Perceived Discrimination as a Risk Factor for Latina/o Youth's Substance Use: Do Parent- and Peer-Based Communication and Relationship Resources Act as Protective Factors?

REFERENCES

• Agnew , R. 1992 . Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency . Criminology , 30 : 47 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. 2001 . Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 38 : 319 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. , Brezina , T. , Wright , J. P. and Cullen , F. T. 2002 . Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory . Criminology , 40 : 43 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajayi , L. J. 2006 . Multiple voices, multiple realities: Self-defined images of self among adolescent Hispanic English language learners . Education , 126 : 468 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Araújo , B. Y. and Borrell , L. N. 2006 . Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health outcomes, and life chances among Latinos . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 28 : 245 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aseltine , R. H. Jr. , Gore , S. and Gordon , J. 2000 . Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 41 : 256 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr , S. C. and Neville , H. A. 2008 . Examination of the link between parental racial socialization messages and racial ideology among Black college students . Journal of Black Psychology , 34 : 131 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezina , T. 1996 . Adapting to strain: An examination of delinquent coping responses . Criminology , 34 : 39 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , G. H. , Ge , X. , Katz , J. and Arias , I. 2000 . A longitudinal analysis of internalization of parental alcohol-use norms and adolescent alcohol use . Applied Developmental Science , 4 : 71 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Broidy , L. and Agnew , R. 1997 . Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 34 : 275 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland , M. J. , Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Pomery , E. A. and Brody , G. H. 2005 . The impact of parenting on risk cognitions and risk behavior: A study of mediation and moderation in a panel of African American adolescents . Child Development , 76 : 900 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codina , G. E. and Montalvo , F. F. 1994 . Chicano phenotype and depression . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 16 : 296 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Earlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Crockett , L. J. , Iturbide , M. I. , Stone , R. A. T. , McGinley , M. , Raffaelli , M. and Carlo , G. 2007 . Acculturative stress social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 13 : 347 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGarmo , D. S. and Martinez , C. R. Jr. 2006 . A culturally informed model of academic well-being for Latino youth: The importance of discriminatory experiences and social support . Family Relations , 55 : 267 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson , A. D. and Crase , S. J. 2005 . Parent–adolescent relationships: The influence of multi-family therapy group on communication and closeness . The American Journal of Family Therapy , 33 : 45 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donthu , N. and Cherian , J. 1992 . Hispanic coupon usage: The impact of strong and weak ethnic identification . Psychology & Marketing , 9 : 510 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Eitle , D. and Turner , R. J. 2003 . Stress exposure, race, and young adult male crime . The Sociological Quarterly , 44 : 243 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elek , E. , Miller-Day , M. and Hecht , M. L. 2006 . Influences of personal, injunctive, and descriptive norms on early adolescent substance use . Journal of Drug Issues , 36 : 147 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch , B. K. and Vega , W. A. 2003 . Acculturation stress, social support, and self-related health among Latinos in California . Journal of Immigrant Health , 5 : 109 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Cleveland , M. J. , Wills , T. A. and Brody , G. H. 2004 . Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study . Journal of Personal and Social Psychology , 86 : 517 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , F. X. , Yeh , H.-C. , Gerrard , M. , Cleveland , M. J. , Cutrona , C. , Simons , R. L. and Brody , G. H. 2007 . Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 88 : S27 – S37 .
   Google Scholar
• Gil , A. , Vega , W. A. and Dimas , J. 1994 . Acculturative stress and personal adjustment among Hispanic adolescent boys . Journal of Community Psychology , 22 : 43 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golish , T. D. 2000 . Changes in closeness between adult children and their parents: A turning point analysis . Communication Reports , 13 : 79 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. W. , Flay , B.R , Johnson , C. A. , Hansen , W. B. , Grossman , L.M. and Sobel , J. L. 1984 . Reliability of self-report measures of drug use in prevention research: Evaluation of the Project SMART questionnaire via the test-retest reliability matrix . Journal of Drug Education , 14 : 175 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , J. W. , Cumsille , P. E. and Elek-Fisk , E. 2003 . “ Methods of handling missing data ” . In Research methods in psychology , Edited by: Schinka , J. A. and Velicer , W. F. 87 – 114 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Guilamo-Ramos , V. , Dittus , P. , Jaccard , J. , Johansson , M. , Bouris , A. and Acosta , N. 2007 . Parenting practices among Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers . Social Work , 52 : 17 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halgunseth , L. C. , Ispa , J. M. and Rudy , D. 2006 . Parental control in Latino families: An integrated review of the literature . Child Development , 77 : 1282 – 1297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , W. B. and Graham , J. W. 1991 . Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms . Preventive Medicine , 20 : 414 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , M. L. 1998 . “ Introduction ” . In Communicating prejudice , Edited by: Hecht , M. L. 3 – 23 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hox , J. J. 2002 . Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Hox , J. J. and Maas , C. J. 2001 . The accuracy of multilevel structural equation modeling with pseudobalanced groups and small samples . Structural Equation Modeling , 8 : 157 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , S. J. 2002 . The effects of family, school, peers, and attitudes on adolescents' drug use: Do they vary with age? . Justice Quarterly , 19 : 97 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. , Bachman , J. G. and Schulenberg , J. E. 2007 . Monitoring the future: National results on adolescent drug use , Washington, DC : National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH publication 08–6418 .
   Google Scholar
• Kam , J. A. , Matsunaga , M. , Hecht , M. L. and Ndiaye , K. 2009 . Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among youth of Mexican heritage . Prevention Science , 10 : 41 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafka , R. R. and London , P. 1991 . Communication in relationships and adolescent substance use: The influence of parents and friends . Adolescence , 26 : 587 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , M. and Stattin , H. 2000 . What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring . Developmental Psychology , 36 : 366 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird , R. D. , Criss , M. M. , Pettit , G. S. , Dodge , K. A. and Bates , J. E. 2008 . Parents' monitoring knowledge attenuates the link between antisocial friends and adolescent delinquent behavior . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 36 : 299 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. , Stanton , B. and Feigelman , S. 2000 . Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years . Journal of Adolescent Health , 27 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Fritz , M. S. , Williams , J. and Lockwood , C. M. 2007 . Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN . Behavior Research Methods , 39 : 384 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mena , F. J. , Padilla , A. M. and Maldonado , M. 1987 . Acculturative stress and specific coping strategies among immigrant and later generation college students . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 9 : 207 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Day , M. and Dodd , A. H. 2004 . Toward a descriptive model of parent–offspring communication about alcohol and other drugs . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 21 : 69 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Day , M. A. and Kam , J. A. 2010 . More than just openness: Developing and validating a measure of targeted parent–child communication about alcohol . Health Communication, , 25 : 293 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , A. O. , Bilot , J. M. , Peluso , P. R. , Berman , K. and Van Meek , L. G. 2006 . Latino families: The relevance of the connection among acculturation, family, dynamics, and health for family counseling research and practice . The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families , 14 : 268 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Mogro-Wilson , C. 2008 . The influence of parental warmth and control on Latino adolescent alcohol use . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science , 30 : 89 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi , B. and Risco , C. 2006 . Perceived discrimination experiences and mental health of Latina/o American persons . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 53 : 411 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mplus. (2009). Difference testing using the loglikelihood http://www.statmodel.com/chidiff.shtml (http://www.statmodel.com/chidiff.shtml)
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 2007 . Mplus user's guide , 5th , Los Angeles : Muthén & Muthén .
   Google Scholar
• National Survey of Latinos . 2002 . National survey of Latinos: Summary of findings , Washington, DC : Pew Hispanic Center, and Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Neblett , E. W. , White , R. L. , Ford , K. R. , Philip , C. L. , Nguyên , H. X. and Sellers , R. M. 2008 . Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination? . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 18 : 477 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez , D. M. , Jennings , W. G. and Gover , A. R. 2008 . Specifying general strain theory: An ethnically relevant approach . Deviant Behavior , 29 : 544 – 578 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. 2008 . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 879 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice , D. A. and Miller , D. T. 1992 . When small effects are impressive . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 160 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reno , R. R. , Cialdini , R. B. and Kallgren , C. A. 1993 . The transsituational influence of social norms . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 104 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research in Prevention Laboratory. (2006). Prodclin http://www.public.asu.edu/~davidpm/ripl/Prodclin (http://www.public.asu.edu/~davidpm/ripl/Prodclin)
   Google Scholar
• Rogler , L. H. 1989 . The meaning of culturally sensitive research in mental health . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 296 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero , A. J. and Roberts , R. E. 2003 . Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 9 : 171 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumbaut , R. G. and Portes , A. 2001 . Ethnicities: Children of immigrants in America , Berkeley : University of California Press and Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Stattin , H. and Kerr , M. 2000 . Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation . Child Development , 71 : 1072 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipek , D. , de la Sota , A. and Weishaupt , L. 1999 . Life lessons: An embedded classroom approach to preventing high-risk behaviors among preadolescents . Elementary School Journal , 99 : 433 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry , T. P. 1987 . Toward an interactional theory of delinquency . Criminology , 25 : 863 – 891 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upchurch , D. M. , Aneshensel , C. S. , Sucoff , C.A. and Levy-Storms , L. 1999 . Neighborhood and family contexts of adolescent sexual activity . Journal of marriage and the Family , 61 : 920 – 933 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). An older and more diverse nation by midcentury http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html (http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html)
   Google Scholar
• Vega , M. R. , Zimmerman , R. , Gil , A. , Warheit , G. J. and Apospori , E. 1993 . “ Acculturation strain theory: Its application in explaining drug use behavior among Cuban and other Hispanic youth ” . In National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series Edited by: De La Rosa , M. R. and Adrados , J.-L. R. Vol. 130 , 144 – 162 . Drug abuse among minority youth: Advances in research and methodology
   Google Scholar
• Vinokurov , A. , Trickett , E. J. and Birman , D. 2002 . Acculturative hassles and immigrant adolescents: A life-domain assessment for Soviet Jewish Refugees . Journal of Social Psychology , 142 : 425 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerby , J. 1995 . Family systems theory reconsidered: Integrating social construction theory and dialectical process . Communication Theory , 4 : 339 – 365 .
   Google Scholar