhimagarzedeh , A. and Hedayati , H. 1973 . Effect of purified phytate and phytate‐rich breads upon metabolism of zinc, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in man . Lancet , 1 : 283
  • Heaney , R. P. , Weaver , C. M. and Fitzsimmons , M. L. 1991 . Soybean phytate content: effect on calcium absorption . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 745
  • Lonnerdal , B. , Sandberg , A. S. , Sandstorm , B. and Kunz , C. 1989 . Inhibitory effects of phytic acid and other inositol phosphates on zinc and calcium absorption in suckling rats . J. Nutr. , 119 : 211
  • Miyaznwa , E. and Yoshida , T. 1991 . Effects of dietary levels of phytate and inorganic phosphate on phytate breakdown and absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats . Nutr. Res. , 11 : 797
  • Churella , H. R. and Vivian , V. M. 1989 . Effect of phytic acid level in soy‐protein based infant formulas on mineral availability in the rat . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 37 : 1352
  • Ranhotra , G. S. , Gelroth , J. A. , Torrence , F. A. , Bock , M. A. and Winterringer , G. L. 1981 . Bread (white and whole wheat) and nonfat dry milk as sources of bioavailable calcium for rats . J. Nutr. , 111 : 2081
  • Mason , A. C. , Weaver , C. M. , Kimmel , S. and Brown , R. K. 1993 . Effect of soybean phytate content on calcium bioavailability in mature and immature rats . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 41 : 246
  • Poneros , A. G. and Erdman , J. W. 1988 . Bioavailability of calcium from tofu, tortillas, nonfat dry milk and mozzarella cheese in rats: effect of supplemental ascorbic acid . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 208
  • Poneros , A. G. and Erdman , J. W. 1989 . Bioavailability of calcium from sesame seeds, almond powder, whole wheat bread, spinach and non‐fat dry milk in rats . J. Food Sci. , 54 : 150
  • Champagne , E. T. , Rao , R. M. , Linzzo , J. A. , Robinson , J. W. , Gale , R. J. and Miller , F. 1985 . Solubility behaviors of the minerals, proteins, and phytic acid in rice bran with time, temperature, and pH . Cereal Chem. , 62 : 218
  • Platt , S. R. and Clydesdale , F. M. 1987 . Interaction of iron alone and in combination with calcium, zinc and copper with a phytate‐rich, fiber‐rich fraction of wheat bran under gastrointestinal pH conditions . Cereal Chem. , 64 : 102
  • Xu , P. , Price , J. and Aggett , P. J. 1992 . Recent advances in methodology for analysis of phytate and inositol phosphates in foods . Prog. Food Nutr. Sci. , 16 : 245
  • McCance , R. , Edgecombe , C. and Widdowson , E. 1943 . Phytic acid and iron absorption . Lancet , 2 : 126
  • Brune , M. , Rossander , L. , Hallberg , L. , Gleerup , A. and Sandberg , A.‐S. 1992 . Iron absorption from bread in humans: inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups . J. Nutr. , 122 : 442
  • Hallberg , L. , Brune , M. and Rossander , L. 1989 . Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose‐dependent inhibition by phytate . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 140
  • Tuntawiroon , M. , Sritongkul , N. , Rossander , H. L. , Pleehachinda , R. , Suwanik , R. , Brune , M. and Hallberg , L. 1990 . Rice and iron absorption in man . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 44 : 489
  • Siegenberg , D. , Baynes , R. D. , Bothwell , T. H. , Macfarlane , B. J. , Lamparelli , R. D. , Car , N. G. , Macphail , P. , Schmidt , U. , Tal , A. and Mayet , F. 1991 . Ascorbic acid prevents the dose‐dependent inhibitory effects of polyphenols and phytates on nonheme‐iron absorption . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 537
  • Hallberg , L. , Rossander , L. and Skanberg , A. B. 1987 . Phytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 45 : 988
  • Larsson , M. and Sandberg , A.‐S. 1991 . Phytate reduction in bread containing oat flour, oat bran or rye bran . J. Cereal Sci. , 14 : 141
  • Hurrell , R. F. , Juillerat , M.‐A. , Reddy , M. B. , Lynch , S. R. , Dassenko , S. A. and Cook , J. D. 1992 . Soy protein, phytate, and iron absorption in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 56 : 573
  • Qin , H. , Wang , J. , Yu , W. , Wang , C. , Zhen , L. , Wu , Y. and Yu , S. 1989 . The effect of fermented soy food in preventing iron deficiency anemia of children . Acta Nutr. Sin. , 11 : 295
  • Hunter , J. E. 1981 . Iron bioavailability and absorption in rats fed sodium phytate . J. Nutr. , 111 : 841
  • Simpson , K. M. , Morris , E. R. and Cook , J. D. 1981 . The inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 1469
  • Ali , H. I. and Harland , B. F. 1991 . Effect of fiber and phytate in sorghum flour on iron and zinc in weanling rats: a pilot study . Cereal Chem. , 68 : 234
  • Gillooly , M. , Bothwell , T. H. and Torrance , J. D. 1983 . The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables . Br. J. Nutr. , 49 : 331
  • Rodriguez , C. J. , Morr , C. V. and Kunkel , M. E. 1985 . Effect of partial phytate removal and heat upon iron bioavailability from soy protein‐based diets . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 1072
  • Thompson , D. B. and Erdman , J. W. 1984 . The effect of soy protein isolate in the diet on retention by the rat of iron from radiolabeled test meals . J. Nutr. , 114 : 307
  • Thompson , D. B. and Erdman , J. W. 1985 . The effect of diet on retention by the rat of iron from a radiolabeled casein test meal . J. Nutr. , 115 : 319
  • Thompson , D. B. and Erdman , J. W. 1988 . Effect of various soy protein products on retention of nonheme iron from a casein test meal or from soy‐based test meal . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 1460
  • Erdman , J. W. and Fordyce , E. J. 1989 . Soy products and the human diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 725
  • Brune , M. , Rossander , L. and Hallberg , L. 1989 . Iron absorption: no intestinal adaptation to a high‐phytate diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 542
  • Sullivan , J. L. 1981 . Hypothesis: iron and the sex difference in heart disease risk . Lancet , 1 : 1293
  • Sullivan , J. L. 1992 . “ Stored iron as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease ” . In Iron and Human Disease , Edited by: Lauffer , R. B. 295 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Salonen , J. T. , Nyystiina , K. , Korpela , H. , Tuomilehto , J. , Seppanen , R. and Salonen , R. 1992 . High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in Eastern Finnish men . Circulation , 86 : 803
  • Davies , N. T. and Olpin , S. E. 1979 . Studies on the phytate:zinc molar contents in diet as a determinant of Zn availability to young rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 591
  • Erdman , J. W. 1981 . Bioavailability of trace minerals from cereals and legumes . Cereal Chem. , 58 : 21
  • Erdman , J. W. , Weingartner , K. E. , Mustakas , G. C. , Schmutz , R. D. , Parker , H. M. and Forbes , R. M. 1980 . Zinc and magnesium bioavailability from acid‐precipitated and neutralized soybean protein products . J. Food Sci. , 45 : 1193
  • Forbes , R. M. , Weingartner , K. E. , Parker , H. M. , Bell , R. R. and Erdman , J. W. 1979 . Bioavailability to rats of zinc, magnesium and calcium in casein‐, egg‐, and soy protein‐containing diets . J. Nutr. , 109 : 1652
  • Forbes , R. M. , Parker , H. M. and Erdman , J. W. 1984 . Effects of dietary phytate, calcium and magnesium levels on zinc bioavailability to rats . J. Nutr. , 114 : 1421
  • Lonnerdal , B. , Cederblad , A. , Davidsson , L. and Sandstrom , B. 1984 . The effect of individual components of soy formula and cows’ milk formula on zinc bioavailability . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 40 : 1064
  • Oberleas , D. , Muhrer , M. E. and O'Dell , B. L. 1962 . Effects of phytic acid on zinc availability and parakeratosis in swine . J. Anim. Sci. , 21 : 57
  • Oberleas , D. , Muhrer , M. E. and O'Dell , B. L. 1966 . Dietary metal‐complexing agents and zinc availability in the rat . J. Nutr. , 90 : 56
  • O'Dell , B. L. and Savage , J. E. 1960 . Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 103 : 304
  • Stuart , M. A. , Ketelsen , S. M. , Weaver , C. M. and Erdman , J. W. 1986 . Bioavailability of zinc to rats as affected by protein source and previous dietary intake . J. Nutr. , 116 : 1423
  • Zhou , J. R. , Wong , M. S. , Burns , R. A. and Erdman , J. W. 1992 . Phytic acid reduction in soy protein improves zinc bioavailability . J. Nutr. , 122 : 2466
  • Baker , D. H. and Halpin , K. M. 1988 . Zinc antagonizing effects of fish meal, wheat bran and a corn‐soybean meal mixture when added to a phytate‐ and fiber‐free casein‐dextrose diet . Nutr. Res. , 8 : 213
  • Kies , C. , Fox , H. M. and Beshgetoor , B. 1979 . Various levels of dietary hemicellulose on zinc nutritional status on men . Cereal Chem. , 56 : 133
  • O'Dell , B. L. , Burpo , C. E. and Savage , J. E. 1972 . Evaluation of zinc availability in food stuffs of plant and animal . J. Nutr. , 102 : 653
  • Prasad , A. 1979 . Clinical biochemical and pharmacological roles of zinc . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 20 : 393
  • Reinhold , J. G. , Faradji , B. , Abadi , P. and Ismail‐Beigi , F. 1976 . Decreased absorption of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by humans due to increased fiber and phosphorus consumption as wheat bread . J. Nutr. , 106 : 493
  • Oberleas , D. and Prasad , A. S. 1976 . “ Zinc and copper ” . In Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease , Edited by: Prasad , A. S. Vol. 1 , New York : Academic Press .
  • Morris , E. R. and Ellis , R. 1980 . Effect of dietary phytate/zinc molar ratio on growth and bone zinc response of rats fed semipurified diets . J. Nutr. , 110 : 1037
  • Lo , G. S. , Settle , S. L. , Steinke , F. H. and Hopkins , D. T. 1981 . Effect of phytate:zinc molar ratio and isolated soybean protein on zinc bioavailability . J. Nutr. , 111 : 2223
  • Wise , A. 1986 . “ Influence of calcium on trace metal‐phytate interactions ” . In Phytic Acid: Chemistry and Applications , Edited by: Graf , E. 151 Minneapolis : Pilatus Press .
  • Bindra , G. S. , Gibson , R. S. and Thompson , L. 1986 . (Phytate) (calcium)/(zinc) molar ratios in Asian immigrant lacto‐ovo vegetarian diets and their relationship to zinc nutriture . Nutr. Res. , 6 : 475
  • Davies , N. T. , Carswell , A. J. P. and Mills , C. F. 1985 . “ The effects of variation in dietary calcium intake on the phytate‐zinc interaction in rats ” . In Trace Elements in Man and Animals , Edited by: Mills , C. F. , Bremner , I. and Chesters , J. K. 456 Scotland : Aberdeen .
  • Fordyce , E. J. , Forbes , R. M. , Robbins , K. R. and Erdman , J. W. 1987 . Phytate X calcium/zinc molar ratio: are they predictive of zinc bioavailability? . J. Food Sci. , 52 : 440
  • Lonnerdal , B. , Bell , J. G. , Hendrickx , A. G. , Burns , R. A. and Keen , C. L. 1988 . Effect of phytate removal on zinc absorption from soy formula . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 48 : 1301
  • Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1992 . Effect of an addition of microbial phytase on zinc availability, Z. . Ernahrungswiss. , 31 : 269
  • Lei , X. G. , Ku , P. K. , Miller , E. R. , Ullrey , D. E. and Yokoyama , M. T. 1993 . Supplemental microbial phytase improves bioavailability of dietary zinc to weanling pigs . J. Nutr. , 123 : 1117
  • Tao , S. H. , Fox , M. R. S. , Phillippy , B. Q. , Fry , B. E. , Johnston , M. L. and Johnston , M. R. 1986 . Effect of inositol phosphates on mineral utilization . Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 45 : 819
  • Simpson , C. J. and Wise , A. 1990 . Binding of zinc and calcium to inositol phosphate (phytate) in vitro . Br. J. Nutr. , 64 : 225
  • Lei , S. and Liu , S. 1989 . Phytic acid intake and its effect on the bioavailability of zinc in preschool children . Acta Nutr. Sin. , 11 : 211
  • Turnlund , J. R. , King , J. C. , Keyes , W. R. , Gong , B. and Michel , M. C. 1984 . A stable isotope study of zinc absorption in young men: effects of phytate and α‐cellulose . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 40 : 1071
  • Harland , B. F. and Peterson , M. 1978 . Nutritional status of lacto‐ovo vegetarian Trappist monks . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 72 : 259
  • Harland , B. F. , Smith , S. A. , Howard , M. P. , Ellis , R. and Smith , J. C. 1988 . Nutritional status and phytate: zinc and phytate X calcium/zinc dietary molar ratios of lacto‐ovo vegetarian Trappist monks: 10 years later . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 88 : 1562
  • Sandstrom , B. and Sandberg , A. S. 1992 . Inhibitory effects of isolated inositol phosphates on zinc absorption in humans . J. Trace Elements Electro. Health Dis. , 6 : 99
  • Jariwalla , R. J. , Sabin , R. , Lawson , S. and Herman , Z. S. 1990 . Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate . J. Appl. Nutr. , 42 : 18
  • Sharma , R. D. 1986 . “ Phytate and the epidemiology of heart disease, renal calculi and colon cancer ” . In Phytic Acid Chemistry and Applications , Edited by: Graf , E. 161 Minneapolis : Pilatus Press .
  • Rao , P. S. , Liu , X. , Das , D. K. , Weinstein , G. S. and Tyras , D. H. 1991 . Protection of ischemic heart from reperfusion injury by myoinositol hexaphosphate, a natural antioxidant . Ann. Thorac. Surg. , 52 : 908
  • Graf , E. , Mahoney , J. R. , Bryant , R. G. and Eaton , J. W. 1984 . Iron‐catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation: stringent requirement for free iron coordination site . J. Biol. Chem. , 259 : 362
  • Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J. M. 1989 . Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine , 2nd ed. , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Champagne , E. T. , Hinojosa , D. and Clemetson , C. A. B. 1990 . Production of ascorbate free radicals in infant formulas and other media . J. Food Sci. , 55 : 1133
  • Tsuno Rice Fine Chemical Co. 1986 . “ Phytic Acid ” . Wakayama, , Japan : Tsuno Rice Fine Chemical Co. .
  • Ko , K. M. and Godin , D. V. 1990 . Ferric ion‐induced lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes: effects of phytic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene . Mol. Cell Biochem. , 95 : 125
  • Ko , K. M. and Godin , D. V. 1991 . Effects of phytic acid on the myoglobin‐t‐butylhydroperoxide‐catalysed oxidation of uric acid and peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids . Mol. Cell Biochem. , 101 : 23
  • Graf , E. and Eaton , J. W. 1990 . Antioxidant functions of phytic acid . Free Radical Biol. Med. , 8 : 61
  • Silverberg , E. and Lubera , J. 1987 . Cancer statistics 1987: Ca — A Cancer Journal for Clinicians . Am. Cancer Soc. , 37 : 2
  • Wynder , E. L. and Hirayama , T. 1977 . Comparative epidemiology of cancer of the United States and Japan . Prev. Med. , 6 : 567
  • Englyst , H. N. , Bingham , S. A. Wiggins , H. S. 1982 . Nonstarch polysaccharide consumption in four Scandinavian populations . Nutr. Cancer , 4 : 50
  • Graf , E. and Eaton , J. W. 1985 . Dietary suppression of colonic cancer: fiber or phytate? . Cancer , 56 : 717
  • Adlercreutz , H. , Honjo , H. , Higashi , A. , Fotsis , T. , Hamalainen , E. , Hasegawa , T. and Okada , H. 1991 . Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 1093
  • Shamsuddin , A. M. , Elsayed , A. M. and Ullah , A. 1988 . Suppression of large intestinal cancer in F344 rats by inositol hexaphosphate . Carcinogenesis , 9 : 577
  • Shamsuddin , A. M. , Ullah , A. and Chakravarthy , A. K. 1989 . Inositol and inositol hexaphosphate suppress cell proliferation and tumor formation in CD‐1 mice . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 1461
  • Vucenik , I. , Sakamoto , K. , Bansal , M. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1992 . Mammary carcinogenesis inhibition by inositol compounds . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 33 : 166
  • Shamsuddin , A. M. and Ullah , A. 1989 . Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits large intestine cancer in F344 rats 5 months after induction by azoxymethane . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 625
  • Ullah , A. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1990 . Dose‐dependent inhibition of large intestinal cancer by inositol hexaphosphate in F344 rats . Carcinogenesis , 11 : 2219
  • Baten , A. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1989 . Inhibition of cell growth and induction of differentiation in K‐562 eryth‐roleukemia cell line by inositol hexaphosphate . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 30 : 182
  • Sakamoto , K. , Venkatraman , G. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1992 . Growth inhibition and differentiation of HT‐29 cells by inositol hexaphosphate . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 33 : 42
  • Shamsuddin , A. M. , Baten , A. and Lalwani , N. D. 1992 . Effects of inositol hexaphosphate on growth and differentiation in K‐562 erythroleukemia cell line . Cancer Lett. , 64 : 195
  • Pretlow , T. P. , O'Riordan , M. A. , Somich , G. A. , Amini , S. B. and Pretlow , T. G. 1992 . Aberrant crypts correlate with tumor incidence in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane and phytate . Carcinogenesis , 13 : 1509
  • Thompson , L. and Zhang , L. 1991 . Phytic acid and minerals: effect on early markers of risk for mammary and colon carcinogenesis . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 2041
  • Vucenik , I. , Tomazik , V. J. , Fabian , D. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1992 . Antitumor activity of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) in murine transplanted and metastatic fibrosarcoma, a pilot study . Cancer Lett. , 65 : 9
  • Herberman , R. B. and Holden , M. T. 1979 . Natural killer cells as antitumor effector cells . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 62 : 441
  • Pollak , S. B. and Hallenbeck , L. A. 1982 . In vivo reduction of NK activity with anti NK‐1 serum: direct evaluation of NK cells in tumor clearance . Int. J. Cancer , 29 : 203
  • Baten , A. , Ullah , A. , Tomazic , V. J. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1989 . Inositol‐phosphate‐induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumor suppression . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 1595
  • Vucenik , I. , Tomazik , V. J. , Fabian , D. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1990 . Inositol hexaphosphate enhances natural killer activity of mouse and human cells . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 31 : 247
  • Graf , E. and Eaton , J. W. 1993 . Suppression of colonic cancer by dietary phytic acid . Nutr. Cancer , 19 : 11
  • King , J. C. 1990 . Assessment of zinc status . J. Nutr. , 120 : 1474
  • Hiasa , Y. , Kitahori , Y. Morimoto , J. Carci‐nogenicity study in rats of phytic acid ‘Daiichi’, a natural food additive . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 30 117 1992
  • Hirose , M. , Ozaki , K. , Takaba , K. , Fukushima , S. , Shiral , T. and Ito , N. 1991 . Modifying effects of the naturally occurring antioxidants gamma‐oryzanol, phytic acid, tannic acid and n‐tritriacontane‐16, 18‐dione in a rat wide‐spectrum organ carcinogenesis model . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 1917
  • Trowell , H. 1972 . Dietary fiber and coronary heart disease . Rev. Eur. Etudes Clin. Biol. , 17 : 345
  • Trowell , H. 1976 . Definition of dietary fiber and hypotheses that it is a protective factor in certain diseases . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 29 : 417
  • Klevay , L. M. 1973 . Hypercholesterolemia in rats produced by an increase in the ratio of zinc to copper ingested . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 26 : 1060
  • Klevay , L. M. 1975 . Coronary heart disease: the zinc/copper hypothesis . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 28 : 764
  • Klevay , L. M. 1975 . The ratio of zinc to copper of diets in the United States . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 11 : 237
  • Turnlund , J. R. , King , J. C. , Gong , B. , Keyes , W. R. and Michel , M. C. 1985 . A stable isotope study of copper absorption in young men: effect of phytate and a‐cellulose . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 42 : 18
  • Lee , D.‐Y. , Schroeder , J. III and Gordon , D. T. 1988 . Enhancement of Cu bioavailability in the rat by phytic . acid, J. Nutr. , 118 : 712
  • Andersen , D. A. 1969 . “ Historical and geographical differences in the pattern of incidence of urinary stones considered in relation to possible aetiological factors ” . In Renal Stone Research Symp. Edited by: Hodgkinson , A. and Nordin , B. E. C. 7 Churchill, London
  • Modlin , M. 1967 . The aetiology of renal stones: a new concept arising from studies on a stone free population . Ann. R. Coll. Surg. England , 40 : 155
  • Wise , R. O. and Kark , A. E. 1961 . Urinary calculi and serum calcium levels in Africans and Indians . S. Afr. Med. J. , 35 : 47
  • Thomas , W. C. and Tilden , M. T. 1972 . Inhibition of mineralization by hydrolysis of phytic acid . Johns Hopkins Med. J. , 131 : 133
  • Malek , R. S. and Boyce , W. H. 1973 . Intranephronic calculosis: its significance and relationship to matrix in nephrolithiasis . J. Urol. , 109 : 551
  • Pak , C. Y. C. 1972 . Effects of cellulose phosphate and sodium phosphate on formation product and activity product of brushite in urine . Metabolism , 21 : 447
  • Modlin , M. 1980 . Urinary phosphorylated inositols and renal stone . Lancet , 2 : 1113
  • Ohkawa , T. , Ebisuno , S. Kitagawa , M. 1984 . Rice bran treatment for patients with hypercalciuric stones: experimental and clinical studies . J. Urol. , 132 : 1140
  • Curhan , G. C. , Willett , W. C. , Rimm , E. B. and Stampfer , M. J. 1993 . A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones . N. Engl. J. Med. , 328 : 880
  • Berridge , M. J. and Irvine , R. F. 1989 . Inositol phosphates and cell signalling . Nature , 341 : 197
  • Brass , L. F. and Joseph , S. K. 1985 . A role for inositol triphosphate in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and granule secretion in platelets . J. Biol. Chem. , 260 : 15172
  • Challiss , R. A. J. , Safrany , S. T. , Potter , B. V. L. and Nahorski , S. R. 1991 . Intracellular recognition sites for inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5‐tetrakisphosphate . Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 19 : 888
  • Irvine , R. F. and Moor , R. M. 1986 . Micro‐injection of inositol 1,3,4,5‐tetrakisphosphate activates sea urchin eggs by a mechanism dependent on external Ca2+ . Biochem. J. , 240 : 917
  • Irvine , R. F. , Letcher , A. J. , Heslop , J. P. and Berridge , M. J. 1986 . The inositol tris/tetrakisphosphate pathway‐demonstration of Ins (1,4,5) P3 3‐kinase activity in animal tissues . Nature , 320 : 631
  • Kohayashi , S. , Somlyo , A. P. and Somlyo , A. V. 1988 . Guanine nucleotide‐ and inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate‐induced calcium release in rabbit main pulmonary artery . J. Physiol. , 403 : 601
  • Meyer , T. and Stryer , L. 1990 . Transient calcium release induced by successive increments of inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 87 : 3841
  • Michell , B. 1986 . Inositol phosphates: profusion and confusion . Nature , 319 : 176
  • Michell , B. 1986 . A second messenger function for inositol etrakisphosphate . Nature , 324 : 613
  • Morris , A. P. , Gallacher , D. V. , Irvine , R. F. and Peterson , O. H. 1987 . Synergism of inositol trisphosphate and tetrakisphosphate in activating Ca2+‐dependent K+ channels . Nature , 330 : 653
  • Nishizuka , Y. 1984 . The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumor promotion . Nature , 308 : 693
  • Nishizuka , Y. 1988 . The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation . Nature , 334 : 661
  • Nosek , T. M. , Williams , M. F. and Zeigler , S. T. 1986 . Inositol triphosphate enhances calcium release in skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle . Am. J. Physiol. , : 250 C807
  • Putney , J. W. 1987 . Formation and actions of calcium‐mobilizing messenger, inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate . Am. J. Physiol. , 252 : G149
  • Berridge , M. J. 1981 . Phosphatidylglycerol hydrolysis: a multifunctional transducing mechanism . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 24 : 115
  • Michell , R. H. 1975 . Inositol phospholipids and cell surface receptor function . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 415 : 81
  • Castagna , M. , Takai , Y. , Kaibuchi , K. , Sano , K. , Kikkawa , U. and Nishizuka , Y. 1982 . Direct activation of calcium‐activated, phospholipid‐dependent protein kinase by tumor‐promoting phorbol esters . J. Biol. Chem. , 257 : 7847
  • Yamanishi , J. , Takai , Y. , Kaibuchi , K. , Sano , K. , Castagna , M. and Nishizuka , Y. 1983 . Synergistic functions of phorbol ester and calcium in serotonin release from human platelets . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 112 : 778
  • Berridge , M. J. 1987 . Inositol triphosphate and diacyl‐glycerol: two interacting second messengers . Annu. Rev. Biochem. , 56 : 159
  • Berridge , M. J. and Irvine , R. F. 1984 . Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction . Nature , 312 : 315
  • Streb , H. , Bayerdorffer , E. , Hasse , W. , Irvine , R. F. and Schulz , I. 1984 . Effect of inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate on isolated subcellular fractions of rat pancreas . J. Membrane Biol. , 81 : 241
  • Irvine , R. F. 1992 . Inositol phosphates and Ca2+ entry: toward a proliferation or a simplification? . FASEB J. , 6 : 3085
  • Martin , J.‐B. , Foray , M. F. , Klein , G. and Satre , M. 1987 . Identification of inositol hexaphosphate in 31P‐NMR spectra of dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. Relevance to intracellular pH determination . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 931 : 16
  • Stephens , L. R. , Hawkins , P. T. , Barker , C. J. and Downes , C. P. 1988 . Synthesis of myo‐inositol 1,3,4,5,6‐pentakisphosphate from inositol phosphates generated by receptor activation . Biochem. J. , 253 : 721
  • Szwergold , B. S. , Graham , R. A. and Brown , T. R. 1987 . Observation of inositol pentakis and hexakis phosphates in mammalian tissues by 31P‐NMR . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 149 : 874
  • Vallejo , M. , Jackson , T. , Lightman , S. and Hanky , M. R. 1987 . Occurrence and extracellular actions of inositol pentakis‐ and hexakisphosphate in mammalian brain . Nature , 330 : 656
  • Sun , M.‐K. , Wahlestedt , C. and Reis , D. J. 1992 . Inositol hexakisphosphate excites rat medullary sympatho‐excitatory neurons in vivo . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 215 : 9
  • Berdanier , C. D. 1992 . Is inositol an essential nutrient? . Nutr. Today , 27 : 22
  • Sakamoto , K. , Vucenik , I. and Shamsuddin , A.M. 1993 . [3H] phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) is absorbed and distributed to various tissues in rats . J. Nutr. , 123 : 713
  • Nahapetian , A. and Young , V. R. 1980 . Metabolism of 14C‐phytate in rats: effect of low and high dietary calcium intake . J. Nutr. , 110 : 1458
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Larsen , T. and Sandstrom , B. 1993 . High dietary calcium level decreases colonic phytate degradation in pigs fed a rapeseed diet . J. Nutr. , 123 : 559

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.