527
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine and Implications for Human Health

Pages 155-169 | Received 19 Nov 2004, Accepted 15 Feb 2005, Published online: 11 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Aarestrup F. M., Nielsen E. M., Madsen M., Engberg J. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from humans, pigs, cattle, and broilers in Denmark. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997; 41: 2244–2250, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Acar J., Casewell M., Freeman J., Friis C., Goossens H. Avoparcin and virginiamycin as animal growth promoters: A plea for science in decision-making. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2000; 6: 477–482, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Adler-Mosca H., Luthy-Hottenstein J., Martinetti Lucchini G., Burnens A., Altwegg M. Development of resistance to quinolones in five patients with campylobacteriosis treated with norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1991; 10: 953–957, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Allen K. J., Poppe C. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of food animal isolates of Salmonella with reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Microb. Drug Resist 2000, 2002; 8: 375–383, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Angulo F. J., Griffin P. M. Changes in antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2000; 6: 436–438, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Angulo F. J., Nargund V. N., Chiller T. C. Evidence of an association between use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and the human health consequences of such resistance. J. Vet. Med. B 2004; 51: 374–379, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bager F., Madsen M., Christensen J., Aarestrup F. M. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 1997; 31: 95–112, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Barber D. A., Miller G. Y., McNamara P. E. Models of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne illness: Examining assumptions and practical applications. J. Food Prot. 2003; 66: 700–709, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Bartoloni A., Bartalesi F., Mantella A., Dell'Amico E., Roselli M., Strohmeyer M., Barahona H. G., Barron V. P., Paradisi F., Rossolini G. M. High prevalence of acquired antimicrobial resistance unrelated to heavy antimicrobial consumption. J. Infect. Dis. 2004; 189: 1291–1294, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Barza M., Travers K. Excess infections due to antimicrobial resistance: The “Attributable Fraction.”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: S126–S130, Suppl 3[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Bates J. Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the community and the relevance of farm animals to human infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 1997; 7: 89–101, [CROSSREF]
  • Berchieri A. Intestinal colonization of a human subject by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1999; 5: 97–100, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Björkman J., Hughes D., Andersson D. I. Virulence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998; 95: 3949–3953, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Brown P. D., Freeman A., Foxman B. Prevalence and predictors of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in Michigan. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: 1061–1066, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bywater R. J., Casewell M. An assessment of the impact of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial species and of the contribution of animal sources to resistance in human infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2000; 46: 643–645, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Erratum. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 46: 1052
  • R., Deluyker H., Deroover R., deJong A., Marion H., McConville M., Rowan T., Shryock T., Shuster D., Thomas V., Valle M., Walters J. A European survey of antimicrobial susceptibility among zoonotic and commensal bacteria isolated from food-producing animals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004; 54: 744–754
  • Casewell M., Friis C., Marco E., McMullin P., Phillips I. The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003; 52: 159–161, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Collignon P. J. 11: Antibiotic resistance. MJA 2002; 177: 325–329, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Crump J. A., Barrett T. J., Nelson J. T., Angulo F. J. Reevaluating fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and for non-Typhi salmonellae. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37: 75–81, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • D'Agata E. M., Jirjis J., Gouldin C., Tang Y. W. Community dissemination of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2001; 29: 316–320, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • DANMAP. Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, foods and humans in Denmark, H. -D. Emborg, O. E. Heuer. Danish Veterinary Institute, CopenhagenDenmark 2004, ISSN 1600-2032
  • Datta S., Niwa H., Itoh K. Prevalence of 11 pathogenic genes of Campylobacter jejuni by PCR in strains isolated from humans, poultry meat and broiler and bovine faeces. J. Med. Microbiol. 2003; 52: 345–348, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Davis M. A., Hancock D. D., Besser T. E. Multiresistant clones of Salmonella enterica: The importance of dissemination. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 2002; 140: 135–141, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Dingle K. E., Colles F. M., Falush D., Maiden M. C. Sequence Typing and Comparison of Population Biology of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43: 340–347, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • EARSS 2001. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, S. pneumoniae, S. Aureus, E. Coli, E. faecalis/E. faecium. Annual Report 2001, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, BilthovenThe Netherlands 2002; 39–45
  • Effler P., Ieong M. C., Kimura A., Nakata M., Burr R., Cremer E., Slutsker L. Sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infections in Hawaii: Associations with prior antibiotic use and commercially prepared chicken. J. Infect. Dis. 2001; 183: 1152–1155, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Ellis-Pegler R. B., Hyman L. K., Ingram R. J., McCarthy M. A placebo controlled evaluation of lomefloxacin in the treatment of bacterial diarrhoea in the community. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1995; 36: 259–263, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Endtz H. P., Ruijs G. J., van Klingeren B., Jansen W. H., van der Reyden T., Mouton R. P. Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1991; 27: 199–208, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Englen M. (2004) Quinolone resistance in NARMS animal isolates Campylobacter, Salmonella and E. coli NARMS Scientific Meeting, Decatur, GAUSA, March, 4–52004
  • Finch R. G. Antibiotic resistance: A view from the prescriber. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004; 2: 989–994, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Fitzgerald C., Stanley K., Andrew S., Jones K. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67: 1429–1436, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Foodnet. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of foodborne illnesses—selected sites, United States. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 2002; 52: 340–343
  • Foster T. J. The Staphylococcus aureus “superbug”. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 114: 1693–1696, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Friedman C., Reddy S., Samual M., Marcus R., Bender J., Desai S., Shiferaw B., Helfrick D., Carter M., Anderson B., Hoekstra M., the EIP Working Group (2000) Risk Factors for Sporadic Campylobacter Infections in the United States: A Case-Control Study on FoodNet Sites. 2nd International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, July, 2000, Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/pub/iceid/2000/friedman_c.htm
  • Friedman C. R., Neimann J., Wegener H. C., Tauxe R. V. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter, 2nd Ed., I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser. ASM, Washington, D.C. 2000b; 122–138
  • Gambarotto K., Ploy M. C., Turlure P., Grelaud C., Martin C., Bordessoule D., Denis F. Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in fecal samples from hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized controls in a cattle-rearing area of France. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000; 38: 620–624, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Gaskins H. R., Collier C. T., Anderson D. B. Antibiotics as growth promotants: Mode of action. Anim. Biotechnol. 2002; 13: 29–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Gaudreau C., Gilbert H. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains isolated from humans in 1998 to 2001 in Montreal, Canada. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47: 2027–2029, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Ge B., White D. G., McDermott P. F., Girard W., Zhao S., Hubert S., Meng J. Antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003; 69: 3005–3007, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Giraud E., Brisabois A., Martel J. L., Chaslus-Dancla E. Comparative studies of mutations in animal isolates and experimental in vitro- and in vivo-selected mutants of Salmonella spp. suggest a counterselection of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant strains in the field. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43: 2131–2137, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Goossens H. Spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Differences between the United States and Europe. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1998; 19: 546–551, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Guévremont E., Higgins R., Quessy S. Characterization of Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from clinically healthy pigs and from sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in humans. J. Food Prot. 2004; 67: 228–234, [CSA]
  • Hänninen M. L., Perko-Makelä P., Pitkala A., Rautelin H. A three-year study of Campylobacter jejuni genotypes in humans with domestically acquired infections and in chicken samples from the Helsinki area. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000; 38: 1998–2000, [CSA]
  • Hastings P. J., Rosenberg S. M., Slack A. Antibiotic-induced lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance. Trends Microbiol. 2004; 12: 401–404, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Hawkey P. M. Mechanisms of quinolone action and microbial response. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003; 51: 29–35, Suppl. 1[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Hearnden M., Skelly C., Eyles R., Weinstein P. The regionality of campylobacteriosis seasonality in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2003; 13: 337–348, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Hein I., Schneck C., Knogler M., Feierl G., Plesss P., Köfer J., Achmann R., Wagner M. Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry and humans in Styria, Austria: Epidemiology and ciprofloxacin resistance. Epidemiol. Infect. 2003; 130: 377–386, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Helms M., Simonsen J., Mølbak K. Quinolone resistance is associated with increased risk of invasive illness or death during infection with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. J. Infect. Dis. 2004; 190: 1652–1654, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Helms M., Vastrup P., Gerner-Smidt P., Molbak K. Excess mortality associated with antimicrobial drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8: 490–495, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Helms M., Vastrup P., Gerner-Smidt P., Mølbak K. Short and long term mortality associated with foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections: Registry based study. BMJ 2003; 326: 357–360, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Hughes R. A.C., Rees J. H. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 1997; 176: S92–S98, (Suppl 2)[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Hurd H. S., Doores S., Hayes D., Mathew A., Maurer J., Silley P., Singer R. S., Jones R. N. Public health consequences of macrolide use in food animals: A deterministic risk assessment. J. Food Prot. 2004; 67: 980–992, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Jensen L. B., Ahrens P., Dons L., Jones R. N., Hammerum A. M., Aarestrup F. M. Molecular analysis of Tn1546 in Enterococcus faecium isolated from animals and humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998; 36: 437–442, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Kärenlampi R., Rautelin H., Hakkinen M., Hänninen M. L. Temporal and geographical distribution and overlap of Penner heat-stable serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates collected from humans and chickens in Finland during a seasonal peak. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 4870–4872, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Kim E. H., Aoki T. Drug resistance and broad geographical distribution of identical R plasmids of Pasteurella piscicida isolated from cultured yellowtail in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. 1993; 37: 103–109, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Kinde H., Read D. H., Ardans A., Breitmeyer R. E., Willoughby D., Little H. E., Kerr D., Gireesh R., Nagaraja K. V. Sewage effluent: Likely source of Salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 infection in a commercial chicken layer flock in southern California. Avian Dis. 1996; 40: 672–676, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Kist M. Impact and management of Campylobacter in human medicine - European perspective. Int. J. Inf. Dis. 2002; 6: 44–48, S3
  • Klare I., Badstubner D., Konstabel C., Bohme G., Claus H., Witte W. Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb. Drug Resist. 1999; 5: 45–52, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Klare I., Heier H., Claus H., Bohme G., Marin S., Seltmann G., Hakenbeck R., Antanassova V., Witte W. Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance isolated from animal foodstuffs and fecal samples of humans in the community. Microb. Drug Resist. 1995; 1: 265–272, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Kuriyama T., Williams D. W., Patel M., Lewis M. A., Jenkins L. E., Hill D. W., Hosein I. K. Molecular characterization of clinical and environmental isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from a teaching hospital in Wales. J. Med. Microbiol. 2003; 52: 821–827, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Landman D., Quale J. M., Mayorga D., Adedeji A., Vangala K., Ravishankar J., Flores C., Brooks S. Citywide clonal outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn, NY: The preantibiotic era has returned. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002; 162: 1515–1520, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Lathers C. M. Risk assessment in regulatory policy making for human and veterinary public health. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002; 42: 846–866, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Levin B. R. Minimizing potential resistance: A population dynamics view. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33: S161–169, Suppl. 3[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Lu P. L., Hsueh P. R., Hung C. C., Chang S. C., Luh K. T., Lee C. Y. Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: High rate of resistance to macrolide and quinolone antibiotics. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2000; 99: 612–617, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Luber P., Wagner J., Hahn H., Bartelt E. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated in 1991 and 2001–2002 from poultry and humans in Berlin, Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47: 3825–3830, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • MARAN 2002. Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Usage in Animals in The Netherlands in 2002. D. J. Mevius, W. van Pelt, 2003
  • McOrist S., Morgan J., Veenhuizen M. F., Lawrence K., Kroger H. W. Oral administration of tylosin phosphate for treatment and prevention of proliferative enteropathy in pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1997; 58: 136–139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Melau Kristiansen M. A., Sandvang D., Rasmussen T. B. In vivo development of quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 4462–4464, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Michaud S., Menard S., Gaudreau C., Arbeit R. D. Comparison of SmaI-defined genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni examined by Kpn I: A population-based study. J. Med. Microbiol. 2001; 50: 1075–1081, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Mouton J. W. Breakpoints: Current practice and future perspectives. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2002; 19: 323–331, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Mølbak K. Spread of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from animals to humans—the public health consequences. J. Vet. Med. B 2004; 51: 364–369, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Mølbak K., Baggesen D. L., Aarestrup F. M., Ebbesen J. M., Engberg J., Frydendahl K., Gerner-Smidt P., Petersen A. M., Wegener H. C. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant, quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341: 1420–1425, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • NCCLS. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Fourteenth Informational Supplement M100-S14, Wayne, PAUSA 2004
  • NN (2004) Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Expert workshop on non-human antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance: Scientific assessment. December, 1–52003. Copyright, World Organisation for Animal Health (International des Epizooties), World Health Organization, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GenevaSwitzerland
  • NN (2004b) Second Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Expert workshop on non-human antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance: Management options. March, 15–182004. Copyright: World Organisation for Animal Health (International des Epizooties), World Health Organization, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, OsloNorway
  • Nachamkin I., Ung H., Li M. Increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania, USA,1982–2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8: 1501–1503, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Nadeau E., Messier S., Quessy S. Prevalence and comparison of genetic profiles of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in humans. J. Food Prot. 2002; 65: 73–78, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Nadeau E., Messier S., Quessy S. Comparison of Campylobacter isolates from poultry and humans: Association between in vitro virulence properties, biotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003; 69: 6316–6320, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Nelson J. M., Smith K. E., Vugia D. J., Rabatsky-Ehr T., Segler S. D., Kassenborg H. D., Zansky S. M., Joyce K., Marano N., Hoekstra R. M., Angulo F. J. Prolonged diarrhea due to ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2004; 190: 1150–1157, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Österlund A., Hermann M., Kahlmeter G. Antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni/coli strains acquired in Sweden and abroad: A longitudinal study. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2003; 35: 478–481, [CROSSREF]
  • Pai M. P., Rodvold K. A., Schreckenberger P. C., Gonzales R. D., Petrolatti J. M., Quinn J. P. Risk factors associated with the development of infection with linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 35: 1269–1272, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Pers C., Søgaard P., Pallesen L. Selection of multiple resistance in Salmonella enteritidis during treatment with ciprofloxacin. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 28: 529–531, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Petersen L., Nielsen E. M., Engberg J., S.On L. W., Dietz H. H. Comparison of genotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from Danish wild mammals and birds and from broiler flocks and humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67: 3115–3121, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Phillips I. Assessing the evidence that antibiotic growth promoters influence human infections. J. Hosp. Infect. 1999; 43: 173–178, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Phillips I. Prudent use of antibiotics: Are our expectations justified?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33: S130–S132, (Suppl 3)[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Phillips I., Casewell M., Cox T., De Groot B., Friis C., Jones R., Nightingale C., Preston R., Waddell J. Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004; 53: 28–52, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Piddock L. J.V., Griggs D. J., Hall M. C., Jin Y. F. Ciprofloxacin resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium obtained from two patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993; 37: 662–666, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Rautelin H., Vierikko A., Hänninen M. L., Vaara M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter strains isolated from Finnish subjects infected domestically or from those infected abroad. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47: 102–105, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Robinson D. A., Enright M. C. Multilocus sequence typing and the evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2004; 10: 92–97, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Rosenquist H., Nielsen N. L., Sommer H. M., Norrung B., Christensen B. B. Quantitative risk assessment of human campylobacteriosis associated with thermophilic Campylobacter species in chickens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003; 83: 87–103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Salyers A. A., Gupta A., Wang Y. Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes. Trends Microbiol. 2004; 12: 412–416, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Salyers A. A., Amabile-Cuevas C. F. Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination?. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997; 41: 2321–2325, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Sanders J. W., Isenbarger D. W., Walz S. E., Pang L. W., Scott D. A., Tamminga C., Oyofo B. A., Hewitson W. C., Sanchez J. L., Pitarangsi C., Echeverria P., Tribble D. R. An observational clinic-based study of diarrheal illness in deployed United States military personnel in Thailand: Presentation and outcome of Campylobacter infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002; 67: 533–538, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Schroeder C. M., Zhao C., DebRoy C., Torcolini J., Zhao S., White D. G., Wagner D. D., McDermott P. F., Walker R. D., Meng J. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from humans, cattle, swine, and food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002; 68: 576–581, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Schwaber M. J., De-Medina T., Carmeli Y. Epidemiological interpretation of antibiotic resistance studies—what are we missing?. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004; 2: 979–983, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Shoemaker N. B., Vlamakis H., Hayes K., Salyers A. A. Evidence for extensive resistance gene transfer among Bacteroides spp. and among Bacteroides and other genera in the human colon. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67: 561–568, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Shryock T. R. (2003) Consumption of antimicrobial agents in the EU. Abstract proceedings of the International Symposium ‘Towards a risk analysis of antibiotic resistance’, Berlin, November, 2003, organizers: BfR, BVL, FAL
  • Silley P. Campylobacter and fluoroquinolones: A bias data set?. Environ. Microbiol. 2003; 5: 219–230, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Smith K. E., Besser J. M., Hedberg C. W., Leano F. T., Bender J. B., Wicklund J. H., Johnson B. P., Moore K. A., Osterholm M. T. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992–1998. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 40: 1525–1532, [CROSSREF]
  • Stephen J. M., Toleman M. A., Walsh T. R., Jones R. N. Salmonella bloodstream infections: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997–2001). Int. J. Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22: 395–405, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Stobberingh E., van den Bogaard A., London N., Driessen C., Top J., Willems R. Enterococci with glycopeptide resistance in turkeys, turkey farmers, turkey slaughterers, and (sub)urban residents in the south of The Netherlands: Evidence for transmission of vancomycin resistance from animals to humans?. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43: 2215–2221, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Sørensen T. L., Blom M., Monnet D. L., Frimodt-Moller N., Poulsen R. L., Espersen F. Transient intestinal carriage after ingestion of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium from chicken and pork. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 345: 1161–1166, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • SVARM 2002. Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Ressitance Monitoring, B. Bengtsson, C. Greko, C. Wallén. National Veterinary Institute, UppsalaSweden 2003, ISSN 1650–6332
  • Thorpe C. M. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38: 1298–1303, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Threlfall E. J., Ward L. R., Rowe B. Increasing incidence of resistance to trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin in epidemic Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in England and Wales. Euro Surveill. 1997; 2: 81–84, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Tran J. H., Jacoby G. A., Hooper D. C. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005; 49: 118–125, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Tsiodras S., Gold H. S., Sakoulas G., Eliopoulos G. M., Wennersten C., Venkataraman L., Moellering R. C., Ferraro M. J. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001; 358: 207–208, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Van Boven M., Veldman K. T., de Jong M. C.M., Mevius D. J. Rapid selection of quinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni but not in Escherichia coli in individuallly housed broilers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003; 52: 719–723, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Van Looveren M., Daube G., de Zutter L., Dumont J. M., Lammens C., Wijdooghe M., Vandamme P., Jouret M., Cornelis M., Goossens H. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter strains isolated from food animals in Belgium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001; 48: 235–240, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Vandamme P., Vercauteren E., Lammens C., Pensart N., Ieven M., Pot B., Leclercq R., Goossens H. Survey of enterococcal susceptibility patterns in Belgium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996; 34: 2572–2576, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Vanden Eng J., Marcus R., Hadler J. L., Imhoff B, Vugia D. J., Cieslak P. R., Zell E., Deneen V., McCombs K. G, Zansky S. M, Hawkins M. A., Besser R. E. Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003; 9: 1128–1135, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Varma J. K., Molbak K., Barrett T. J., Beebe J. L., Jones T. F., Rabatsky-Her T., Smith K. E., Vugia D. J., Chang H. G., Angulo F. J. Antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is associated with excess bloodstream infections and hospitalizations. J. Infect. Dis. 2005; 191: 554–561, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Vellinga A., van Loock F. The dioxin crisis as experiment to determine poultry-related campylobacter enteritis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8: 19–22, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Vose D., Acar J., Anthony F., Franklin A., Gupta R., Nicholls T., Tamura Y., Thompson S., Threlfall E. J., vanVuuren M., White D. G., Wegener H. C., Costarrica M. L. Antimicrobial resistance: Risk analysis methodology for the potential impact on public health of antimicrobial resistant bacteria of animal origin. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2001; 20: 811–827, [CSA]
  • Weigel L. M., Clewell D. B., Gill S. R., Clark N. C, McDougal L. K., Flannagan S. E., Kolonay J. F., Shetty J., Killgore G. E., Tenover F. C. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science. 2003; 302: 1569–1571, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Willems R. J., Top J., van den Braak N., van Belkum A., Endtz H., Mevius D., Stobberingh E., van den Bogaard A., van Embden J. D. Host specificity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 182: 816–823, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Willems R. J., Top J., van den Braak N., van Belkum A., Mevius D. J., Hendriks G., van Santen-Verheuvel M., vanEmbden J. D. Molecular diversity and evolutionary relationships of Tn1546-like elements in enterococci from humans and animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43: 483–491, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Wiström J., Jertborn M., Ekwall E., Norlin K., Söderquist B., Strömberg A., Lundholm R., Hogevik H., Lagergren L., Englund G., Norrby R., the Swedish Study Group. Empiric treatment of acute diarrheal disease with norfloxacin. A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992; 117: 202–208, [CSA]
  • Witte W., Tschäpe H., Klare I., Werner G. Antibiotics in animal feed. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl. 2000; 93: 37–44, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Zhang Q., Lin J., Pereira S. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in animal reservoirs: Dynamics of development, resistance mechanisms and ecological fitness. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2003; 4: 63–71, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Zhao C., Ge B., DeVillena J., Sudler R., Yeh E., Zhao S., White D. G., Wagner D., Meng J. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork, and beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., area. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001; 67: 5431–5436, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.