The Effect of Media on Body Image in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

References

• Abraham, S. F. (2003). Dieting, body weight, body image and self-esteem in young women: Doctor’s dilemmas. Medical Journal of Australia, 178, 607–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, J. (2014). Interest in celebrities’ post-baby bodies and Korean women’s body image disturbance after childbirth. Sex Roles, 71, 419–435. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0421-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Milgrom, J. (2009). The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum: A prospective study. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 27–35. doi:10.1177/1359105308097940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? Sex Roles, 64, 290–298. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, M., Ball, C., & Robinson, P. (2003). Four simple questions can help screen for eating disorders. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 53–56. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20374.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, J. A., Millet, S., Costigan, K. A., Gurewitsch, E., & Caulfield, L. E. (2003). Psychosocial influences on weight gain attitudes and behaviors during pregnancy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 1314–1319. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(03)01070-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, D. S., DiNallo, J. M., & Kirner, T. L. (2008). Determinants of pregnancy and postpartum depression: Prospective influences of depressive symptoms, body image satisfaction, and exercise behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 36, 54–63. doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9044-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncombe, D., Wertheim, E. H., Skouteris, H., Paxton, S. J., & Kelly, L. (2008). How well do women adapt to changes in their body size and shape across the course of pregnancy? Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 503–515. doi:10.1177/1359105308088521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, K. A., & Southwell, B. G. (2006). Infant feeding and the media: The relationship between Parents Magazine content and breastfeeding, 1972–2000. International Breastfeeding Journal, 1, 10. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-1-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gjerdingen, D., Fontaine, P., Crow, S., McGovern, P., Center, B., & Miner, M. (2009). Predictors of mothers’ postpartum body dissatisfaction. Women & Health, 49, 491–504. doi:10.1080/03630240903423998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow, R. W., Lydecker, J. A., Lamanna, J. D., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2012). Representations of celebrities’ weight and shape during pregnancy and postpartum: A content analysis of three entertainment magazine websites. Body Image, 9, 172–175. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 460–476. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58, 649–657. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9379-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, P. (2008). Randomizing. In P. Harris (Ed.), Designing and reporting experiments in psychology (pp. 252–255). Columbus, OH: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse-Biber, S., Livingstone, S., Ramirez, D., Barko, E., & Johnson, A. L. (2010). Racial identity and body image among Black female college students attending predominantly White colleges. Sex Roles, 63, 697–711. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9862-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, A. J. (2004). The effects of the media on body image: A meta-analysis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(2), 196–217. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper, K. M., & Aubrey, J. S. (2011). Examining the impact of celebrity gossip magazine coverage of pregnant celebrities on pregnant women’s self-objectification. Communication Research, 40, 767–788. doi:10.1177/0093650211422062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper, K. M., & Aubrey, J. S. (2016). Bodies after babies: The impact of depictions of recently post-partum celebrities on non-pregnant women’s body image. Sex Roles, 74, 24–34. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0561-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourtney Kardashian: OK! photoshopped my post-baby body. (2010, January 25). Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/25/kourtney-kardashian-ok-ph_n_436008.html
   Google Scholar
• Liechty, T., & Yarnal, C. M. (2010). Older women’s body image: A life course perspective. Ageing & Society, 30, 1197–1218. doi:10.1017/S0144686X10000346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loth, K. A., Bauer, K. W., Wall, M., Berge, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2011). Body satisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image, 8, 297–300. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson, B. K., Mendelson, M. J., & White, D. R. (2001). Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 90–106. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7601_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, T., & McInerney, K. (2010). Media representations of pregnancy and childbirth: An analysis of reality television programs in the United States. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care, 37, 134–140. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00393.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, M. (2012). Making ‘postmodern’ mothers: Pregnant embodiment, baby bumps and body image. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, M., Corona, R., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2014). Nobody’s perfect: A qualitative examination of African American maternal caregivers’ and their adolescent girls’ perceptions of body image. Body Image, 11, 307–317. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rallis, S., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2007). Predictors of body image during the first year postpartum: A prospective study. Women & Health, 45, 87–104. doi:10.1300/J013v45n01_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, H., Homer, C., & Fenwick, J. (2012). “Bouncing back”: How Australia’s leading women’s magazines portray the postpartum ‘body’. Women and Birth, 25, 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2011.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy, R. M., Popova, L., & Linz, D. G. (2010). The context of current content analysis of gender roles: An introduction to a special issue. Sex Roles, 62, 705–720. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9807-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy, R. M., Popova, L., & Linz, D. G. (2011). Contributions to the content analysis of gender roles: An introduction to a special issue. Sex Roles, 64, 151–159. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9937-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skouteris, H., Carr, R., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Duncombe, D. (2005). A prospective study of factors that lead to body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image, 2, 347–361. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stronge, S., Greaves, L. M., Milojev, P., West-Newman, T., Barlow, F. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2015). Facebook is linked to body dissatisfaction: Comparing users and non-users. Sex Roles, 73, 200–213. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0517-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner, A., Waller, G., Killick, S., & Elstein, M. (1993). Body image distortion in pregnancy: A pilot study of the effects of media images. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11, 203–208. doi:10.1080/02646839308403219
   Google Scholar
• Te’eni-Harari, T., & Eyal, K. (2015). Liking them thin: Adolescents’ favorite television characters and body image. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 607–615. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1012241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theroux, R. (2011). Media as a source of information on pregnancy and childbirth. Nursing for Women’s Health, 15, 62–67. doi:10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01612.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change. Body Image, 1, 29–41. doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00002-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women’s mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 23–44. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, L., Lovsin, T., Zecevic, C., & Lariviere, M. (2011). Perceptions of self in 3–5 year old children: A preliminary investigation into the early emergence of body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 8, 287–292. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Dixon, T. L., & Conrad, K. (2010). Female body image as a function of themes in rap music videos: A content analysis. Sex Roles, 62, 787–797. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9656-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar