Cryptococcal meningitis in apparently immunocompetent patients

References

• Abassi M, Boulware DR, Rhein J. 2015. Cryptococcal Meningitis: diagnosis and Management Update. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2(2):90–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acharya S, Yadav SK, Singh PB, Bhandari S, Gautam J, Pathak S, Nepal G, Sah R, Ojha R. 2021. Cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent individual: a case report. Clin Case Rep. 9(10):e04894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anjum S, Dean O, Kosa P, Magone MT, King KA, Fitzgibbon E, Kim HJ, Zalewski C, Murphy E, Billioux BJ, et al. 2021. Outcomes in Previously Healthy Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis Patients Treated With Pulse Taper Corticosteroids for Post-infectious Inflammatory Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 73(9):e2789–e2798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif S, Ghazanfar K, Muhammad WW, Malik H. 2015. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 27(4):942–944.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baddley JW, Perfect JR, Oster RA, Larsen RA, Pankey GA, Henderson H, Haas DW, Kauffman CA, Patel R, Zaas AK, et al. 2008. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection: factors associated with disseminated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 27(10):937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campuzano A, Wormley F. 2018. Innate immunity against Cryptococcus, from recognition to elimination. JoF. 4(1):33.
   Google Scholar
• Charlier C, Dromer F, Lévêque C, Chartier L, Cordoliani YS, Fontanet A, Launay O, Lortholary O, French Cryptococcosis Study Group 2008. Cryptococcal neuroradiological lesions correlate with severity during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era. PLoS One. 3(4):e1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau TT, Mai NH, Phu NH, Nghia HD, Chuong LV, Sinh DX, Duong VA, Diep PT, Campbell JI, Baker S, et al. 2010. A prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV uninfected patients in Vietnam - high prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease. BMC Infect Dis. 10:199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Varma A, Diaz MR, Litvintseva AP, Wollenberg KK, Kwon-Chung KJ. 2008. Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 14(5):755–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Sorrell T, Nimmo G, Speed B, Currie B, Ellis D, Marriott D, Pfeiffer T, Parr D, Byth K. 2000. Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 31(2):499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Meyer W, Sorrell TC. 2014. Cryptococcus gattii infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27(4):980–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Slavin MA, Heath CH, Playford EG, Byth K, Marriott D, Kidd SE, Bak N, Currie B, Hajkowicz K, Australia and New Zealand Mycoses Interest Group (ANZMIG)-Cryptococcus Study, et al. 2012. Clinical manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii infection: determinants of neurological sequelae and death. Clin Infect Dis. 55(6):789–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa K, Craver S, Sandhu A. 2021. An Uncommon Presentation of Cryptococcal Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Patient: a Case Report. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 5(4):450–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrêa Pinheiro M, Dos Reis DST, de Brito MTFM, Simões Quaresma JA. 2019. Cryptococcosis in the Amazon: a current overview and future perspectives. Acta Trop. 197:105023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuellar-Hernandez JJ, Seañez C, Olivas-Campos R, Chavez R, Tabera-Tarello PM, Serna-Roman BM. 2021. Cryptococcal meningitis presenting as anterior spinal cord syndrome with accessory nerve palsy in immunocompetent patient: a case report. Surg Neurol Int. 12:167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Oliveira HC, Joffe LS, Simon KS, Castelli RF, Reis FCG, Bryan AM, Borges BS, Medeiros LCS, Bocca AL, Del Poeta M, et al. 2020. Fenbendazole Controls In Vitro Growth, Virulence Potential, and Animal Infection in the Cryptococcus Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 64(6):e00286-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decote-Ricardo D, LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, Rocha JDB, Nascimento DO, Nunes MP, Morrot A, Freire de, Lima L, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, et al. 2019. Immunomodulatory Role of Capsular Polysaccharides Constituents of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Med (Lausanne). 6:129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desalermos A, Kourkoumpetis TK, Mylonakis E. 2012. Update on the epidemiology and management of cryptococcal meningitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13(6):783–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSimone JA, Pomerantz RJ, Babinchak TJ. 2000. Inflammatory reactions in HIV-1-infected persons after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med. 133(6):447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhitinanmuang W, Chongtrakool P, Jitmuang A. 2018. Undiagnosed Cryptococcus gattii meningitis leading to subsequent ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection in a patient with symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus: case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 18(1):257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diaz JH. 2020. The Disease Ecology, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management of Emerging Cryptococcus gattii Complex Infections. Wilderness Environ Med. 31(1):101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan K, Montgomery S, Buchheit B, Didone L, Wellington M, Krysan DJ. 2009. Antifungal activity of tamoxifen: in vitro and in vivo activities and mechanistic characterization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53(8):3337–3346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dora JM, Kelbert S, Deutschendorf C, Cunha VS, Aquino VR, Santos RP, Goldani LZ. 2006. Cutaneous cryptococccosis due to Cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review. Mycopathologia. 161(4):235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond RA. 2017. Neuro-Immune Mechanisms of Anti-Cryptococcal Protection. JoF. 4(1):4.
   Google Scholar
• Ecevit IZ, Clancy CJ, Schmalfuss IM, Nguyen MH. 2006. The poor prognosis of central nervous system cryptococcosis among nonimmunosuppressed patients: a call for better disease recognition and evaluation of adjuncts to antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 42(10):1443–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einsiedel L, Gordon DL, Dyer JR. 2004. Paradoxical inflammatory reaction during treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in an HIV-seronegative woman. Clin Infect Dis. 39(8):e78-82–e82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang W, Fa Z, Liao W. 2015. Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China. Fungal Genet Biol. 78:7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firacative C, Lizarazo J, Illnait-Zaragozí MT, Castañeda E. 2018. Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group. The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 113(7):e170554.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Firacative C, Meyer W, Castañeda E. 2021. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Latin America: a Map of Molecular Types, Genotypic Diversity, and Antifungal Susceptibility as Reported by the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group. JoF. 7(4):282.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher KM, Montrief T, Ramzy M, Koyfman A, Long B. 2021. Cryptococcal meningitis: a review for emergency clinicians. Intern Emerg Med. 16(4):1031–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco-Paredes C, Womack T, Bohlmeyer T, Sellers B, Hays A, Patel K, Lizarazo J, Lockhart SR, Siddiqui W, Marr KA. 2015. Management of Cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 15(3):348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanis E, Hoang L, Kibsey P, Morshed M, Phillips P. 2009. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of Cryptococcus gattii cases: lessons learned from British Columbia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 20(1):23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gassiep I, Aye C, Armstrong M, Emeto TI, Heather CS, Norton RE. 2018. Correlation between serum cryptococcal antigen titre and meningitis in immunocompetent patients. J Med Microbiol. 67(10):1515–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaviria Morales E, Guidi M, Peterka T, Rabufetti A, Blum R, Mainetti C. 2021. Primary Cutaneous Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans in an Immunocompetent Host Treated with Itraconazole and Drainage: case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Dermatol. 13(1):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo LY, Liu LL, Liu Y, Chen TM, Li SY, Yang YH, Liu G. 2016. Characteristics and outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV seronegative children in Beijing, China, 2002-2013. BMC Infect Dis. 16(1):635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris JR, Lockhart SR, Debess E, Marsden-Haug N, Goldoft M, Wohrle R, Lee S, Smelser C, Park B, Chiller T. 2011. Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: clinical aspects of infection with an emerging pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 53(12):1188–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henao-Martínez AF, Chastain DB, Franco-Paredes C. 2018. Treatment of cryptococcosis in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 31(4):278–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang LMN, Maguire JA, Doyle P, Fyfe M, Roscoe DL. 2004. Cryptococcus neoformans infections at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (1997-2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. J Med Microbiol. 53(Pt 9):935–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer KR, Revie NM, Fu C, Robbins N, Cowen LE. 2021. Jul Treatment strategies for cryptococcal infection: challenges, advances and future outlook. Nat Rev Microbiol. 19(7):454–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JN, Lawn SD, Vogt M, Bangani N, Wood R, Harrison TS. 2009. Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 48(7):856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JN, Wainwright H, Harrison TS, Rebe K, Meintjes G. 2010. Pulmonary cryptococcosis misdiagnosed as smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis with fatal consequences. Int J Infect Dis. 14 Suppl 3:e310-2–e312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji XC, Zhou LF, Li CY, Shi YJ, Wu ML, Zhang Y, Fei XF, Zhao G. 2020. Reduction of Human DNA Contamination in Clinical Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens Improves the Sensitivity of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. J Mol Neurosci. 