194
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Blood lead concentration among oral/inhaled opium users: systematic review and meta-analysis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 24-35 | Received 19 Oct 2020, Accepted 12 Dec 2020, Published online: 02 Feb 2021

References

  • Ahmadinejad M, Ahmadipour M, Divsalar K. 2019. Blood lead level in opiate addicts hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a trauma referral center in Kerman. Iran Addict Health. 11(1):11–17.
  • Akhgari M, Moradi F, Ziarati P. 2018. The texture of psychoactive illicit drugs in Iran: adulteration with lead and other active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Psychoactive Drugs. 50(5):451–459.
  • Alinejad S, Aaseth J, Abdollahi M, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Mehrpour O. 2017. Clinical aspects of opium adulterated with lead in Iran: a review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 122(1):56–64.
  • Amiri M, Amini R. 2012. A comparison of blood-lead level (BLL) in opium-dependent addicts with healthy control group using the graphite furnace/atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) followed by chemometric analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 14(8):488–491.
  • Ansari-Moghaddam A, Habybabady RH, Shakiba M, Mirzaei R, Shahriyari F, Aghaei S. 2012. Predictors of initiation, continuation and transition of drug use in south-eastern Iran. J Pak Med Assoc. 62:698–703.
  • Ansari-Moghaddam A, Rakhshani F, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Mohammadi M, Miri-Bonjar M, Bakhshani NM. 2016. Prevalence and patterns of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among Iranian adolescents: a meta-analysis of 58 studies. Child Youth Serv Rev. 60:68–79.
  • Azarion Z, Kazimifar AM, Mehrtash B, Aveisi S. 2016. Examination of clinical and laboratory symptoms of chronic lead poisoning in people consuming oral opium compared to the control group (MD Thesis]. Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Medical Department, pp. 1–57.
  • Balduzzi S, Rücker G, Schwarzer G. 2019. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 22(4):153–160.
  • Cleary J, Silbermann M, Scholten W, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. 2013. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in the Middle East: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Annal Oncol. 24(11):51–59.
  • Collett BJ. 2001. Chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. Br J Anaesth. 87(1):133–143.
  • Drug Enforcement Administration. 2017. Drugs of abuse. A DEA resource guide: 2017 edition. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA, p. 46.
  • Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315(7109):629–634.
  • Esteban M, Castaño A. 2009. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. Environ Int. 35(2):438–449.
  • Fakoor M, Akhgari M, Shafaroodi H. 2019. Lead poisoning in opium-addicted subjects, its correlation with pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity and liver function tests. Int J Prev Med. 10:36.
  • García-Esquinas E, Pollan M, Tellez-Plaza M, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Guallar E, Umans JG, Yeh J, Best LG, Navas-Acien A. 2014. Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in a prospective cohort: the Strong Heart Study. Environ Health Perspect. 122(4):363–370.
  • García-Rico L, Leyva-Perez J, Jara-Marini ME. 2007. Content and daily intake of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury from dietary supplements in Mexico. Food Chem Toxicol. 45(9):1599–1605.
  • Ghaemi K, Ghoreishi K, Rabiee N, Alinejad S, Farzaneh E, Amirabadi Zadeh A, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O. 2017. Blood lead levels in asymptomatic opium addicted patients: a case control study. Emergency. 5:e69.
  • Domeneh BH, Tavakoli N, Jafari N. 2014. Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: a cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran. J Res Med Sci. 19:939–943.
  • Duval S, Tweedie R. 2000. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis.Biometrics.56(2): 455–463.
  • Ghane T, Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Beyrami A, Noroozi A. 2018. Lead poisoning outbreak among opium users in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2016–2017. Bull World Health Organ. 96(3):165–172.
  • Hanif S, Ilyas A, Shah MH. 2018. Statical evaluation of trace metals, TSH and T4 in blood serum of thyroid disease patients in comparison with controls. Biol Trace Elem Res. 183(1):58–70.
  • Hayatbakhsh MM, Oghabian Z, Conlon E, Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh AR, Zahedi MJ, Moghadam SD, Ahmadi B, Soroush S, Aaseth J, et al. 1985. Lead poisoning among opium users in Iran: an emerging health hazard. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 12(1):43.
  • Hedges LV, Olkin I. 2014. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. London: Academic Press.
  • Higgins J, Thompson SG. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 21(11):1539–1558.
  • Hong YS, Song KH, Chung JY. 2014. Health effects of chronic arsenic exposure. J Prev Med Public Health. 47(5):245–252.
  • Hosseini SY, Safarinejad MR, Amini E, Hooshyar H. 2010. Opium consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a case-control analysis. Urol Oncol. 28(6):610–616.
  • Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN. 2008. Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines. Curr Drug Saf. 3(1):54–59.
  • Ketabchi A, Gharaei M, Ahmadinejad M, Meershekari T. 2005. Evaluation of bladder cancer in opium addicted patients in the Kerman Province, Iran, from 1999 to 2003. J Res Med Sci. 10:355–357.
  • Khatibi-Moghadam H, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Afshari R. 2016. Comparison of serum and urine lead levels in opium addicts with healthy control group. Hum Exp Toxicol. 35(8):861–865.
  • Nakhaee S, Mehrpour O. 2018. Opium addiction as new source of lead poisoning: an emerging epidemic in Iran. *Excli J. 17:513–515.
  • Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh A, Qorbani M, Lamarine RJ, Mehrpour O. 2020. Opium use and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Toxicol. 50:201–212.
  • Nemati A, Jafari S, Afshari M, Dahmardeh S, Tabrizian K. 2016. Comparison of blood lead level among oral/inhaled opium addicts and a non-addict control group in southeast of Iran. Addict Health. 8:235–241.
  • Nouri S, Zoghi A, Sharif MR, Farhang N, Shojaei M. 2018. Evaluation of thyroid hormones in patients with lead poisoning. Tehran Univ Med J. 76(7):477–483.
  • Oberoi S, Barchowsky A, Wu F. 2014. The global burden of disease for skin, lung, and bladder cancer caused by arsenic in food. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 23(7):1187–1194.
  • Peacock A, Leung J, Larney S, Colledge S, Hickman M, Rehm J, Giovino GA, West R, Hall W, Griffiths P, et al. 2018. Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction. 113(10):1905–1926.
  • Quansah R, Armah FA, Essumang DK, Luginaah I, Clarke E, Marfoh K, Cobbina SJ, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Namujju PB, Obiri S, et al. 2015. Association of arsenic with adverse pregnancy outcomes/infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 123(5):412–421.
  • Rezaei N, Alinia P, Aghabiklooei A, Izadi S. 2019. Blood lead level in opium abuse; which is more dangerous? Opium smoking or opium ingestion? Asia Pacific J Med Toxicol. 4:124–129.
  • Rezaei Tavirani M, Heidari Beigvand HH. 2019. Evaluation of clinical symptoms and serum lead level in patients with history of oral opium use being admitted to Hazrat Rasoul Akram, Firoozgar, Firoozabadi and Haft Tir Hospitals, Tehran. *JPRI. 31(6):1–8.
  • Ritchie H, Roser M. 2020. Drug use. Published online at: ourworldindata.org (last access: 13 May 2020).
  • Rosen L, Katzman K. 2014. Afghanistan: Drug Trafficking and the 2014 Transition Washington: The Congressional Research Service, 2014. Available on: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43540.pdf. (Last access: 19 May 2020).
  • Salehi H, Sayadi AR, Tashakori M, Yazdandoost R, Soltanpoor N, Sadeghi H, AghaeeAfshar M. 2009. Comparison of serum lead level in oral opium addicts with healthy control group. Arch Iran Med. 12:555–558.
  • Schimmel J, Nakhaee S, Mehrpour O. 2018. Metal and bacterial contamination of illicit drugs. Daru. 26(2):91–92.
  • Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, Rücker G. 2015. Meta-analysis with R. London: Springer International Publishing.
  • Shafikhani AA, Kazemifar AM. 2019. Comparison of blood lead levels between oral and inhalation opium addicts and its relationship with hematological parameters. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 13(1):326–331.
  • Singh VP, Singh N, Jaggi AS. 2013. A review on renal toxicity profile of common abusive drugs. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 17(4):347–357.
  • Sistrom CL, Mergo PJ. 2000. A simple method for obtaining original data from published graphs and plots. Am J Roentgenol. 174(5):1241–1244.
  • Soeken KL, Sripusanapan A. 2003. Assessing publication bias in meta-analysis. Nurs Res. 52(1):57–60.
  • Soltaninejad K, Shadnia S. 2018. Lead poisoning in opium abuser in Iran: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 9:3–18.
  • UNODC. 2015. World Drug Report 2015. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on drugs and Crime.
  • Viale L, Allotey J, Cheong-See F, Arroyo-Manzano D, McCorry D, Bagary M, Mignini L, Khan KS, Zamora J, Thangaratinam S, *EMB-CONNECT Collaboration. 2015. Epilepsy in pregnancy and reproductive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 386(10006):1845–1852.
  • Viechtbauer W. 2010. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. *J Stat Softw. 36(3):1–48.
  • Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. 2015. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 8(2):55–64.
  • Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. 2009. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Available on: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. (Last access: 8 August 2018).
  • Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Ahmadi S, Phillips S. 2019. Lead poisoning due to ingestion of lead-contaminated opium: a diagnostic study on patients' imaging findings. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 55: 26–32.
  • Zamani N, Mehrpour O, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Jalali M, Amirabadizadeh A, Samie S, Sabeti S, Kolahi A-A. 2020. A preliminary report on the largest ongoing outbreak of lead toxicity in Iran. Sci Rep. 10(1):11797.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.