Understanding and Tuning the Electrical Conductivity of Activated Carbon: A State-of-the-Art Review

References

• R. C. Bansal, J. B. Donnet, and F. Stoeckli, Active Carbon, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988).
   Google Scholar
• F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, Production and applications of activated carbons. In Handbook of Porous Solids, F. Schüth, K. S. W. Sing, and J. Weitkamp (eds.), Wiley, Weinheim, 1766–1827 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• H. Marsh and F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, Activated Carbon, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
   Google Scholar
• M. Olivares-Marín, J. A. Fernández, M. J. Lázaro, C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García, V. Gómez-Serrano, F. Stoeckli, and T. A. Centeno, Cherry stones as precursor of activated carbons for supercapacitors, Mater. Chem. Phys. 114(1), 323–327 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Barroso-Bogeat, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of activated carbons prepared from vine shoots by physical and chemical activation methods, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 209, 90–98 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Jankowska, A. Świątkowski, and J. Choma, Active Carbon, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1991).
   Google Scholar
• T. J. Bandosz, ed., Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation, 1st ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
   Google Scholar
• J. M. Dias, M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, M. F. Almeida, J. Rivera-Utrilla, and M. Sánchez-Polo, Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: A review, J. Environ. Manage. 85(4), 833–846 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Yahya, Z. Al-Qodah, and C. Ngah, Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 46, 218–235 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. González-García, Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: A review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 1393–1414 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Ruiz-Fernández, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Development of activated carbon from vine shoots by physical and chemical activation methods. Some insight into activation mechanisms, Adsorption. 17(3), 621–629 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Serp and J. L. Figueiredo, Carbon Materials for Catalysis, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken (2009).
   Google Scholar
• E. Frackowiak and F. Béguin, Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors, Carbon N. Y. 39(6), 937–950 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Gamby, P. L. Taberna, P. Simon, J. F. Fauvarque, and M. Chesneau, Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors, J. Power Sources. 101(1), 109–116 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. González, E. Goikolea, J. A. Barrena, and R. Mysyk, Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58, 1189–1206 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Pandolfo and A. F. Hollenkamp, Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors, J. Power Sources. 157(1), 11–27 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Burke, R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta. 53, 1083–1091 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Béguin, E. Raymundo-Piñero, and E. Frackowiak, Electrical double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. In Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, F. Béguin and E. Frąckowiak (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 329–375 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• A. Davies and A. Yu, Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 89(6), 1342–1357 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhai, Y. Dou, D. Zhao, P. F. Fulvio, R. T. Mayes, and S. Dai, Carbon materials for chemical capacitive energy storage, Adv. Mater. 23(42), 4828–4850 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Ghosh and Y. H. Lee, Carbon-based electrochemical capacitors, ChemSusChem. 5(3), 480–499 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Wei and G. Yushin, Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors, Nano Energy. 1(4), 552–565 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Wang and S. Kaskel, KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage, J. Mater. Chem. 22(45), 23710–23725 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. P. Wu, E. Rahm, and R. Holze, Carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries, J. Power Sources. 114(2), 228–236 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Arrebola, A. Caballero, L. Hernán, J. Morales, M. Olivares-Marín, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Improving the performance of biomass-derived carbons in Li-ion batteries by controlling the lithium insertion process, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157(7), A791–A797 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Novák, D. Goers, and M. E. Spahr, Carbon materials in lithium-ion batteries. In Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, F. Béguin and E. Frąckowiak (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 263–328 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Brodd, Carbon in batteries and energy conversion devices. In F. Béguin and E. Frąckowiak (eds.), Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 411–428 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• P. Kalyani and A. Anitha, Biomass carbon & its prospects in electrochemical energy systems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 38, 4034–4045 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Peng, J. Fu, C. Zhang, J. Tao, L. Sun, and P. K. Chu, Rice husk-derived activated carbon for Li Ion battery anode, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett. 6(1), 68–71 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• S. Sankar, S. Saravanan, A. T. A. Ahmed, A. I. Inamdar, H. Im, S. Lee, and D. Y. Kim, Spherical activated-carbon nanoparticles derived from biomass green tea wastes for anode material of lithium-ion battery, Mater. Lett. 240, 189–192 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Li, J. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Cui, H. Lei, and G. Li, Heteroatom-doped hierarchically porous carbons derived from cucumber stem as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries, J. Mater. Sci. 54(7), 5641–5657 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Lamy, Fuel cell systems: Which technological breakthrough for industrial development? In Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, F. Béguin and E. Frąckowiak (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 377–410 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• D. Cao, G. Wang, C. Wang, J. Wang, and T. Lu, Enhancement of electrooxidation activity of activated carbon for direct carbon fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 35(4), 1778–1782 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhang, Z. Zhong, D. Shen, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, M. Yang, and W. Li, Preparation of bamboo-based activated carbon and its application in direct carbon fuel cells, Energy Fuels. 25(5), 2187–2193 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhang, Z. Zhong, J. Zhao, M. Yang, W. Li, and H. Zhang, Study on the preparation of activated carbon for direct carbon fuel cell with oak sawdust, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 90(3), 762–768 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.-D. Tsai, H.-C. Chien, C.-H. Wang, C.-M. Lai, J.-N. Lin, C.-Y. Zhu, and F.-C. Chang, Poly(ethylene glycol) modified activated carbon for high performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 38(26), 11331–11339 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Balakrishnan, I. I. G. Inal, E. Cooksey, A. Banford, Z. Aktas, and S. M. Holmes, Enhanced performance based on a hybrid cathode backing layer using a biomass derived activated carbon framework for methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 251, 51–59 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Fan, J. Wang, L. Zhao, N. Hou, T. Gan, X. Yao, P. Li, Y. Zhao, and Y. Li, Effects of surface modification on the reactivity of activated carbon in direct carbon fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 284, 630–638 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. L. Zhang, Y. Gu, and X. S. Zhao, Advanced porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A. 1(33), 9395–9408 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Zhi, C. Xiang, J. Li, M. Li, and N. Wu, Nanostructured carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: A review, Nanoscale. 5(1), 72–88 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. J. Hall, M. Mirzaeian, S. I. Fletcher, F. B. Sillars, A. J. R. Rennie, G. O. Shitta-Bey, G. Wilson, A. Cruden, and R. Carter, Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: Designing functional materials to improve performance, Energy Environ. Sci. 3(9), 1238–1251 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Sánchez-González, F. Stoeckli, and T. A. Centeno, The role of the electric conductivity of carbons in the electrochemical capacitor performance, J. Electroanal. Chem. 657(1-2), 176–180 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Maillard, P. A. Simonov, and E. R. Savinova, Carbon materials as supports for fuel cells electrocatalysts. In Carbon Material for Catalysis, P. Serp and J. L. Figueiredo (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 429–480 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• H. Wang, P. Cheng, and Y. Wang, Advanced electrocatalytic performance of activated carbon prepared from asphalt, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 13, 3257–3266 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Kuriyama and M. S. Dresselhaus, Photoconductivity of activated carbon fibers, J. Mater. Res. 6(5), 1040–1047 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Skaupy and O. Kantorowicz, Das verhalten pulverförmiger metalle unter druck, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 37, 482–485 (1931).
   Google Scholar
• F. Skaupy and O. Kantorowicz, Die elektrische leitfähigkeit pulverförmiger metalle unter druck, Met. Met. Met. 10, 45–47 (1931).
   Google Scholar
• P. L. Walker and F. Rusinko, Determination of the electrical resistivity of particulate carbons, Fuel. 36(1), 43–50 (1957).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mrozowski, Studies of carbon powders under compression. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Carbon, S. Mrozowski, M. L. Studebaker, and P. L. Walker (eds.), Pergamon, Buffalo, 495– 508 (1959).
   Google Scholar
• S. Marinković, Č. Sužnjević, and M. Djordjević, Pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity of graphite powder and its mixtures, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a). 4(3), 743–754 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• K.-J. Euler, The conductivity of compressed powders. A review, J. Power Sources. 3(2), 117–136 (1978).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Espinola, P. M. Miguel, M. R. Salles, and A. R. Pinto, Electrical properties of carbons-resistance of powder materials, Carbon N. Y. 24(3), 337–341 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Deprez and D. S. McLachlan, The analysis of the electrical conductivity of graphite powders during compaction, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 21(1), 101–107 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Celzard, J. F. Marêché, F. Payot, and G. Furdin, Electrical conductivity of carbonaceous powders, Carbon N. Y. 40(15), 2801–2815 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Marinho, M. Ghislandi, E. Tkalya, C. E. Koning, and G. de With, Electrical conductivity of compacts of graphene, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and graphite powder, Powder Technol. 221, 351–358 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. J. Chacón, M. L. Cayuela, A. Roig, and M. A. Sánchez-Monedero, Understanding, measuring and tuning the electrochemical properties of biochar for environmental applications, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 16(4), 695–715 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Giraud, J. P. Clerc, and E. Guyon, Étude par des mesures de résistance electrique de la répartition des pressions dans un empilement désordonné de sphères, Powder Technol. 35(1), 107–111 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• F. I. Zorin, Electric resistivity of powdered graphites, Inorg. Mater. 22, 47–49 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Gervois, M. Ammi, T. Travers, D. Bideau, J.-C. Messager, and J.-P. Troadec, Importance of disorder in the conductivity of packings under compression, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 157(1), 565–569 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• J. P. Troadec and D. Bideau, Importance du désordre dans la conductivité de matériaux granulaires sous compression, Onde Électrique. 71, 30–33 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• H. Braun and P. Herger, On the separation of the contributions of powder particle cores and intergranular contacts to the electric resistivity of compressed powder materials, Mater. Chem. 7(6), 787–802 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Sánchez-González, A. Macías-García, M. F. Alexandre-Franco, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Electrical conductivity of carbon blacks under compression, Carbon N. Y. 43(4), 741–747 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Barroso-Bogeat, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Electrical conductivity of activated carbon–metal oxide nanocomposites under compression: A comparison study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16(45), 25161–25175 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. D. Bernal, A geometrical approach to the structure of liquids, Nature. 183(4655), 141–147 (1959).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Ben Aïm and P. Le Goff, La Coordinance des Empilements Désordonnés de Sphères. Application aux Mélanges Binaires de Sphères, Powder Technol. 2, 1–12 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• J. A. Dodds, The porosity and contact points in multicomponent random sphere packings calculated by a simple statistical geometric model, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 77(2), 317–327 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. P. Troadec, A. Gervois, D. Bideau, and L. Oger, Coordinance of a spherical impurity in a disordered packing of equal spheres, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. . 20(8), 993–1004 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• A. Bertei and C. Nicolella, A comparative study and an extended theory of percolation for random packings of rigid spheres, Powder Technol. 213(1-3), 100–108 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Barroso-Bogeat, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, J. Sánchez-González, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Electrical conductivity of metal (hydr)oxide–activated carbon composites under compression. A comparison study, Mater. Chem. Phys. 152, 113–122 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Holm. Electric Contacts: Theory and Applications, 4th ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin (1967).
   Google Scholar
• T. Travers, D. E. Bideau, A. Gervois, J. P. Troadec, and J. C. Messager, Uniaxial compression effects on 2D mixtures of “hard” and “soft” cylinders, J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 19(16), L1033–L1038 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• F. Radjai, M. Jean, J. J. Moreau, and S. Roux, Force distributions in dense two-dimensional granular systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(2), 274–277 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Radjai, D. E. Wolf, M. Jean, and J.-J. Moreau, Bimodal character of stress transmission in granular packings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(1), 61–64 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Sahimi, Applications of Percolation Theory, Taylor & Francis, London (1994).
   Google Scholar
• L. R. Brodd and A. Kosawa, Primary batteries. In Techniques of electrochemistry, E. Yeager and A. J. Salkind (eds.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 3, 199–289 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• V. Hoffmann, C. Rodriguez Correa, D. Sautter, E. Maringolo, and A. Kruse, Study of the electrical conductivity of biobased carbonaceous powder materials under moderate pressure for the application as electrode materials in energy storage technologies, GCB Bioenergy. 11(1), 230–248 (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Y. Singh, Electrical resistivity measurements: A review, Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 22, 745–756 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• L. B. Coleman, Technique for conductivity measurements on single crystals of organic materials, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46(8), 1125–1126 (1975).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. B. Heany, Electrical conductivity and resistivity. In Electrical Measurement, Signal Processing, and Displays, J. G. Webster (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 7–1–7-14 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• L. J. Kennedy, J. J. Vijaya, and G. Sekaran, Electrical conductivity study of porous carbon composite derived from rice husk, Mater. Chem. Phys. 91(2-3), 471–476 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Konikkara, L. J. Kennedy, U. Aruldoss, and J. J. Vijaya, Electrical conductivity studies of nanoporous carbon derived from leather waste: Effect of pressure, temperature and porosity, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16(8), 8829–8838 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. G. Hernandez, I. Hernandez-Calderon, C. A. Luengo, and R. Tsu, Microscopic structure and electrical properties of heat treated coals and eucalyptus charcoal, Carbon N. Y. 20(3), 201–205 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. G. Emmerich, J. C. de Sousa, I. L. Torriani, and C. A. Luengo, Applications of a granular model and percolation theory to the electrical resistivity of heat treated endocarp of babassu nut, Carbon N. Y. 25(3), 417–424 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. S. Mattson, Activated Carbon: Surface Chemistry and Adsorption from Solution, Marcel Dekker, New York (1971).
   Google Scholar
• L. R. Radovic, Surface chemistry of activated carbon materials: State of the art and implications for adsorption. In Surfaces Nanoparticles Porous Mater, J. A. Schwarz and C. I. Contescu (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 529–565 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• H. P. Boehm, Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: A critical assessment, Carbon N. Y. 40(2), 145–149 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. J. Bandosz and A. Co, Surface chemistry of activated carbons and its characterization. In Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation, T. J. Bandosz (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 159–229 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• H. P. Boehm, Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons, Carbon N. Y. 32(5), 759–769 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. V. Lopez-Ramon, F. Stoeckli, C. Moreno-Castilla, and F. Carrasco-Marin, On the characterization of acidic and basic surface sites on carbons by various techniques, Carbon N. Y. 37(8), 1215–1221 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Domingo-García, F. J. López-Garzón, and M. Pérez-Mendoza, Effect of some oxidation treatments on the textural characteristics and surface chemical nature of an activated carbon, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 222(2), 233–240 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. I. Salame and T. J. Bandosz, Surface chemistry of activated carbons: Combining the results of temperature-programmed desorption, Boehm, and potentiometric titrations, J Colloid Interface Sci. 240(1), 252–258 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Montes-Morán, D. Suárez, J. A. Menéndez, and E. Fuente, On the nature of basic sites on carbon surfaces: An overview, Carbon N. Y. 42(7), 1219–1225 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. El-Sayed and T. J. Bandosz, Adsorption of valeric acid from aqueous solution onto activated carbons: Role of surface basic sites, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 273(1), 64–72 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Sirichote, W. Innajitara, and L. Chuenchom, Adsorption of iron (III) ion on activated carbons obtained from bagasse, pericarp of rubber fruit and coconut shell, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 24, 235–242 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• R. C. Bansal and M. Goyal, Activated Carbon Adsorption, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005).
   Google Scholar
• J. T. Cookson, Adsorption mechanisms: The chemistry of organic adsorption on activated carbon. In Carbon Adsorption Handbook, P. N. Cheremisinoff and F. Ellerbusch, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, 241–279 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• V. Gómez-Serrano, M. Acedo-Ramos, A. J. López-Peinado, and C. Valenzuela-Calahorro, Oxidation of activated carbon by hydrogen peroxide. Study of surface functional groups by FT-i.r, Fuel. 73, 387–395 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Gómez-Serrano, F. Piriz-Almeida, C. J. Durán-Valle, and J. Pastor-Villegas, Formation of oxygen structures by air activation. A study by FT-IR spectroscopy, Carbon N. Y. 37(10), 1517–1528 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Valdés, M. Sánchez-Polo, J. Rivera-Utrilla, and C. A. Zaror, Effect of ozone treatment on surface properties of activated carbon, Langmuir. 18(6), 2111–2116 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Tamon and M. Okazaki, Influence of acidic surface oxides of activated carbons on gas adsorption characteristics, Carbon N. Y. 34(6), 741–746 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Gómez-Serrano, M. Acedo-Ramos, A. J. López-Peinado, and C. Valenzuela- Calahorro, Mass and surface changes of activated carbon treated with nitric acid. Thermal behavior of the samples, Thermochim. Acta. 291(1-2), 109–115 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Moreno-Castilla, M. V. López-Ramón, and F. Carrasco-Marı́n, Changes in surface chemistry of activated carbons by wet oxidation, Carbon N. Y. 38(14), 1995–2001 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Jaramillo, P. M. Álvarez, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Oxidation of activated carbon by dry and wet methods. Surface chemistry and textural modifications, Fuel Process. Technol. 91(11), 1768–1775 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. J. Bandosz, Surface chemistry of carbon materials. In Carbon Materials for Catalysis, P. Serp and J. L. Figueiredo (eds.), Wiley, Hoboken, 45–92 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• T. J. Bandosz, J. Jagiello, and J. A. Schwarz, Comparison of methods to assess surface acidic groups on activated carbons, Anal. Chem. 64(8), 891–895 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. S. Shafeeyan, W. M. A. W. Daud, A. Houshmand, and A. Shamiri, A review on surface modification of activated carbon for carbon dioxide adsorption, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 89(2), 143–151 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. S. Noh and J. A. Schwarz, Effect of HNO3 treatment on the surface acidity of activated carbons, Carbon N. Y. 28(5), 675–682 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Otake and R. G. Jenkins, Characterization of oxygen-containing surface complexes created on a microporous carbon by air and nitric acid treatment, Carbon N. Y. 31(1), 109–121 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. L. Figueiredo, M. F. R. Pereira, M. M. A. Freitas, and J. J. M. Órfão, Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons, Carbon N. Y. 37(9), 1379–1389 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. F. Vivo-Vilches, E. Bailón-García, A. F. Pérez-Cadenas, F. Carrasco-Marín, and F. J. Maldonado-Hódar, Tailoring the surface chemistry and porosity of activated carbons: Evidence of reorganization and mobility of oxygenated surface groups, Carbon N. Y. 68, 520–530 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Moreno-Castilla, M. A. Ferro-Garcia, J. P. Joly, I. Bautista-Toledo, F. Carrasco-Marin, and J. Rivera-Utrilla, Activated carbon surface modifications by nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium peroxydisulfate treatments, Langmuir. 11(11), 4386–4392 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. S. Szymański, Z. Karpiński, S. Biniak, and A. Świa̧Tkowski, The effect of the gradual thermal decomposition of surface oxygen species on the chemical and catalytic properties of oxidized activated carbon, Carbon N. Y. 40(14), 2627–2639 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Menéndez, M. J. Illán-Gómez, C. A. L. y León, and L. R. Radovic, On the difference between the isoelectric point and the point of zero charge of carbons, Carbon N. Y. 33(11), 1655–1657 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Menéndez, J. Phillips, B. Xia, and L. R. Radovic, On the modification and characterization of chemical surface properties of activated carbon: In the search of carbons with stable basic properties, Langmuir. 12(18), 4404–4410 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Shin, J. Jang, S.-H. Yoon, and I. Mochida, A study on the effect of heat treatment on functional groups of pitch based activated carbon fiber using FTIR, Carbon N. Y. 35(12), 1739–1743 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Menéndez, B. Xia, J. Phillips, and L. R. Radovic, On the modification and characterization of chemical surface properties of activated carbon: Microcalorimetric, electrochemical, and thermal desorption probes, Langmuir. 13(13), 3414–3421 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. A. Dastgheib and T. Karanfil, Adsorption of oxygen by heat-treated granular and fibrous activated carbons, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 274(1), 1–8 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Papirer, S. Li, and J.-B. Donnet, Contribution to the study of basic surface groups on carbons, Carbon N. Y. 25(2), 243–247 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. Zielke, K. J. Hüttinger, and W. P. Hoffman, Surface-oxidized carbon fibers: I. Surface structure and chemistry, Carbon N. Y. 34(8), 983–998 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. W. Smeltzer and R. McIntosh, The effect of physical adsorption on the electrical resistance of active carbon, Can. J. Chem. 31(12), 1239–1251 (1953).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. S. Barton and J. E. Koresh, A study of the surface oxides on carbon cloth by electrical conductivity, Carbon N. Y. 22(6), 481–485 (1984).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Barroso-Bogeat, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Preparation of activated carbon-metal (hydr)oxide materials by thermal methods. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric (TG-MS) analysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 116, 243–252 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Polovina, B. Babić, B. Kaluderović, and A. Dekanski, Surface characterization of oxidized activated carbon cloth, Carbon N. Y. 35(8), 1047–1052 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Hashisho, M. J. Rood, S. Barot, and J. Bernhard, Role of functional groups on the microwave attenuation and electric resistivity of activated carbon fiber cloth, Carbon N. Y. 47(7), 1814–1823 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. D. L. Chung, Applied Materials Science: Applications of Engineering Materials in Structural, Electronics, Thermal, and Other Industries, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2001).
   Google Scholar
• H.-P. Boehm, Catalytic properties of nitrogen-containing carbons. In Carbon Materials for Catalysis, P. Serp and J. L. Figueiredo (eds.), Wiley, Hoboken, 219–265 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• S. Biniak, G. Szymański, J. Siedlewski, and A. Świątkowski, The characterization of activated carbons with oxygen and nitrogen surface groups, Carbon N. Y. 35(12), 1799–1810 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lahaye, G. Nansé, A. Bagreev, and V. Strelko, Porous structure and surface chemistry of nitrogen containing carbons from polymers, Carbon N. Y. 37(4), 585–590 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Inagaki, K. Narushima, H. Hashimoto, and K. Tamura, Implantation of amino functionality into amorphous carbon sheet surfaces by NH3 plasma, Carbon N. Y. 45(4), 797–804 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. El-Sayed and T. J. Bandosz, Role of surface oxygen groups in incorporation of nitrogen to activated carbons via ethylmethylamine adsorption, Langmuir. 21(4), 1282–1289 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bagreev, J. A. Menendez, I. Dukhno, Y. Tarasenko, and T. J. Bandosz, Oxidative adsorption of methyl mercaptan on nitrorgen-enriched bituminous coal-based activated carbon, Carbon N. Y. 43(1), 208–210 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Kasnejad, A. Esfandiari, T. Kaghazchi, and N. Asasian, Effect of pre-oxidation for introduction of nitrogen containing functional groups into the structure of activated carbons and its influence on Cu (II) adsorption, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 43(5), 736–740 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. J. J. Jansen and H. van Bekkum, XPS of nitrogen-containing functional groups on activated carbon, Carbon N. Y. 33(8), 1021–1027 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. J. J. Jansen and H. van Bekkum, Amination and ammoxidation of activated carbons, Carbon N. Y. 32(8), 1507–1516 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Kapteijn, J. A. Moulijn, S. Matzner, and H.-P. Boehm, The development of nitrogen functionality in model chars during gasification in CO2 and O2, Carbon N. Y. 37(7), 1143–1150 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. El-Sayed and T. J. Bandosz, Acetaldehyde adsorption on nitrogen-containing activated carbons, Langmuir. 18(8), 3213–3218 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Sethia and A. Sayari, Comprehensive study of ultra-microporous nitrogen-doped activated carbon for CO2 capture, Carbon N. Y. 93, 68–80 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Kou and L.-B. Sun, Fabrication of nitrogen-doped porous carbons for highly efficient CO2 capture: Rational choice of a polymer precursor, J. Mater. Chem. A . 4(44), 17299–17307 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Fujiki and K. Yogo, The increased CO2 adsorption performance of chitosan-derived activated carbons with nitrogen-doping, Chem. Commun. 52(1), 186–189 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Machida, T. Goto, Y. Amano, and T. Iida, Adsorptive removal of nitrate from aqueous solution using nitrogen doped activated carbon, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 64(11), 1555–1559 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Kang, Z. Guo, J. Zhang, H. Xie, H. Liu, and C. Zhang, Enhancement of Ni(II) removal by urea-modified activated carbon derived from Pennisetum alopecuroides with phosphoric acid activation, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 60, 335–341 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Liu, M. Ke, F. Liu, P. Yu, H. Hu, and C. Li, High-performance removal of methyl mercaptan by nitrogen-rich coconut shell activated carbon, RSC Adv. 7(37), 22892–22899 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Mochida, Y. Korai, M. Shirahama, S. Kawano, T. Hada, Y. Seo, M. Yoshikawa, and A. Yasutake, Removal of SOx and NOx over activated carbon fibers, Carbon N. Y. 38(2), 227–239 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.-M. Yang and K. Kaneko, Nitrogen-doped activated carbon fiber as an applicant for NO adsorbent, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 255(2), 236–240 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bagreev, S. Bashkova, and T. J. Bandosz, Adsorption of SO2 on activated carbons: The effect of nitrogen functionality and pore sizes, Langmuir. 18(4), 1257–1264 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bagreev, J. Angel Menendez, I. Dukhno, Y. Tarasenko, and T. J. Bandosz, Bituminous coal-based activated carbons modified with nitrogen as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide, Carbon N. Y. 42(3), 469–476 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Yang, S. Wu, and J. P. Chen, Modification of activated carbon by polyaniline for enhanced adsorption of aqueous arsenate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46(7), 2133–2140 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Hofman and R. Pietrzak, Nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions, Sci. World J. 2012, 1–8 (0212).
   Google Scholar
• G. Yang, H. Chen, H. Qin, and Y. Feng, Amination of activated carbon for enhancing phenol adsorption: Effect of nitrogen-containing functional groups, Appl. Surf. Sci. 293, 299–305 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Stöhr, H. P. Boehm, and R. Schlögl, Enhancement of the catalytic activity of activated carbons in oxidation reactions by thermal treatment with ammonia or hydrogen cyanide and observation of a superoxide species as a possible intermediate, Carbon N. Y. 29(6), 707–720 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-I. Fujita, K. Yamada, A. Katagiri, H. Watanabe, H. Yoshida, and M. Arai, Nitrogen-doped metal-free carbon catalysts for aerobic oxidation of xanthene, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 488, 171–175 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Wang, B. Dai, Y. Wang, and F. Yu, Nitrogen-doped pitch-based spherical active carbon as a nonmetal catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination, ChemCatChem. 6(8), 2339–2344 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Zhang, Z. Wen, S. Ci, S. Mao, J. Chen, and Z. He, Synthesizing nitrogen-doped activated carbon and probing its active sites for oxygen reduction reaction in microbial fuel cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6(10), 7464–7470 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Y. Podyacheva and Z. R. Ismagilov, Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: To the mechanism of growth, electrical conductivity and application in catalysis, Catal. Today. 249, 12–22 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Fujita, S. Asano, and M. Arai, Nitrobenzene-assisted reduction of phenylacetylene with hydrazine over nitrogen-doped metal-free activated carbon catalyst: Significance of interactions among substrates and catalyst, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 423, 181–184 (2016).
   Google Scholar
• T. Tanabe, Y. Yamada, J. Kim, M. Koinuma, S. Kubo, N. Shimano, and S. Sato, Knoevenagel condensation using nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts, Carbon N. Y. 109, 208–220 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Tang, B. Xu, M. Xiang, X. Chen, Y. Wang, and Z. Liu, Catalytic performance of nitrogen-doped activated carbon supported Pd catalyst for hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol or chloropentafluoroethane, Molecules. 24(4), 674 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Volperts, A. Plavniece, G. Dobele, A. Zhurinsh, I. Kruusenberg, K. Kaare, J. Locs, L. Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite, and E. Norkus, Biomass based activated carbons for fuel cells, Renew. Energy. 141, 40–45 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Yang and Z. Zhou, Recent breakthroughs in supercapacitors boosted by nitrogen-rich porous carbon materials, Adv. Sci. 4(8), 1600408 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Seredych, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, G. Q. Lu, and T. J. Bandosz, Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character, density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance, Carbon N. Y. 46(11), 1475–1488 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Cordero-Lanzac, J. M. Rosas, F. J. García-Mateos, J. J. Ternero-Hidalgo, J. Palomo, J. Rodríguez-Mirasol, and T. Cordero, Role of different nitrogen functionalities on the electrochemical performance of activated carbons, Carbon N. Y. 126, 65–76 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. V. Strelko, V. S. Kuts, and P. A. Thrower, On the mechanism of possible influence of heteroatoms of nitrogen, boron and phosphorus in a carbon matrix on the catalytic activity of carbons in electron transfer reactions, Carbon N. Y. 38(10), 1499–1503 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. J. Mostazo-López, R. Ruiz-Rosas, E. Morallón, and D. Cazorla-Amorós, Generation of nitrogen functionalities on activated carbons by amidation reactions and Hofmann rearrangement: Chemical and electrochemical characterization, Carbon N. Y. 91, 252–265 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, M. Kodama, S. Shiraishi, H. Hatori, Z. H. Zhu, and G. Q. Lu, Nitrogen-enriched nonporous carbon electrodes with extraordinary supercapacitance, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(11), 1800–1809 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. R. Ismagilov, A. E. Shalagina, O. Y. Podyacheva, A. V. Ischenko, L. S. Kibis, A. I. Boronin, Y. A. Chesalov, D. I. Kochubey, A. I. Romanenko, O. B. Anikeeva, T. I. Buryakov, and E. N. Tkachev, Structure and electrical conductivity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers, Carbon N. Y. 47(8), 1922–1929 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. D. Wiggins-Camacho and K. J. Stevenson, Effect of nitrogen concentration on capacitance, density of states, electronic conductivity, and morphology of N-doped carbon nanotube electrodes, J. Phys. Chem. C. 113(44), 19082–19090 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. M. M. Ibrahim, V. O. Khavrus, A. Leonhardt, S. Hampel, S. Oswald, M. H. Rümmeli, and B. Büchner, Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen content, Diam. Relat. Mater. 19(10), 1199–1206 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Kanygin, O. V. Sedelnikova, I. P. Asanov, L. G. Bulusheva, A. V. Okotrub, P. P. Kuzhir, A. O. Plyushch, S. A. Maksimenko, K. N. Lapko, A. A. Sokol, O. A. Ivashkevich, and P. Lambin, Effect of nitrogen doping on the electromagnetic properties of carbon nanotube-based composites, J. Appl. Phys. 113(14), 144315 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Chen, F. Sun, J. Wang, W. Li, W. Qiao, L. Ling, and D. Long, Nitrogen doping effects on the physical and chemical properties of mesoporous carbons, J. Phys. Chem. C. 117(16), 8318–8328 (1320).
   Google Scholar
• D. P. Kim, C. L. Lin, T. Mihalisin, P. Heiney, and M. M. Labes, Electronic properties of nitrogen-doped graphite flakes, Chem. Mater. 3(4), 686–692 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Pollak, G. Salitra, A. Soffer, and D. Aurbach, On the reaction of oxygen with nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-free carbons, Carbon N. Y. 44(15), 3302–3307 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Shen and W. Fan, Nitrogen-containing porous carbons: Synthesis and application, J. Mater. Chem. A. 1(4), 999–1013 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Zhao, N. Baccile, S. Gross, Y. Zhang, W. Wei, Y. Sun, M. Antonietti, and M.-M. Titirici, Sustainable nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials from biomass derivatives, Carbon N. Y. 48(13), 3778–3787 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. J. Mostazo-López, R. Ruiz-Rosas, E. Morallón, and D. Cazorla-Amorós, Nitrogen doped superporous carbon prepared by a mild method. Enhancement of supercapacitor performance, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 41(43), 19691–19701 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Kim, J. Chun, S.-G. Kim, H. Ahn, and K. C. Roh, Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped activated carbon for supercapacitors, J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol. 8(4), 338–343 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• M. E. Ramos, J. D. González, P. R. Bonelli, and A. L. Cukierman, Effect of process conditions on physicochemical and electrical characteristics of denim-based activated carbon cloths, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46(4), 1167–1173 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. E. Ramos, P. R. Bonelli, and A. L. Cukierman, Physico-chemical and electrical properties of activated carbon cloths. Effect of inherent nature of the fabric precursor, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 324(1-3), 86–92 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. E. Ramos, P. R. Bonelli, S. Blacher, M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, P. J. M. Carrott, and A. L. Cukierman, Effect of the activating agent on physico-chemical and electrical properties of activated carbon cloths developed from a novel cellulosic precursor, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 378(1-3), 87–93 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Subrenat, J. N. Baléo, P. Le Cloirec, and P. E. Blanc, Electrical behaviour of activated carbon cloth heated by the joule effect: Desorption application, Carbon N. Y. 39(5), 707–716 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. S. Subrenat and P. A. Le Cloirec, Volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by adsorption onto activated carbon fiber cloth and electrothermal desorption: An industrial application, Chem. Eng. Commun. 193(4), 478–486 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nishimiya, T. Hata, H. Kikuchi, and Y. Imamura, Effect of aluminum compound addition on graphitization of wood charcoal by direct electric pulse heating method, J. Wood Sci. 50(2), 177–181 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Ioannidou and A. Zabaniotou, Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production-A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11(9), 1966–2005 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Marsh, ed., Introduction to Carbon Science, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1989).
   Google Scholar
• H. Marsh and F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, Sciences of Carbon Materials, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante (2000).
   Google Scholar
• M. Inagaki and L. R. Radovic, Nanocarbons, Carbon N. Y. 40(12), 2279–2282 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.-R. Rhim, D. Zhang, D. H. Fairbrother, K. A. Wepasnick, K. J. Livi, R. J. Bodnar, and D. C. Nagle, Changes in electrical and microstructural properties of microcrystalline cellulose as function of carbonization temperature, Carbon N. Y. 48(4), 1012–1024 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Sugimoto and M. Norimoto, Dielectric relaxation due to interfacial polarization for heat-treated wood, Carbon N. Y. 42(1), 211–218 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Sugimoto and M. Norimoto, Dielectric relaxation due to the heterogeneous structure of wood charcoal, J. Wood Sci. 51(6), 554–558 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. K. Kercher and D. C. Nagle, Evaluation of carbonized medium-density fiberboard for electrical applications, Carbon N. Y. 40(8), 1321–1330 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. K. Kercher and D. C. Nagle, AC electrical measurements support microstructure model for carbonization: A comment on ‘dielectric relaxation due to interfacial polarization for heat-treated wood’, Carbon N. Y. 42(1), 219–221 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Xiao, R. Xiao, B. Jin, W. Zuo, J. Liu, and J. R. Grace, Study on electrical resistivity of rice straw charcoal, J. Biobased Mat. Bioenergy. 4(4), 426–429 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Indayaningsih, A. Zulfia, D. Priadi, and S. Hendrana, Study of the electrical conductivity of oil palm fiber carbon, Adv Mater. Res. 277, 137–142 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• G. Xiao, W. Xu, Z. Luo, and H. Pang, Characteristics of toluene decomposition and adsorbent regeneration based on electrically conductive charcoal particle-triggered discharge, RSC Adv. 7(71), 44696–44705 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z.-H. Jiang, D.-S. Zhang, and B.-H. Fei, Effects of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and electrical conductivity of bamboo charcoal, New Carbon Mater. 19, 249–253 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Xiao, M. Ni, R. Xiao, X. Gao, and K. Cen, Catalytic carbonization of lignin for production of electrically conductive charcoal, J. Biobased Mat. Bioenergy. 6(1), 69–74 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Xu, G. Xiao, and J. Cao, Raman analysis of lignin conductive char, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol-Mat. Sci. Edit. 43, 115–119 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• R.-B. Wu, G. Xiao, D. Chen, H.-L. Zhou, M.-J. Ni, X. Gao, and K.-F. Cen, Characteristics of electrically conductive charcoal prepared by high temperature carbonization of lignin, J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.). 48, 1752–1757 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• H. Zhou, G. Xiao, R. Wu, L. Huang, M. Ni, X. Gao, and K. Cen, Influence of temperature on the structure of lignin conductive charcoal graphitization, J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.). 48, 2066–2071 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• M. Kumar and R. C. Gupta, Electrical resistivity of Acacia and Eucalyptus wood chars, J. Mater. Sci. 28(2), 440–444 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-Y. Wang and C.-P. Hung, Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species, J. Wood Sci. 49(5), 450–454 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Manabe, M. Ohata, S. Yoshizawa, D. Nakajima, S. Goto, K. Uchida, and H. Yajima, Effect of carbonization temperature on the physicochemical structure of wood charcoal, Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan. 32, 1035–1038 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• L. S. Parfen’eva, T. S. Orlova, N. F. Kartenko, B. I. Smirnov, I. A. Smirnov, H. Misiorek, A. Jezowski, J. Muha, and M. C. Vera, Structure, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity of beech wood biocarbon produced at carbonization temperatures below 1000 °C, Phys. Solid State . 53, 2398–2407 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Kwon, S. B. Park, N. Ayrilmis, S. W. Oh, and N. H. Kim, Effect of carbonization temperature on electrical resistivity and physical properties of wood and wood-based composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 46, 102–107 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mrozowski, Semiconductivity and diamagnetism of polycrystalline graphite and condensed ring systems, Phys. Rev. 85(4), 609–620 (1952).
   Google Scholar
• A. K. Kercher and D. C. Nagle, Microstructural evolution during charcoal carbonization by X-ray diffraction analysis, Carbon N. Y. 41(1), 15–27 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Paris, C. Zollfrank, and G. A. Zickler, Decomposition and carbonisation of wood biopolymers–A microstructural study of softwood pyrolysis, Carbon N. Y. 43(1), 53–66 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mrozowski, Electronic properties and band model of carbons, Carbon N. Y. 9(2), 97–109 (1971).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nishimiya, T. Hata, Y. Imamura, and S. Ishihara, Analysis of chemical structure of wood charcoal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Wood Sci. 44(1), 56–61 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Djeridi, A. Ouederni, N. B. Mansour, P. L. Llewellyn, A. Alyamani, and L. El Mir, Effect of the both texture and electrical properties of activated carbon on the CO2 adsorption capacity, Mater. Res. Bull. 73, 130–139 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Weber and M. R. Kamal, Estimation of the volume resistivity of electrically conductive composites, Polym. Compos. 18(6), 711–725 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Rodriguez Correa, T. Otto, and A. Kruse, Influence of the biomass components on the pore formation of activated carbon, Biomass Bioenergy. 97, 53–64 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Naeem, M. Khalid, M. Arshad, and R. Ahmad, Yield and nutrient composition of biochar produced from different feedstocks at varying pyrolytic temperatures, Pakistan J. Agric. Sci. 51, 75–82 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Biniak, A. Świa̧Tkowski, and M. Pakuła, Electrochemical studies of phenomena at active carbon-electrolyte solution interfaces. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, L. R. Radovic (ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 27, 125-225 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• L. R. Radovic, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Marcel Dekker, New York, 24 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• C. P. Suhas and C. M. Ribeiro, Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 2301–2312 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Jain, R. Balasubramanian, and M. P. Srinivasan, Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review, Chem. Eng. J. 283, 789–805 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.-M. Titirici, R. J. White, C. Falco, and M. Sevilla, Black perspectives for a green future: Hydrothermal carbons for environment protection and energy storage, Energy Environ. Sci. 5(5), 6796–6822 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. K. Lee, E. Björkman, D. Morin, M. Lilliestråle, F. Björefors, A. M. Andersson, and N. Hedin, Effects of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on the textural and electrical properties of activated carbons, Carbon N. Y. 107, 619–621 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kurniati, D. Nurhayati, and A. Maddu, Study of structural and electrical conductivity of sugarcane bagasse-carbon with hydrothermal carbonization, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 58, 012049 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• K. Siebel, Über die Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes von Kohle durch Gasabsorption, Z Physik. 4(2), 288–299 (1921).
   Google Scholar
• J. W. McBain, Sorption of Gases and Vapours by Solids, G. Routledge and Sons, London (1932).
   Google Scholar
• G. M. Schwab and B. Karkalos, The electrical conductivity of activated charcoal, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 47, 345–353 (1941).
   Google Scholar
• J. Sandor,The Ultra-Fine Structure of Coals and Cokes. British Coal Utilization Research Association, London, 342 (1944).
   Google Scholar
• J. R. Dacey, G. J. C. Frohnsdorff, and J. T. Gallagher, The effects of adsorbed water on the electrical resistance and the length of Saran charcoal rods-A preliminary account, Carbon N. Y. 2(1), 41–51 (1964).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. McIntosh, R. S. Haines, and G. C. Benson, The effect of physical adsorption on the electrical resistance of activated carbon, J. Chem. Phys. 15(1), 17–27 (1947).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Brunauer, The Adsorption of Gases and Vapors, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1 (1943).
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Beebe, G. L. Kington, M. H. Polley, and W. R. Smith, Heats of adsorption and molecular configuration. The pentanes on carbon black, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72(1), 40–42 (1950).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. E. Ramos, P. R. Bonelli, A. L. Cukierman, M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, and P. J. M. Carrott, Adsorption of volatile organic compounds onto activated carbon cloths derived from a novel regenerated cellulosic precursor, J. Hazard. Mater. 177(1-3), 175–182 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. L. Johnsen, Z. Zhang, H. Emamipour, Z. Yan, and M. J. Rood, Effect of isobutane adsorption on the electrical resistivity of activated carbon fiber cloth with select physical and chemical properties, Carbon N. Y. 76, 435–445 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. A. Travlou, M. Seredych, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, and T. J. Bandosz, Activated carbon-based gas sensors: Effects of surface features on the sensing mechanism, J. Mater. Chem. A. 3(7), 3821–3831 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. A. Travlou, C. Ushay, M. Seredych, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, and T. J. Bandosz, Nitrogen-doped activated carbon-based ammonia sensors: Effect of specific surface functional groups on carbon electronic properties, ACS Sens. 1(5), 591–599 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. D. Yu, L. Luo, and G. Grevillot, Electrothermal swing adsorption of toluene on an activated carbon monolith. Experiments and parametric theoretical study, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 46(1), 70–81 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Imai and K. Kaneko, Electrical conductivity of a single micrographitic carbon fiber with a high surface area under various atmospheres, Langmuir. 8(7), 1695–1697 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Kobayashi, T. Enoki, C. Ishii, K. Kaneko, and M. Endo, Gas adsorption effects on structural and electrical properties of activated carbon fibers, J. Chem. Phys. 109(5), 1983–1990 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. L. di Vittorio, M. S. Dresselhaus, M. Endo, J.-P. Issi, L. Piraux, and V. Bayot, The transport properties of activated carbon fibers, J. Mater. Res. 6, 778–783 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. S. Dresselhaus, A. W. P. Fung, A. M. Rao, S. L. di Vittorio, K. Kuriyama, G. Dresselhaus, and M. Endo, New characterization techniques for activated carbon fibers, Carbon N. Y. 30(7), 1065–1073 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. S. McLintock and J. C. Orr, The effect of oxygen adsorption on the electrical resistance of evaporated carbon films, Carbon N. Y. 6(3), 309–323 (1968).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Shibayama, H. Sato, T. Enoki, M. Endo, and N. Shindo, Magnetic properties of activated carbon fibers and their iodine-doping effect, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 310(1), 273–278 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kempiński, Resistivity switching in activated carbon fibers, Mater. Lett. 230, 180–182 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Barroso-Bogeat, M. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, J. Sánchez-González, and V. Gómez-Serrano, Temperature dependence of DC electrical conductivity of activated carbon-metal oxide nanocomposites. Some insight into conduction mechanisms, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 87, 259–270 (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mrozowski, Electric resistivity of polycrystalline graphite and carbons, Phys. Rev. 77(6), 838 (1950).
   Google Scholar
• F. Carmona, P. Delhaes, G. Keryer, and J. P. Manceau, Non-metal-metal transition in a non-crystalline carbon, Solid State Commun. 14(11), 1183–1187 (1974).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Fritzsche, Optical and electrical energy gaps in amorphous semiconductors, J. Non. Cryst. Solids. 6(1), 49–71 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• A. C. Metaxas, Foundations of Electroheat: A Unified Approach, Wiley, Chichester (1996).
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Meredith, Engineers’ Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London (1998).
   Google Scholar
• P. D. Sullivan, M. J. Rood, K. J. Hay, and S. Qi, Adsorption and electrothermal desorption of hazardous organic vapors, J. Environ. Eng. 127(3), 217–223 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Luo, D. Ramirez, M. J. Rood, G. Grevillot, K. J. Hay, and D. L. Thurston, Adsorption and electrothermal desorption of organic vapors using activated carbon adsorbents with novel morphologies, Carbon N. Y. 44(13), 2715–2723 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Nakayama, K. Suzuki, T. Enoki, K-i Koga, M. Endo, and N. Shindo, Electronic and magnetic properties of activated carbon fibers, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 69(2), 333–339 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. W. P. Fung, A. M. Rao, K. Kuriyama, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, M. Endo, and N. Shindo, Raman scattering and electrical conductivity in highly disordered activated carbon fibers, J. Mater. Res. 8(3), 489–500 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Huang, Electrical and thermal properties of activated carbon fibers. In Activated Carbon Fiber and Textiles, J. Y. Chen (ed.), Elsevier Ltd., Cambridge, 181–192 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• A. W. P. Fung, M. S. Dresselhaus, and M. Endo, Transport properties near the metal-insulator transition in heat-treated activated carbon fibers, Phys. Rev. B. 48(20), 14953–14962 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, K. Sugihara, I. L. Spain, and H. A. Goldberg, Graphite Fibers and Filaments, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1988).
   Google Scholar
• A. W. P. Fung, A. M. Rao, K. Kuriyama, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and M. Endo, Characterization of activated carbon fibers. In Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Volume 209, Defects in Materials, P. D. Bristowe, J. E. Epperson, J. E. Griffith et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, 335–340 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• A. W. P. Fung, A. M. Rao, K. Kuriyama, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and M. Endo, Transport properties of heat-treated activated carbon fibers. In Extended Abstracts and Program-Biennial Conference on Carbon, R. A. Meyer (ed.), American Carbon Society, Santa Barbara, 296–297 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• B. Abeles, P. Sheng, M. D. Coutts, and Y. Arie, Structural and electrical properties of granular metal films, Adv. Phys. 24(3), 407–461 (1975).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kempiński, W. Kempiński, J. Kaszyński, and M. Śliwińska-Bartkowiak, Model of spin localization in activated carbon fibers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(14), 143103 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. W. Fung, Z. H. Wang, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. W. Pekala, and M. Endo, Coulomb-gap magnetotransport in granular and porous carbon structures, Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter. 49(24), 17325–17335 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kempiński, W. Kempiński, and M. Śliwińska-Bartkowiak, Influence of guest molecules adsorption on electronic properties of activated carbon fibers, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 12, 72–77 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. L. Spain, The electronic transport properties of graphite, carbons, and related materials. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, P. L. Walker and P. A. Thrower (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 16, 119 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• J. Robertson, Amorphous carbon, Adv. Phys. 35(4), 317–374 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kastening, A model of the electronic properties of activated carbon, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102(2), 229–237 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• N. F. Mott and E. A. Davis, Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials, 1st ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford (1971).
   Google Scholar
• P. Sheng and J. Klafter, Hopping conductivity in granular disordered systems, Phys. Rev. B. 27(4), 2583–2586 (1983).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kastening, M. Hahn, B. Rabanus, M. Heins, and U. Zum Felde, Electronic properties and double layer of activated carbon, Electrochim. Acta. 42(18), 2789–2799 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Nakayama, K. Suzuki, T. Enoki, S. L. di Vittorio, M. S. Dresselhaus, K. Koga, M. Endo, and N. Shindo, Magnetic properties of activated carbon fibers, Synth. Met. 57(1), 3736–3741 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lengyel and B. E. Conway, Thermodynamic and transport properties of aqueous and molten electrolytes. In Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, B. E. Conway, J. O Bockris, and E. Yeager (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 5, 16–47 (1983).
   Google Scholar