70(5):659–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin K, Wang X, Qin L, Jia Y, Zhou K, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Zhang T, Zhang M, Ma W, et al. 2022. Nanopore sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid of three patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Eur J Med Res. 27(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katchanov J, Branding G, Jefferys L, Arastéh K, Stocker H, Siebert E. 2016. Neuroimaging of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with and without immune reconstitution. Int J STD AIDS. 27(2):110–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab A, Patruni S, Sealey ML. 2019. Rare presentation of cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. BMJ Case Rep. 12(5):e230003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King VS, Winder MJ. 2014. Multiple cerebral cryptococcomas in an immunocompetent man: an unlikely diagnosis. ANZ J Surg. 84(7-8):588–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Fraser JA, Doering TL, Wang Z, Janbon G, Idnurm A, Bahn YS. 2014. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 4(7):a019760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect J, Aberg JA, Casadevall A, Cloud GA, James R, Filler S, Dismukes WE. 2005. Phase I evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of murine-derived anticryptococcal antibody 18B7 in subjects with treated cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(3):952–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SC, Dickson DW, Casadevall A. 1996. Pathology of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: analysis of 27 patients with pathogenetic implications. Hum Pathol. 27(8):839–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YC, Wang JT, Sun HY, Chen YC. 2011. Comparisons of clinical features and mortality of cryptococcal meningitis between patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 44(5):338–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leopold Wager CM, Wormley FL. Jr. 2014. Classical versus alternative macrophage activation: the Ying and the Yang in host defense against pulmonary fungal infections. Mucosal Immunol. 7(5):1023–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Chen Z, Xu L, Gan Z, Peng F, Liu J. 2019. A Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV-negative Individuals With and Without Immunosuppression. Neurologist. 24(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YN, Wang ZW, Li F, Zhou LH, Jiang YS, Yu Y, Ma HH, Zhu LP, Qu JM, Jia XM. 2022. Inhibition of myeloid-derived suppressor cell arginase-1 production enhances T-cell-based immunotherapy against Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Nat Commun. 13(1):4074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao CH, Chi CY, Wang YJ, Tseng SW, Chou CH, Ho CM, Lin PC, Ho MW, Wang JH. 2012. Different presentations and outcomes between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients with Cryptococcal meningitis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45(4):296–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J, Li M, Gan ZQ, Wang YJ, Lin CR, Chen ZL, Jiang Y, Peng FH. 2020. Postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome in HIV-uninfected and nontransplant men after cryptococcal meningitis. Future Microbiol. 15:613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liu J, Qin BE, Yao S, Wang A, Yang L, Su Z, Xu X, Jiang Y, Peng F. 2022. Post-Infectious Inflammatory Response Syndrome in an HIV-Negative Immunocompetent Elderly Patient With Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Immunol. 13:823021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Luo C, Li M, Wang YJ, Xu X, Yang L, Qin BE, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Peng F. 2021. Predictors of postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome in HIV-negative immunocompetent cryptococcal meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 92(6):680–681. jnnp-2020-324921. InsertedFromOnline]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Jiang Y, Wu A, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu M, Ma X, Ma L, Chen X. 2012. Prognostic significance of serum antioxidant parameters in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 31(9):2359–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZY, Wang GQ, Zhu LP, Lyu XJ, Zhang QQ, Yu YS, Zhou ZH, Liu YB, Cai WP, Li RY, et al. 2018. Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. [Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 57(5):317–323. Chinese.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockhart SR, Iqbal N, Bolden CB, DeBess EE, Marsden-Haug N, Worhle R, Thakur R, Harris JR, Cryptococcus gattii PNW Public Health Working Group 2012. Epidemiologic cutoff values for triazole drugs in Cryptococcus gattii: correlation of molecular type and in vitro susceptibility. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 73(2):144–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu CH, Chang WN, Chang HW, Chuang YC. 1999. The prognostic factors of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patients. J Hosp Infect. 42(4):313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu R, Hollingsworth C, Qiu J, Wang A, Hughes E, Xin X, Konrath KM, Elsegeiny W, Park YD, Atakulu L, et al. 2019. Efficacy of Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B in a Mouse Model of Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis. mBio. 10(3):e00724-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, Choi KW, Tso YK, Lam E, Chau S, Lai R, Cockram CS. 2006. Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. QJM. 99(3):143–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, Mak S, Leslie MJ, Cieslak PR, Kronstad JW, Morshed MG, Bartlett KH. 2007. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(1):42–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciel RA, Ferreira LS, Wirth F, Rosa PD, Aves M, Turra E, Goldani LZ. 2017. Corticosteroids for the management of severe intracranial hypertension in meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus gattii: A case report and review. J Mycol Med. 27(1):109–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May RC, Stone NR, Wiesner DL, Bicanic T, Nielsen K. 2016. Cryptococcus: from environmental saprophyte to global pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14(2):106–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta GU, Panackal AA, Murayi R, Bennett JE, Williamson PR, Chittiboina P. 2018. Corticosteroids for shunted previously healthy patients with non-HIV cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 89(2):219–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell DH, Sorrell TC, Allworth AM, Heath CH, McGregor AR, Papanaoum K, Richards MJ, Gottlieb T. 1995. Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 20(3):611–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad A, Perfect JR. 2018. Present and Future Therapy of Cryptococcus Infections. JoF. 4(3):79.
   Google Scholar
• Moyrand F, Fontaine T, Janbon G. 2007. Systematic capsule gene disruption reveals the central role of galactose metabolism on Cryptococcus neoformans virulence. Mol Microbiol. 64(3):771–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, Attia S, Furrer H, Egger M, IeDEA Southern and Central Africa 2010. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(4):251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller U, Stenzel W, Köhler G, Werner C, Polte T, Hansen G, Schütze N, Straubinger RK, Blessing M, McKenzie AN, et al. 2007. IL-13 induces disease-promoting type 2 cytokines, alternatively activated macrophages and allergic inflammation during pulmonary infection of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol. 179(8):5367–5377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakama T, Yamashita S, Hirahara T, Okamoto S, Honda S, Watanabe M, Kimura E, Uchino M, Yano S, Kuratsu J, et al. 2015. Usefulness of intraventricular infusion of antifungal drugs through Ommaya reservoirs for cryptococcal meningitis treatment. J Neurol Sci. 358(1-2):259–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento E, Barião PHG, Kress MRVZ, Vilar FC, Santana RC, Gaspar GG, Martinez R. 2021. Cryptococcosis by Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in non-HIV-Infected Patients in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 54:e01692021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niknam N, Niknam N, Dushaj K, Restrepo E. 2014. A case of recurrent cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent female. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2014:407348.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noguchi H, Matsumoto T, Kimura U, Hiruma M, Kusuhara M, Ihn H. 2019. Cutaneous Cryptococcosis. Med Mycol J. 60(4):101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohyagi M, Irioka T, Ohkubo T, Ishibashi S, Takahashi YK, Amano E, Machida A, Kuwahara H, Yokota T. 2019. Intrathecal IgG Synthesis and Persistent Inflammation Are Associated with White Matter Lesions in HIV-negative Patients with Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis. Intern Med. 58(21):3077–3082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyishi CU, May RC. 2022. Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease. Immunology. 165(2):143–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, Larsen RA, Pankey GA, Lancaster DJ, Henderson H, Kauffman CA, Haas DW, Saccente M, et al. 2001. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 33(5):690–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG. 2013. Cryptococcal infections in non-HIV-infected patients. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 124:61–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. 2009. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 23(4):525–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, Goldman DL, Graybill JR, Hamill RJ, Harrison TS, Larsen RA, Lortholary O, Nguyen MH, et al. 2010. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis. 50(3):291–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pericolini E, Cenci E, Monari C, De Jesus M, Bistoni F, Casadevall A, Vecchiarelli A. 2006. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide component galactoxylomannan induces apoptosis of human T-cells through activation of caspase-8. Cell Microbiol. 8(2):267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips P, Chapman K, Sharp M, Harrison P, Vortel J, Steiner T, Bowie W. 2009. Dexamethasone in Cryptococcus gattii central nervous system infection. Clin Infect Dis. 49(4):591–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poley M, Koubek R, Walsh L, McGillen B. 2019. Cryptococcal Meningitis in an Apparent Immunocompetent Patient. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 7:2324709619834578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Liu X, Lv X. 2020. Clinical analysis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis in western China. Sci Rep. 10(1):9387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, Jarvis JN, Govender NP, Chiller TM, Denning DW, Loyse A, Boulware DR. 2017. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 17(8):873–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasingham R, Wake RM, Beyene T, Katende A, Letang E, Boulware DR. 2019. Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing. J Clin Microbiol. 57(1):e01238-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynard P, Bascoul A, Biotti D, Karsenty J, Ionescu E, Thai-Van H. 2021. Audiovestibular neuropathy in an immunocompetent man with cryptococcal meningitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 138(5):377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins N, Spitzer M, Yu T, Cerone RP, Averette AK, Bahn YS, Heitman J, Sheppard DC, Tyers M, Wright GD. 2015. An Antifungal Combination Matrix Identifies a Rich Pool of Adjuvant Molecules that Enhance Drug Activity against Diverse Fungal Pathogens. Cell Rep. 13(7):1481–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha JD, Nascimento MT, Decote-Ricardo D, Côrte-Real S, Morrot A, Heise N, Nunes MP, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, DosReis GA, et al. 2015. Capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans modulate production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by human neutrophils. Sci Rep. 5:8008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo T, Chen J, Chen SC, Rosen LB, Yi J, Sorrell TC, Bennett JE, Holland SM, Browne SK, Kwon-Chung KJ. 2014. Anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies are a risk factor for central nervous system infection by Cryptococcus gattii in otherwise immunocompetent patients. mBio. 5(2):e00912-14–e00914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw KJ, Schell WA, Covel J, Duboc G, Giamberardino C, Kapoor M, Moloney M, Soltow QA, Tenor JL, Toffaletti DL, et al. 2018. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of APX001A/APX001 and Other Gwt1 Inhibitors against Cryptococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 62(8):e00523-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan DJ, Parris V. 2014. Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options. Clin Epidemiol. 6:169–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilnak GJ, Charalambous LT, Cutshaw D, Premji AM, Giamberardino CD, Ballard CG, Bartuska AP, Ejikeme TU, Sheng H, Verbick LZ, et al. 2018. Novel Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis via Neurapheresis Therapy. J Infect Dis. 218(7):1147–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville LK, Henderson AP, Chen SC, Kok J. 2015. Successful treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an immunocompetent host using thalidomide. Med Mycol Case Rep. 7:12–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srichatrapimuk S, Sungkanuparph S. 2016. Integrated therapy for HIV and cryptococcosis. AIDS Res Ther. 13(1):42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srikanta D, Santiago-Tirado FH, Doering TL. 2014. Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen. Yeast. 31(2):47–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymczak WA, Davis MJ, Lundy SK, Dufaud C, Olszewski M, Pirofski L. 2013. X-linked immunodeficient mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to Cryptococcus neoformans infection. MBio. 4(4):e00265-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabassum S, Rahman A, Herekar F, Masood S. 2013. Cryptococcal meningitis with secondary cutaneous involvement in an immunocompetent host. J Infect Dev Ctries. 7(9):680–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan ZR, Long XY, Li GL, Zhou JX, Long L. 2016. Spectrum of neuroimaging findings in cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients in China - A series of 18 cases. J Neurol Sci. 368:132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenforde MW, Scriven JE, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN. 2017. Immune correlates of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. PLoS Pathog. 13(3):e1006207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien RD, Chu PK, Hesselink JR, Duberg A, Wiley C. 1991. Intracranial cryptococcosis in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR findings in 29 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12(2):283–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai WC, Lien CY, Lee JJ, Lin WC, Hsu CW, Huang CR, Tsai NW, Chang CC, Lu CH, Chang WN. 2018. The prognostic factors of HIV-negative adult cryptococcal meningitis with a focus on cranial MRI-based neuroimaging findings. J Clin Neurosci. 55:57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno K, Otani Y, Yanagihara N, Nakamura T, Shimizu K, Yamagoe S, Miyazaki Y. 2019. Cryptococcus gattii alters immunostimulatory potential in response to the environment. PLoS One. 14(8):e0220989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchiarelli A, Pericolini E, Gabrielli E, Chow SK, Bistoni F, Cenci E, Casadevall A. 2011. Cryptococcus neoformans galactoxylomannan is a potent negative immunomodulator, inspiring new approaches in anti-inflammatory immunotherapy. Immunotherapy. 3(8):997–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villena SN, Pinheiro RO, Pinheiro CS, Nunes MP, Takiya CM, DosReis GA, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima CG. 2008. Capsular polysaccharides galactoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans induce macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand. Cell Microbiol. 10(6):1274–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang RY, Chen YQ, Wu JQ, Wang X, Cao YH, Zhao HZ, Zhu LP. 2017. Cryptococcosis in patients with hematological diseases: a 14-year retrospective clinical analysis in a Chinese tertiary hospital. BMC Infect Dis. 17(1):463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei B, Qian C, Liu Y, Lin X, Wan J, Wang Y. 2017. Ommaya reservoir in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Acta Neurol Belg. 117(1):283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson PR, Jarvis JN, Panackal AA, Fisher MC, Molloy SF, Loyse A, Harrison TS. 2017. Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol. 13(1):13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu B, Wu JQ, Ou XT, Xie Y, Huang YX, Jiang WM, Jin JL, Zhu LP, Weng XH. 2010. [Evaluation of low-dose amphotericin B and flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 90(6):379–381. Chinese.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xue X, Wu H, Wang K, Cao J, Shen D. 2015. Cryptococcosis by Cryptococcus gattii in China. Lancet Infect Dis. 15(10):1135–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan D, Huang JR, Lian JS, Li LJ. 2012. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with low-dose amphotericin B and flucytosine. Chin Med J (Engl). 125(2):385–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Cheng L, Sun F, Liu F, Feng W, Yao P, Weng B, Xia P. 2020. Comparison of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patients with and without lung infections. J Int Med Res. 48(6):300060520929591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuchong C, Fubin C, Jianghan C, Fenglian W, Nan X, Minghui Y, Yalin S, Zhizhong Z. 2012. Cryptococcosis in China (1985-2010): review of cases from Chinese database. Mycopathologia. 173(5-6):329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavala S, Baddley JW. 2020. Feb Cryptococcosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 41(1):69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai B, Wu C, Wang L, Sachs MS, Lin X. 2012. The antidepressant sertraline provides a promising therapeutic option for neurotropic cryptococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56(7):3758–3766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tan Z, Tian F. 2020. Impaired consciousness and decreased glucose concentration of CSF as prognostic factors in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcal meningitis. BMC Infect Dis. 20(1):69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Li N, Zhang Y, Li H, Chen X, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Xu J, Shi J, et al. 2012. Clinical analysis of 76 patients pathologically diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis. Eur Respir J. 40(5):1191–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao HZ, Cao YH, Chen YQ, Zheng JM, Hu YK, Wang RY, Wang X, Wu JQ, Zhu LP. 2015. [Efficacy and safety of high-dose fluconazole in treatment of refractory cryptococcal meningitis]. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 33(3):146–149. Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao HZ, Wang RY, Wang X, Jiang YK, Zhou LH, Cheng JH, Huang LP, Harrison TS, Zhu LP. 2018. High dose fluconazole in salvage therapy for HIV-uninfected cryptococcal meningitis. BMC Infect Dis. 18(1):643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong Y, Zhou Z, Fang X, Peng F, Zhang W. 2017. Magnetic resonance imaging study of cryptococcal neuroradiological lesions in HIV-negative cryptococcal meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 36(8):1367–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu LP, Wu JQ, Xu B, Ou XT, Zhang QQ, Weng XH. 2010. Cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV-infected patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital, 1997-2007. Med Mycol. 48(4):570–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar