1,258
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Impact of Written Emotional Disclosure on Cancer Caregivers’ Perceptions of Burden, Stress, and Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial

, , , &

References

  • Barton, K., & Jackson, C. (2008). Reducing symptoms of trauma among carers of people with psychosis: Pilot study examining the impact of writing about caregiving experiences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 693–701. doi:10.1080/00048670802203434
  • Bevans, M. F., Mitchell, S. A., & Marden, S. (2008). The symptom experience in the first 100 days following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Supportive Care in Cancer, 16, 1243–1254. doi:10.1007/s00520-008-0420-6
  • Bodie, G. D., & Burleson, B. R. (2008). Explaining variations in the effects of supportive messages: A dual-process framework. In C. Beck (Ed.), Communication yearbook 32 (pp. 354–398). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Braun, M., Mikulincer, M., Rydall, A., Walsh, A., & Rodin, G. (2007). Hidden morbidity in cancer: Spouse caregivers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 4829–4834. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.0909
  • Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2007). Effects of (very) brief writing on health: The two minute miracle. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(1), 9–14.
  • Butow, P. N., Price, M. A., Bell, M. L., Webb, P. M., DeFazio, A., & Friedlander, M. (2014). Caring for women with ovarian cancer in the last year of life: A longitudinal study of caregiver quality of life, distress, and unmet needs. Gynecologic Oncology, 132, 690–697. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.01.002
  • Cash, T. V., & Lageman, S. K. (2015). Randomized controlled expressive writing pilot in individuals with Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers. BMC Psychology, 3, 1–12. doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0101-4
  • Choi, Y. S., Hwang, S. W., Hwang, I. C., Lee, Y. J., Kim, Y. S., Kim, H. M., … Koh, S.-J. (2016). Factors associated with quality of life among family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 25, 217–224. doi:10.1002/pon.v25.2
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404
  • Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Consedine, N. S., Magai, C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2002). Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda. Review of General Psychology, 6, 204–228. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.204
  • Cooke, L., Grant, M., Eldredge, D. H., Maziarz, R. T., & Nail, L. M. (2011). Informal caregiving in hematopoietic blood and marrow transplant patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, 500–507. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2011.01.007
  • Copelan, E. A. (2006). Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1813–1826. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052638
  • Ell, K., Nishimoto, R., Mediansky, L., Mantell, J., & Hamovitch, M. (1992). Social relations, social support, and survival among patients with cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 531–541. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90038-4
  • Elmore, D. L. (2014). The impact of caregiving on physical and mental health: Implications for research, practice, education, and policy. In R. C. Talley, G. L. Fricchione, & B. G. Druss (Eds.), The challenges of mental health caregiving (pp. 15–31). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2003). Motivations for caregiving in adult intimate relationships: Influences on caregiving behavior and relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 950–968. doi:10.1177/0146167203252807
  • Frisina, P. G., Borod, J. C., & Lepore, S. J. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 629–634. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000138317.30764.63
  • Gold, D. B., & Wegner, D. M. (1995). Origins of ruminative thought: Trauma, incompleteness, nondisclosure, and suppression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1245–1261. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02617.x
  • Gortner, E., Rude, S. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 37, 292–303. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.004
  • Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 75–84. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.75
  • Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970–986. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.970
  • Grunfeld, E., Coyle, D., Whelan, T., Clinch, J., Reyno, L., & Glossop, R. (2004). Family caregiver burden: Results of a longitudinal study of breast cancer patients and their principal caregivers. Research, 170, 1795–1801.
  • Harrell, J., Hall, S., & Taliaferro, J. (2003). Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 243–248. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.243
  • Iida, M., Seidman, G., Shrout, P. E., Fujita, K., & Bolger, N. (2008). Modeling support provision in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 460–478. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.460
  • Jones, S., & Jones, P. (1994). Caregiver burden: Who the caregivers are, how they give care, and what bothers them. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 6, 71–89. doi:10.1300/J045v06n02_05
  • Kim, Y., Carver, C. S., Shaffer, K. M., Gansler, T., & Cannady, R. S. (2015). Cancer caregiving predicts physical health impairments: Roles of earlier caregiving stress and becoming a spousal caregiver. Cancer, 121, 302–310. doi:10.1002/cncr.29040
  • Kim, Y., Kashy, D. A., Wellisch, D. K., Spillers, R. L., Kaw, C. K., & Smith, T. G. (2008). Quality of life of couples dealing with cancer: Dyadic and individual adjustment among breast and prostate cancer survivors and their spousal caregivers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 230–238. doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9026-y
  • King, L. A. (2002). Gain without pain? Expressive writing and self-regulation. In S. J. Lepore & J. M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing cure (pp. 119–134). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • King, L. A., & Miner, K. N. (2000). Writing about the perceived benefits of traumatic events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 220–230. doi:10.1177/0146167200264008
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.
  • Lapid, M. I., Atherton, P. J., Kung, S., Sloan, J. A., Shahi, V., Clark, M. M., & Rummans, T. A. (2015). Cancer caregiver quality of life: Need for targeted intervention. Psycho-Oncology, 25, 1400–1407. doi:10.1002/pon.3960
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Lepore, S. J. (1997). Expressive writing moderate the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 1030–1037. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1030
  • LeSeure, P., & Chongkham-Ang, S. (2015). The experience of caregivers living with cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 19, 406–439. doi:10.3390/jpm5040406
  • Li, Q., & Loke, A. Y. (2013). A spectrum of hidden morbidities among spousal caregivers for patients with cancer, and differences between the genders: A review of the literature. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17, 578–587. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.01.007
  • Litzelman, K., Green, P. A., & Yabroff, K. R. (2016). Cancer and quality of life in spousal dyads: Spillover in couples with and without cancer-related health problems. Supportive Care in Cancer, 24, 763–771. doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2840-4
  • Litzelman, K., Kent, E. E., Mollica, M., & Rowland, J. H. (2016). How does caregiver well-being relate to perceived quality of care in patients with cancer? Exploring associations and pathways. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34, 3554–3561. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.3434
  • Litzelman, K., & Yabroff, K. R. (2015). How are spousal depressed mood, distress, and quality of life associated with risk of depressed mood in cancer survivors? Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers, & Prevention, 24, 969–977. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-1420
  • Luecken, L. J., & Lemery, K. S. (2004). Early caregiving and physiological stress responses. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 171–191. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.01.003
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692–708. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692
  • MacKenzie, C. S., Wiprzycka, U. J., Hasher, L., & Goldstein, D. (2007). Does expressive writing reduce stress and improve health for family caregivers of older adults? The Gerontologist, 47, 296–306. doi:10.1093/geront/47.3.296
  • McEwen, B. S., & Seeman, T. (1999). Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress: Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 30–47. doi:10.1111/nyas.1999.896.issue-1
  • Mellon, S., Northouse, L. L., & Weiss, L. K. (2006). A population-based study of the quality of life of cancer survivors and their family caregivers. Cancer Nursing, 29(2), 120–131.
  • Mollerberg, M. L., Sandgren, A., Lithman, T., Noreen, D., Olsson, H., & Sjovall, K. (2016). The effects of cancer diagnosis on the health of a patient’s partner: A population-based registry study of cancer in Sweden. European Journal of Cancer Care, 25, 744–752. doi:10.1111/ecc.12487
  • Morelli, S. A., Lee, I. A., Arnn, M. E., & Zaki, J. (2015). Emotional and instrumental support provision interact to predict well-being. Emotion, 15, 484–493. doi:10.1037/emo0000084
  • Mosher, C. E., DuHamel, K. N., Rini, C., Corner, G., Lam, J., & Redd, W. H. (2011). Quality of life concerns and depression among hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19, 1357–1365. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0958-y
  • Oken, B. S., Fonareva, I., & Wahbeh, H. (2011). Stress and cognitive dysfunction in dementia caregivers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 24, 191–198. doi:10.1177/0891988711422524
  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274–281. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.274
  • Porter, L. S., Keefe, F. J., Lipkus, I., & Hurwitz, H. (2005). Ambivalence over emotional expression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and their caregivers: Associations with patient pain and quality of life. Pain, 117, 340–348. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.06.021
  • Reiche, E. M. V., Nunes, S. O. V., & Morimoto, H. K. (2004). Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Psychological Features of Cancer, 5, 617–625.
  • Revenson, T. A., & Majerovitz, S. D. (1990). Spouses’ support provision to chronically ill patients. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 575–586. doi:10.1177/0265407590074013
  • Rini, C., Redd, W. H., Austin, J., Mosher, C. E., Meschian, Y. M., & Duhamel, K. N. (2011). Effectiveness of partner social support predicts enduring psychological distress after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 64–74. doi:10.1027/a0022199
  • Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2014). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley and Sons.
  • Sarason, I., Sarason, B., Keefe, D., Hayes, B., & Shearin, E. (1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215–226. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.215
  • Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174–184. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.174
  • Smyth, J. M., Nazarian, D., & Arigo, D. (2008). Expressive writing in the clinical context. In A. Vingerhoets, I. Nyklick, & J. Denollet (Eds.), Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (pp. 215–233). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Sryjala, K. L., Martin, P., Deeg, J. H., & Boeckh, M. (2006). Medical and psychosocial issues in transplant survivors. In A. E. Chang, P. A. Ganz, D. F. Hayes, T. Kinsella, H. I. Pass, J. H. Schiller, R. M. Stone, & V. Strecher (Eds.), Oncology: An evidence-based approach (pp. 1–73). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
  • Stanton, A. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2002). Emotional expression, expressive writing, and cancer. In S. J. Lepore & J. M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being (pp. 31–52). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Stenberg, U., Ruland, C. M., & Miaskowski, C. (2010). Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1013–1025. doi:10.1002/pon.1670
  • Teschendorf, B., Schwartz, C., Ferrans, C. E., O’Mara, A., Novotny, P., & Sloan, J. (2007). Caregiver role stress: When families become providers. Cancer, Culture, & Literacy, 14, 183–189.
  • Trudeau-Hern, S., & Daneshpour, M. (2012). Cancer’s impact on spousal caregiver health: A qualitative analysis in grounded theory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 534–554. doi:10.1007/s10591-012-9211-9
  • Waldron, E. A., Janke, E. A., Bechtel, C. F., Ramirez, M., & Cohen, A. (2013). A systematic review of psychosocial interventions to improve cancer caregiver quality of life. Psycho-Oncology, 22, 1200–1207. doi:10.1002/pon.3118
  • Wegner, D., Schneider, D., Carter, S., & White, T. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5–13. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5
  • Weitzner, M. A., Haley, W. E., & Chen, H. (2000). The family caregiver of the older cancer patient. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 14, 269–281. doi:10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70288-4
  • Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20, 649–655. doi:10.1093/geront/20.6.649

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.