Plasmodium malariae, current knowledge and future research opportunities on a neglected malaria parasite species

References

• Abba K, Kirkham Aj, Olliaro Pl, Deeks Jj, Donegan S, Garner P, Takwoingi Y. 2014. Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated non-falciparum or plasmodium vivax malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:Cd011431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amanfo Sa, Mduluza T, Midzi N, Cavanagh Dr, Mutapi F. 2016. Seroepidemiology of plasmodium species infections in Zimbabwean population. Malar J. 15(1):267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari Hr, Templeton Tj, Subudhi Ak, Ramaprasad A, Tang J, Lu F, Naeem R, Hashish Y, Oguike Mc, Benavente Ed, et al. 2016. Genome-scale comparison of expanded gene families in plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium ovale curtisi with Plasmodium Malariae and with other plasmodium species. Int J Parasitol. 46(11):685–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asua V, Tukwasibwe S, Conrad M, Walakira A, Nankabirwa Ji, Mugenyi L, Kamya Mr, Nsobya Sl, Rosenthal Pj. 2017. Plasmodium species infecting children presenting with malaria in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 97(3):753–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auburn S, Barry Ae. 2017. Dissecting malaria biology and epidemiology using population genetics and genomics. Int J Parasitol. 47(2-3):77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awandare Ga, Nyarko Pb, Aniweh Y, Ayivor-Djanie R, Stoute Ja. 2018. Plasmodium falciparum strains spontaneously switch invasion phenotype in suspension culture. Sci Rep. 8(1):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baltzell Ka, Shakely D, Hsiang M, Kemere J, Ali As, Björkman A, Mårtensson A, Omar R, Elfving K, Msellem M, et al. 2013. Prevalence of PCR detectable malaria infection among febrile patients with a negative Plasmodium Falciparum specific rapid diagnostic test in Zanzibar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 88(2):289–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnadas C, Ratsimbasoa A, Ranaivosoa H, Ralaizandry D, Raveloariseheno D, Rabekotonorina V, Picot S, Ménard D. 2007. Short report: Prevalence and chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium Malariae in Madagascar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 77(6):1039–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass Cc, Johns Fm. 1912. The cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium Vivax And Plasmodium Falciparum) in vitro. J Exp Med. 16(4):567–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bermúdez M, Moreno-Pérez Das, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Curtidor H, Patarroyo Ma. 2018. Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel. Malar J. 17(1):301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Betson M, Sousa-Figueiredo Jc, Atuhaire A, Arinaitwe M, Adriko M, Mwesigwa G, Nabonge J, Kabatereine Nb, Sutherland Cj, Stothard Jr. 2014. Detection of persistent Plasmodium Spp. infections in Ugandan children after artemether-lumefantrine treatment. Parasitology. 141(14):1880–1890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrmann S, Szlezák N, Binder Rk, Missinou Ma, Lell B, Kremsner Pg. 2002. Evidence for the efficacy of artesunate in asymptomatic Plasmodium Malariae infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 50(5):751–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabin Bj. 1983. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 61(6):1005–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer Ee, Van Hellemond Jj, Van Genderen Pjj, Slot E, Van Lieshout L, Visser Lg, Wismans Pj. 2013. A case report of transfusion-transmitted Plasmodium malariae from an asymptomatic non-immune traveller. Malar J. 12:439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne En, Frimpong E, Sievertsen J, Hagen J, Hamelmann C, Dietz K, Horstmann Rd, Burchard Gd. 2000. Malariometric update for the rainforest and savanna of Ashanti region. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 94(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce Mc, Macheso A, Galinski Mr, Barnwell Jw. 2007. Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium Malariae. Parasitology. 134(Pt 5):637–650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruce Mc, Macheso A, Mcconnachie A, Molyneux Me. 2011. Comparative population structure of Plasmodium malariae and plasmodium falciparum under different transmission settings in Malawi. Malar J. 10:38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman M, Morton L, Duah N, Quashie N, Abuaku B, Koram KA, Dimbu PR, Plucinski M, Gutman J, Lyaruu P, et al. 2016. Within-host competition and drug resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283.
   Google Scholar
• Carlton JM, Steven AS. 2017. A feast of malaria parasite genomes. Cell Host Microbe. 21(3):310–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton JM, Adams JH, Silva JC, Bidwell SL, Lorenzi H, Caler E, Crabtree J, Angiuoli SV, Merino EF, Amedeo P, et al. 2008. Comparative genomics of the neglected human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nature. 455(7214):757–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter R, Mendis KN. 2002. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 15(4):564–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos PG. 1971. The primate malarias. CDC Stacks Collection. [accessed 2019 Aug 20]. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6538.
   Google Scholar
• Collins WE, Jeffery G. M. 2007. Plasmodium malariae: Parasite and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 20(4):579–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway DJ. 2007. Molecular epidemiology of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 20(1):188–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DJ, Rajahram GS, William T, Jelip J, Mohammad R, Benedict J, Alaza DA, Malacova E, Yeo TW, Grigg MJ, et al. 2019. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia, 2015-2017: ongoing increase in incidence despite near-elimination of the human-only Plasmodium species. Clin Infect Dis. 70(3):361–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowell AN, Loy DE, Sundararaman SA, Valdivia H, Fisch K, Lescano AG, Baldeviano GC, Durand S, Gerbasi V, Sutherland CJ, et al. 2017. Selective whole-genome amplification is a robust method that enables scalable whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium vivax from unprocessed clinical samples. mBio. 8(1):e02257–e02216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox FEG. 2010. History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors. Parasit Vectors. 3(1):5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crosnier CC, Bustamante LY, Bartholdson SJ, Bei AK, Theron M, Uchikawa M, Mboup S, Ndir O, Kwiatkowski DP, Duraisingh MT, et al. 2011. Basigin is a receptor essential for erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 480(7378):534–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels RF, Deme AB, Gomis JF, Dieye B, Durfee K, Thwing JI, Fall FB, Ba M, Ndiop M, Badiane AS, et al. 2017. Evidence of non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Kédougou, Sénégal. Malar J. 16(1):9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DE Beaudrap P, Turyakira E, Nabasumba C, Tumwebaze B, Piola P, Boum Ii Y, Mcgready R. 2016. Timing of malaria in pregnancy and impact on infant growth and morbidity: a cohort study in Uganda. Malar J. 15:92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE Beaudrap P, Turyakira E, White LJ, Nabasumba C, Tumwebaze B, Muehlenbachs A, Guerin PJ, Boum Y, Mcgready R, Piola P. 2013. Impact of malaria during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in a Ugandan prospective cohort with intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment. Malar J. 12(1):139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinko B, Oguike MC, Larbi JA, Bousema T, Sutherland CJ. 2013. Persistent detection of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri after ACT treatment of asymptomatic Ghanaian school-children. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 3:45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doctor SM, Liu Y, Anderson OG, Whitesell AN, Mwandagalirwa MK, Muwonga JRM, Keeler C, Emch M, Likwela JL, Tshefu A, et al. 2016. Low prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale mono-infections among children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Malar J. 15:350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doderer-Lang CC, Atchade PS, Meckert L, Haar E, Perrotey S, Filisetti D, Aboubacar A, Pfaff AW, Brunet J, Chabi NMW, et al. 2014. The ears of the African elephant: unexpected high seroprevalence of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in healthy populations in Western Africa. Malar J. 13:240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doritchamou JYA, Akuffo RA, Moussiliou A, Luty AJF, Massougbodji A, Deloron P, Ndam NGT. 2018. Submicroscopic placental infection by non-falciparum Plasmodium spp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(2):e0006279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrich JHH, Eke FU. 2007. Malaria-induced renal damage: facts and myths. Pediatr Nephrol. 22(5):626–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornace KM, Brock PM, Abidin TR, Grignard L, Herman LS, Chua TH, Daim S, William T, Patterson CLEB, Hall T, et al. 2019. Environmental risk factors and exposure to the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi across northern Sabah, Malaysia: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Lancet Planet Health. 3(4):e179–e186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuehrer H-P, Swoboda P, Harl J, Starzengruber P, Habler VE, Bloeschl I, Haque R, Matt J, Khan WA, Noedl H. 2014. High prevalence and genetic diversity of Plasmodium malariae and no evidence of Plasmodium knowlesi in Bangladesh. Parasitol Res. 113(4):1537–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande R, Antinori S, Meroni L, Menegon M, Severini C. 2019. A case of Plasmodium malariae recurrence: recrudescence or reinfection? Malar J. 18(1):169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R. 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 81(3):478–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groger M, Veletzky L, Lalremruata A, Cattaneo C, Mischlinger J, Zoleko-Manego R, Endamne L, Klicpera A, Kim J, Nguyen T, et al. 2018. Prospective clinical trial assessing species-specific efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine for the treatment of Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and mixed plasmodium malaria in Gabon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 62(3):e01758– e01717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunasekera W, Premaratne RG, Weerasena O, Premawansa WS, Handunnetti SM, Fernando SD. 2018. Utility of pf/pan RDT for diagnosis in the prevention of re-establishment of malaria in Sri Lanka. Pathog Glob Health. 112(7):360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashida K, Kajino K, Simukoko H, Simuunza M, Ndebe J, Chota A, Namangala B, Sugimoto C. 2017. Direct detection of falciparum and non-falciparum malaria DNA from a drop of blood with high sensitivity by the dried-LAMP system. Parasit Vectors. 10(1):26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haynes JD, Diggs CL, Hines FA, Desjardins RE. 1976. Culture of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 263(5580):767–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedelius R, Fletcher JJ, Glass WF, Susanti AI, Maguire JD. 2011. Nephrotic syndrome and unrecognized Plasmodium malariae infection in a US Navy sailor 14 years after departing Nigeria. J Travel Med. 18(4):288–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong YJ, Yang SY, Lee K, Kim TS, Kim HB, Park KU, Song J, Kim EC. 2012. A case of imported Plasmodium malariae malaria. Ann Lab Med. 32(3):229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John W, Katharine AC, Anand O, Claire W, Jang Ihn K, Gonzalo JD, Rebecca W, Louise M, Matthew B, Thomas DO, et al. 2019. An experimental human blood stage model for studying Plasmodium malariae infection. J Infect Dis. 221:948–955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassaza K, Operario DJ, Nyehangane D, Coffey KC, Namugosa M, Turkheimer L, Ojuka P, Orikiriza P, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Byarugaba F, et al. 2018. Detection of plasmodium species by high-resolution melt analysis of dna from blood smears acquired in Southwestern Uganda. J Clin Microbiol. 56:e01060–e01017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khim N, Kim S, Bouchier C, Tichit M, Ariey F, Fandeur T, Chim P, Ke S, Sum S, Man S, et al. 2012. Reduced impact of pyrimethamine drug pressure on Plasmodium malariae dihydrofolate reductase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56(2):863–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunrae P, Higgins MK. 2010. Structural insights into chondroitin sulfate binding in pregnancy-associated malaria. Biochem Soc Trans. 38(5):1337–1341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkman LA, Deitsch KW. 2012. Antigenic variation and the generation of diversity in malaria parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol. 15(4):456–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollenda H, Hagen RM, Hanke M, Rojak S, Hinz R, Wassill L, Poppert S, Tannich E, Frickmann H. 2018. Poor diagnostic performance of a species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) platform for malaria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)). 8(4):112–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kugasia IRK, Polara FK, Assallum H. 2014. Recrudescence of Plasmodium malariae after quinine. Case Rep Med. 2014:590265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalremruata A, Magris M, Vivas-Martínez S, Koehler M, Esen M, Kempaiah P, Jeyaraj S, Perkins DJ, Mordmüller B, Metzger WG. 2015. Natural infection of Plasmodium brasilianum in humans: Man and monkey share quartan malaria parasites in the Venezuelan Amazon. EBioMedicine. 2(9):1186–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford S, Douglas NM, Lampah DA, Simpson JA, Kenangalem E, Sugiarto P, Anstey NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN. 2015. Plasmodium malariae Infection associated with a high burden of anemia: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9(12):e0004195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Hickman M. 2015. Combinations on the emergence and spread of drug resistant parasites [Online]. IntechOpen. Available: https://www.intechopen.com/books/basic-pharmacokinetic-concepts-and-some-clinical-applications/the-impact-of-pharmacokinetic-mismatched-antimalarial-drug-combinations-on-the-emergence-and-spread-. [Accessed 2020-09-19].
   Google Scholar
• Lim L, Mcfadden GI. 2010. The evolution, metabolism and functions of the apicoplast. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 365(1541):749–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingnau A, Doehring-Schwerdtfeger E, Maier WA. 1994. Evidence for 6-day cultivation of human Plasmodium malariae. Parasitol Res. 80(3):265–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Li Y, Learn GH, Rudicell RS, Robertson JD, Keele BF, Ndjango JB, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Locatelli S, et al. 2010. Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature. 467(7314):420–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LO E, Nguyen K, Nguyen J, Hemming-Schroeder E, Xu J, Etemesi H, Githeko A, Yan G. 2017. Plasmodium malariae Prevalence and csp Gene Diversity, Kenya, 2014 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 23(4):601–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire JD, Sumawinata IW, Masbar S, Laksana B, Prodjodipuro P, Susanti I, Sismadi P, Mahmud N, Bangs MJ, Baird JK. 2002. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium malariae in south Sumatra. Indonesia. Lancet (London, England). 360(9326):58–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayxay M, Pukrittayakamee S, Newton PN, White NJ. 2004. Mixed-species malaria infections in humans. Trends Parasitol. 20(5):233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckenzie FE, Bossert WH. 1999. Multispecies plasmodium infections of humans. J Parasitol. 85(1):12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millet P, Collins WE, Fisk TL, Nguyen-Dinh P. 1988. In vitro cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium malariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 38(3):470–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miotto O, Almagro-Garcia J, Manske M, Macinnis B, Campino S, Rockett KA, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, Sreng S, et al. 2013. Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia. Nat Genet. 45(6):648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A. 1980. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 29(5):725–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mombo-Ngoma G, Kleine C, Basra A, Würbel H, Diop DA, Capan M, Adegnika AA, Kurth F, Mordmüller B, Joanny F, et al. 2012. Prospective evaluation of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of non-falciparum and mixed-species malaria in Gabon. Malar J. 11:120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller I, Zimmerman PA, Reeder JC. 2007. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale-the "bashful" malaria parasites. Trends Parasitol. 23(6):278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint HY, Tipmanee P, Nosten FS, Day NPJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. 2004. A systematic overview of published antimalarial drug trials. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 98(2):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noland GS, Graves PM, Sallau A, Eigege A, Emukah E, Patterson AE, Ajiji J, Okorofor I, Oji OU, Umar M, et al. 2014. Malaria prevalence, anemia and baseline intervention coverage prior to mass net distributions in Abia and Plateau States, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 14:168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosten F, Mcgready R, Simpson JA, Thwai KL, Balkan S, Cho T, Hkirijaroen L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. 1999. Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. The Lancet. 354(9178):546–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oboh MA, Badiane AS, Ntadom G, Ndiaye YD, Diongue K, Diallo MA, Ndiaye D. 2018. Molecular identification of Plasmodium species responsible for malaria reveals Plasmodium vivax isolates in Duffy negative individuals from southwestern Nigeria. Malar J. 17(1):439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otto TD, Böhme U, Jackson AP, Hunt M, Franke-Fayard B, Hoeijmakers WAM, Religa AA, Robertson L, Sanders M, Ogun SA, et al. 2014. A comprehensive evaluation of rodent malaria parasite genomes and gene expression. BMC Biol. 12:86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousmane AK, Lansana S, Hammadoun AS, Sounkalo D, Naffet K, Moussa M, Mamadou M, Zoumana F, Abderrhamane SM, Klénon T, et al. 2012. Effect of seasonality and ecological factors on the prevalence of the four malaria parasite species in Northern Mali. J Trop Med. 2012:367160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyola SO, Ariani CV, Hamilton WL, Kekre M, Amenga-Etego LN, Ghansah A, Rutledge GG, Redmond S, Manske M, Jyothi D, et al. 2016. Whole genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from dried blood spots using selective whole genome amplification. Malar J. 15(1):597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plucinski MM, Candrinho B, Chambe G, Muchanga JO, Muguande O, Matsinhe GS, Mathe G, Rogier E, Doyle T, Zulliger R, et al. 2018. Multiplex serology for impact evaluation of bed net distribution on burden of lymphatic filariasis and four species of human malaria in northern Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(2):e0006278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovich RN, Drakeley C, Djimde AA, Hall BF, Hay SI, Hemingway J, Kaslow DC, Noor A, Okumu F, Steketee R, et al. 2017. malERA: An updated research agenda for malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Med. 14(11):e1002456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recker M, Buckee CO, Serazin A, Kyes S, Pinches R, Christodoulou ZE, Springer AL, Gupta S, Newbold CI. 2011. Antigenic variation in plasmodium falciparum malaria involves a highly structured switching pattern. PLoS Pathog. 7(3):e1001306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringwald P, Bickii J, Same-Ekobo A, Basco LK. 1997. Pyronaridine for treatment of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41(10):2317–2319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh ME, Oyet C, Orikiriza P, Wade M, Kiwanuka GN, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Parikh S, Boum Y. 2016. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in children in low malaria transmission setting, Southwestern Uganda(1). Emerg Infect Dis. 22(8):1494–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman DNR, Rosalie NNA, Kumar A, Luther KMM, Singh V, Albert MS. 2018. Asymptomatic Plasmodium malariae infections in children from suburban areas of Yaound√©. Cameroon. Parasitol Int. 67(1):29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roucher CM, Rogier C, Sokhna C, Tall A, Trape JFS. 2014. A 20-year longitudinal study of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a west African population. PLoS One. 9(2):e87169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutledge GG, Böhme U, Sanders M, Reid AJ, Cotton JA, Maiga-Ascofare O, Djimdé AA, Apinjoh TO, Amenga-Etego L, Manske M, et al. 2017a. Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution. Nature. 542(7639):101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutledge GG, Marr I, Huang GKL, Auburn S, Marfurt J, Sanders M, White NJ, Berriman M, Newbold CI, Anstey NM, et al. 2017b. Genomic Characterization of Recrudescent Plasmodium malariae after Treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine. Emerg Infect Dis. 23(8):1300–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallares R. 2002. Evolution and prehistory of malaria. Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy. Oxford (England): Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sallares R, Bouwman A, Anderung C. 2004. The spread of malaria to Southern Europe in antiquity: new approaches to old problems. Med Hist. 48(3):311–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler T, Jongo S, Studer F, Mpina M, Mwangoka G, Mswata S, Ramadhani K, Sax J, Church LWP, Richie TL, et al. 2019a. Two cases of long-lasting, sub-microscopic Plasmodium malariae infections in adults from coastal Tanzania. Malar J. 18(1):149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schindler T, Robaina T, Sax J, Bieri JR, Mpina M, Gondwe L, Acuche L, Garcia G, Cortes C, Maas C, et al. 2019b. Molecular monitoring of the diversity of human pathogenic malaria species in blood donations on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 18(1):9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuster FL. 2002. Cultivation of Plasmodium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 15(3):355–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahandeh K, Basseri HR. 2019. Challenges and the Path Forward on Malaria Elimination Intervention: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 48(6):1004–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K, Gittis AG, Nguyen P, Gowda DC, Miller LH, Garboczi DN. 2008. Structure of the DBL3x domain of pregnancy-associated malaria protein VAR2CSA complexed with chondroitin sulfate A. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 15(9):932–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitali L, Chipeta J, Miller JM, Moonga HB, Kumar N, Moss WJ, Michelo C. 2015. Patterns of mixed Plasmodium species infections among children six years and under in selected malaria hyper-endemic communities of Zambia: population-based survey observations. BMC Infect Dis. 15:204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisutham S, Saralamba N, Malleret B, Rénia L, Dondorp AM, Imwong M. 2017. Four human Plasmodium species quantification using droplet digital PCR. PLoS One. 12(4):e0175771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisutham S, Saralamba N, Sriprawat K, Mayxay M, Smithuis F, Nosten F, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NPJ, Dondorp AM, Imwong M. 2018. Genetic diversity of three surface protein genes in Plasmodium malariae from three Asian countries. Malar J. 17:24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkeste N, Incardona S, Chy S, Duval L, Ekala M-TRS, Lim P, Hewitt S, Sochantha T, Socheat D, Rogier C, et al. 2009. Towards high-throughput molecular detection of Plasmodium: new approaches and molecular markers. Malar J. 8:86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talundzic E, Ravishankar S, Nayak V, Patel DS, Olsen C, Sheth M, Batra D, Loparev V, Vannberg FO, Udhayakumar V, et al. 2017. First full draft genome sequence of Plasmodium brasilianum. Genome Announc. 5(6):e01566–e01516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanomsing N, Imwong M, Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Looareesuwan S, Mayxay M, Dolecek C, Hien TT, Rosario DO, Arez VE, et al. 2007. Genetic analysis of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from geographically diverse isolates of Plasmodium malariae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51(10):3523–3530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanomsing N, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Nosten F, Dolecek C, Hien TT, White NJ, Day NPJ, Dondorp AM, Imwong M. 2014. Genetic variability of Plasmodium malariae dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) in four Asian countries. 4:9.
   Google Scholar
• Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Snow RW, Hay SI. 2010. Ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries. Lancet. 376(9752):1579–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo BH-Y, Lansdell P, Smith V, Blaze M, Nolder D, Beshir KB, Chiodini PL, Cao J, F√§Rnert A, Sutherland CJ. 2015. Delayed onset of symptoms and atovaquone-proguanil chemoprophylaxis breakthrough by Plasmodium malariae in the absence of mutation at Codon 268 of pmcytb. PLoS Negltrop Dis. 9:e0004068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TER Kuile FO, Rogerson SJ. 2008. Plasmodium vivax Infection during Pregnancy: An Important Problem in Need of New Solutions. Clin Infect Dis. 46(9):1382–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trager W, Jensen JB. 1976. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science (New York, N.Y.). 193(4254):673–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trager W. 1971. A new method for intraerythrocytic cultivation of malaria parasites (Plasmodium coatneyi and P. falciparum). J Protozool. 18(2):239–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trape J-F, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, et al. 1994. The Dielmo Project: a Longitudinal Study of Natural Malaria Infection and the Mechanisms of Protective Immunity in a Community Living in a Holoendemic Area of Senegal. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 51(2):123–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigg PI. 1985. Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 63(2):387–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinetz JM, Li J, Mccutchan TF, Kaslow DC. 1998. Plasmodium malariae infection in an asymptomatic 74-year-old Greek woman with splenomegaly. N Engl J Med. 338(6):367–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser BJ, Wieten RW, Kroon D, Nagel IM, Bélard S, VAN Vugt M, Grobusch MP. 2014. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for non-falciparum malaria: a systematic review. Malar J. 13:463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser R, DE Mast Q, Munnix I, Van Der Ven A, Dofferhoff T. 2016. Failure of atovaquone-proguanil chemoprophylaxis and chloroquine treatment in Plasmodium malariae infection. Travel Med Infect Dis. 14(6):644–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker PG, Floyd J, TER Kuile F, Cairns M. 2017. Estimated impact on birth weight of scaling up intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy given sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Africa: A mathematical model. PLoS Med. 14(2):e1002243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO 2015a. Global technical strategy for malaria, 2016-2030. Global Malaria, Programme.
   Google Scholar
• WHO 2007. A framework for malaria elimination [Online]. World Health Organization. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254761/1/9789241511988-eng.pdf?ua=1. accessed on 17 August 2017 [Accessed].
   Google Scholar
• WHO 2015b. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria [Online]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-malaria-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=a0138b77_2. [Accessed].
   Google Scholar
• WHO 2016. World Malaria Report [Online]. World Health Organization. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/252038/1/9789241511711-eng.pdf?ua=1. accessed on 21 August 2017 [Accessed].
   Google Scholar
• WHO 2019. World Malaria Report [Online]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2019/en/. [Accessed 02/06/2020].
   Google Scholar
• Williams J, Njie F, Cairns M, Bojang K, Coulibaly SO, Kayentao K, Abubakar I, Akor F, Mohammed K, Bationo R, et al. 2016. Non-falciparum malaria infections in pregnant women in West Africa. Malar J. 15:53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer K, Schmid CD, Brancucci NMB, Luah Y-H, Preiser PR, Bozdech Z, Voss TS. 2012. Analysis of subtelomeric virulence gene families in Plasmodium falciparum by comparative transcriptional profiling. Mol Microbiol. 84(2):243–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerlikaya S, Campillo A, Gonzalez IJ. 2018. A systematic review: performance of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale monoinfections in human blood. J Infect Dis. 218(2):265–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yman V, Wandell G, Mutemi DD, Miglar A, Asghar M, Hammar U, Karlsson M, Lind I, Nordfjell C, Rooth I, et al. 2019. Persistent transmission of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale species in an area of declining Plasmodium falciparum transmission in eastern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(5):e0007414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar