Antidepressant Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Social Perception of the Prevalence of Depression: Application of the Availability Heuristic

REFERENCES

• Alexander , L. A. and Link , B. G. 2003 . The impact of contact on stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness . Journal of Mental Health , 12 : 271 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Assael , H. 1984 . Consumer behavior and marketing action , Boston : Kent .
   Google Scholar
• Boyer , C. B. and Kegeles , S. M. 1991 . AIDS risks and prevention among adolescents . Social Science and Medicine , 33 : 11 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkholder , G. J. , Harlow , L. L. and Washkwich , J. L. 1999 . Social stigma, HIV/AIDS knowledge, and sexual risk . Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research , 4 : 27 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Carveth , R. A. and Alexander , A. 1985 . Soap opera viewing motivations and the cultivation process . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 29 : 259 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catania , J. A. , Coates , T. J. and Kegeles , S. M. 1994 . A test of the AIDS risk reduction model: Psychological correlates of condom use in the AMEN cohort study . Health Psychology , 13 : 548 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue , J. M. and Berndt , E. R. 2004 . Effects of direct-to-consumer advertising on medication choice: The case of antidepressants . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 23 : 115 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue , J. M. , Berndt , E. R. , Rosenthal , M. , Epstein , A. M. and Frank , R. G. 2004 . Effects of pharmaceutical promotion on adherence to the treatment guidelines for depression . Medical Care , 42 : 1176 – 1185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbert , B. , Sumser , J. and Maguire , B. T. 1991 . The impact of who you know and where you live on opinions about AIDS and health care . Social Science and Medicine , 32 : 677 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. and Gross , L. 1976 . Living with television: The violence profile . Journal of Communication , 26 : 173 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. 1980 . The “mainstreaming” of America: Violence profile No. 11 . Journal of Communication , 30 : 10 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. 1994 . “ Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 17 – 41 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Giorgianni , S. J. , Grana , J. and Keith , J. 2004 . Understanding stigma about health . The Pfizer Journal , 5 : 4 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , L. G. , Cialdini , R. B. and Carpenter , K. M. 1982 . Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 89 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , S. A. and Hoch , S. J. 1992 . Low-involvement learning: Memory without evaluation . Journal of Consumer Research , 19 : 212 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , K. , Campbell , S. and Willenbring , K. 1990 . A cross-sectional analysis of variables impacting on AIDS-relating knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among employees of a Minnesota teaching hospital . AIDS Education and Prevention , 2 : 36 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Capitanio , J. P. 1997 . AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: Effects of direct and vicarious contact . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 : 1 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh , J. , Delorme , D. E. and Reid , L. N. 2004 . The information utility of DTC prescription drug advertising . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 81 : 788 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn , C. 2001 . How the media influences women's perceptions of health care . Marketing Health Services , 21 ( 1 ) : 12 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Berglund , P. , Demler , O. , Jin , R. , Koretz , D. Merikangas , K. R. 2003 . Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 3095 – 3105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowaleski , M. R. , Longshore , D. and Anglin , M. D. 1994 . The AIDS risk reduction model: Examining intentions to use condoms among injection drug users . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 24 : 2002 – 2027 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longshore , D. and Anglin , M. D. 1995 . Intentions to share injection paraphernalia: An empirical test of the AIDS risk reduction mode among injection drug users . International Journal of the Addictions , 30 : 305 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias , W. and Lewis , L. S. 2003 . A content analysis of direct-to consumer (DTC) prescription drug website . Journal of Advertising , 32 : 43 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickler , S. E. 1993 . Perceptions of vulnerability: Impact on AIDS-preventive behavior among college adolescents . AIDS Education and Prevention , 5 : 43 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , E. , Lo , B. , Pollack , L. , Donelan , K. and Lee , K. 2004 . Direct-to-consumer advertising: Public perceptions of its effects on health behaviors, health care, and the doctor–patient relationship . Journal of the American Board of Family Practice , 17 : 6 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Guinn , T. C. and Faber , R. J. 1991 . “ Mass communication and consumer behavior ” . In The handbook of consumer behavior , Edited by: Robertson , T. S. and Kassarjian , H. H. 349 – 400 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• O'Guinn , T. C. and Shrum , L. J. 1997 . The role of television in the construction of consumer reality . Journal of Consumer Research , 23 : 278 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richins , M. L. 1995 . Social comparison, advertising, and consumer discontent . American Behavioral Scientist , 38 : 593 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perri , M. and Nelson , A. A. 1987 . An exploratory analysis of consumer recognition of direct to consumer advertising of prescription medications . Journal of Health Care Marketing , 7 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto , M. B. 2000 . On the nature and properties of appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs . Psychological Reports , 86 : 597 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , S. J. , Cialdini , R. B. , Schwartzman , D. F. and Reynolds , K. D. 1985 . Imaging can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 11 : 118 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , S. J. and Corty , E. 1984 . “ Cognitive heuristics ” . In Handbook of social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. S. and Srull , T. K. Vol. 1 , 189 – 286 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Sherman , S. J. , Judd , C. M. and Park , B. 1989 . Social cognition . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 281 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum , L. J. 1995 . Assessing the social influence of television: A social cognition perspective on cultivation effects . Communication Research , 22 : 482 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum , L. J. 1996 . Psychological processes underlying cultivation effects: Further test of construct accessibility . Human Communication Research , 22 : 482 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum , L. J. and O'Guinn , T. C. 1993 . Process and effects in the construction of social reality: Construct accessibility as an explanatory variable . Communication Research , 20 : 436 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum , L. J. , Wyer , R. S. and O'Guinn , T. C. 1998 . The effects of television consumption on social perceptions: The use of priming procedures to investigate psychological processes . Journal of Consumer Research , 24 : 447 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srull , T. K. and Wyer , R. S. 1979 . The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1660 – 1672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumpradit , N. , Ascione , F. J. and Bagozzie , R. P. 2004 . A cross-media content analysis of motivational themes in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising . Clinical Therapeutics , 26 : 135 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Fiske , S. T. 1978 . “ Silence, attention, and attribution: Top of the head phenomena ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 11 , 249 – 288 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1973 . Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability . Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 207 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1974 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases . Science , 185 : 1124 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). United States – Fact Sheet: US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/2000s/vintage_2003/2003s.html (Accessed: 27 August 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. J. , Ausiellom , J. C. and Stafford , R. S. 1999 . Trends in antihypertensive drug advertising, 1985–1996 . Circulation , 99 : 2055 – 2057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch Cline , R. J. and Young , H. N. 2004 . Marketing drugs, marketing health care relationships: A content analysis of visual cues in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising . Health Communication , 16 : 131 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes , M. S. , Bell , R. A. and Kravitz , R. L. 2000 . Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Trends, impact, and implications . Health Affairs , 19 : 110 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyer , R. S. , Bodenhausen , G. V. and Gorman , T. 1985 . Cognitive mediators of reactions to rape . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 324 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyer , R. S. and Hartwick , J. 1980 . “ The role of information retrieval and conditional inference processes in belief formation and change ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 13 , New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Wyer , R. S. and Srull , T. K. 1989 . Memory and cognition in its social context , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar