References
- Arroyo, A., Segrin, C., Harwood, J., & Bonito, J. A. (2016). Co-rumination of fat talk and weight control practices: An application of confirmation theory. Health Communication, 32, 438–450. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1140263
- Barry, C. L., Brescoll, V. L., Brownell, K. D., & Schlesinger, M. (2009). Obesity metaphors: How beliefs about the causes of obesity affect support for public policy. Milbank Quarterly, 87, 7–47. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x
- Bell, R. A., McGlone, M. S., & Dragojevic, M. (2014a). Bacteria as bullies: Effects of linguistic agency assignment in health messages. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 340–358. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.798383
- Bell, R. A., McGlone, M. S., & Dragojevic, M. (2014b). Vicious viruses and vigilant vaccines: Effects of linguistic agency assignment in health policy advocacy. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1178–1195. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.811330
- Bergman, M. E., & Chalkley, K. M. (2007). “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas. Journal of Organizational Health Psychology, 12, 251–265.
- Blendon, R. J., Hunt, K., & Benson, J. M. (2006). Understanding the American public’s health priorities: A 2006 perspective. Health Affairs, 25, w508–w515. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w508
- Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Brescoll, V. L., Kersh, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2008). Assessing the feasibility and impact of federal childhood obesity policies. Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 615, 178–194. doi:10.1177/0002716207309189
- Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2016). Figurative framing: Shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Communication Theory, 26, 410–430. doi:10.1111/comt.12096
- Campo, S., & Mastin, T. (2007). Placing the burden on the individual: Overweight and obesity in African American and mainstream women’s magazines. Health Communication, 22, 229–240. doi:10.1080/10410230701626885
- Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2012). The medical care costs of obesity; An instrumental variables approach. Journal of Health Economics, 21, 219–230. doi:10.1016/j.healeco.2011.10.003
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Adult obesity: Causes and consequences. Retrieved August 3, 2014, from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
- Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752–766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752
- Chen, M., McGlone, M. S., & Bell, R. A. (2015). Persuasive effects of linguistic agency assignment and point of view in narrative health messages about colon cancer. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 977–988. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1018625
- Cheung, M. (2008). ‘Click here’: The impact of new media on the encoding of persuasive messages in direct marketing. Discourse Studies, 10, 161–189. doi:10.1177/1461445607087007
- Child, A. (2008). Check text readability. Retrieved from http://www.addedbytes.com/code/readability-score
- Clark, H. H. (1973). Space, time, semantics, and the child. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language (pp. 27–63). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Compton, J. (2013). Inoculation theory. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds), The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 220–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cooren, F. (2010). Action and agency in dialogue: Passion, incarnation, and ventriloquism. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
- Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
- Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States: Comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000058. doi:10.1371/journal/pmed/1000058
- Davidson, K. K., & Birch, L. L. (2001). Childhood overweight: A contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obesity Reviews, 2, 159–171. doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00036.x
- De Brún, A., McCarthy, M., McKenzie, K., & McGloin, A. (2015). Examining the media portrayal of obesity through the lens of the common sense model of illness representations. Health Communication, 30, 430–440. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.866390
- Di Cesare, M., Bentham, J., Stevens, G. A., Zhou, B., Danaei, G., Lu, Y., & Zuniga Cisneros, J. (2016). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. The Lancet, 387, 1377–1396. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
- Dixon, J. B. (2010). The effect of obesity on health outcomes. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 316, 104–118. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.008
- Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language, 67, 547–619. doi:10.2307/415037
- Dragojevic, M., Bell, R. A., & McGlone, M. S. (2014). Giving radon gas life through language: Effects of linguistic agency assignment in health messages about inanimate threats. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33, 89–98. doi:10.1177/0261927X13495738
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Evans, W. D., Finkelstein, E. A., Kamerow, D. B., & Renaud, J. M. (2005). Public perceptions of childhood obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.008
- Eyal, P., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014). Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 1023–1031. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y
- Fairhurst, G. T. (2005). Reframing The Art of Framing: Problems and prospects for leadership. Leadership, 1, 165–185.
- Fairhurst, G. T. (2011). The power of framing: Creating the language of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Fairhurst, G. T., & Sarr, R. A. (1996). The art of framing: Managing the language of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Flegal, K. M., Kruszon-Moran, D., & Carroll, M. D. (2016). Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315, 2284–2291. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458
- Fruh, S. M., Nadglowski, J., Hall, H. R., Davis, S. L., Crook, E. D., & Zlomke, K. (2016). Obesity stigma and bias. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12, 425–432.
- Gearhart, S., Craig, C., & Steed, C. (2012). Network news coverage of obesity in two time periods: An analysis of issues, sources, and frames. Health Communication, 27, 653–662.
- Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21–38.
- Glowacki, E. M., McGlone, M. S., & Bell, R. A. (2016). Targeting type 2: Linguistic assignment in diabetes prevention policy messaging. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 457–468.
- Gollust, S. E., Lantz, P. M., & Ubel, P. A. (2009). The polarizing effect of news media messages about the social determinants of health. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2160–2167.
- Harrington, N. G., & Kerr, A. M. (2017). Rethinking risk: Prospect theory application in health message framing research. Health Communication, 32, 131–141.
- Harvard School of Public Health (2003). Obesity as a public health issue: A look at solutions. Report on a national poll conducted by Lake, Snell, and Perry. Harvard Forums on Health. Cambridge, MA: Author. Retrieved August 10, 2013, from http://www.phsi.harvard.edu/health_reform/poll_results.pdf
- Hawkins, K. W., & Linvill, D. L. (2010). Public health framing of news regarding childhood obesity in the United States. Health Communication, 25, 709–717.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67, 451–470. doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028
- Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Hilbert, A., Rief, W., & Braehler, E. (2007). What determines public support of obesity prevention? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 585–590. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.050906
- Hu, F. B. (2008). Obesity epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
- Iyengar, S. (1987). Television news and citizens’ explanations of national affairs. American Political Science Review, 81, 815–831. doi:10.2307/1962678
- Jackendoff, R. (1972). Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Janiszewski, C. (2011). Too many views to capture: Reference set effects in human judgment. In G. Keren (Ed.), Perspectives on framing. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Kelly, T., Yang, W., Chen, C. S., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2008). Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1431–1437. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.102
- Keren, G. (2011). On the definition and possible underpinnings of framing effects: A brief review and a critical evaluation. In G. Keren (Ed.), Perspectives on framing (pp. 3–33). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., & Kraak, V. I. (2005). Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance: Executive summary. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.0023
- Lazard, A. J., Bamgbade, B. A., Sontag, J. M., & Brown, C. (2016). Using visual metaphors in health messages: A strategy to increase effectiveness for mental illness communication. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 1260–1268.
- Lazard, A. J., Dudo, A., Dennis, T., Ewald, M. G., & Love, B. (2017). Making a visual impression (or not): Current design practices of nutritional websites. Health Communication, 32, 470–482.
- Lee, N., McLeod, D. M., & Shah, D. V. (2008). Framing policy debates. Communication Research, 35, 695–718.
- Lee, T. K., & Kim, H. K. (2017). Differential effects of message framing on obesity policy support between democrats and republicans. Health Communication, 32, 1481–1490. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1230810
- Lee, T. K., Shapiro, M. A., & Niederdeppe, J. (2014). Deeper processing is associated with support for policies to reduce obesity. Health Communication, 29, 791–801. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.798060
- Lewis, R. J., Cash, T. F., Jacobi, L., & Bubb-Lewis, C. (1997). Prejudice toward fat people: The development and validations of the Antifat Attitudes Test. Obesity Research, 5, 297–307.
- MacLean, L., Edwards, N., Garrard, M., Sims-Jones, N., Clinton, K., & Ashley, L. (2009). Obesity, stigma, and public health planning. Health Promotion International, 24, 88–93.
- Mason, A. M., & Miller, C. H. (2016). Potentially deceptive health nutrition-related advertising claims: The role of inoculation in conferring resistance. Health Education Journal, 75, 144–157. doi:10.1177/0017896915569365
- McGlone, M. S., Bell, R. A., Zaitchik, S. T., & McGlynn, III, J. (2013). Don’t let the flu catch you: Agency assignment in printed educational materials about the H1N1 influenza virus and vaccine. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 740–756. doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.727950
- McGlone, M. S., Bortfeld, H., & Kobrynowicz, D. (2007). Laying it on thin: Analogical cue frequency in the manipulation of choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 721–731. doi:10.1177/0146167206298565
- McGlone, M. S., & Glowacki, E. M. (2017). Hate the sin, love the saints: Activities versus actors in message design. Journal of Language & Social Psychology. doi:10.1177/0261927X17706947
- McGlone, M. S., & Pfiester, R. A. (2009). Does time fly when you’re having fun or do you? Affect, agency, and embodiment in temporal communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28, 3–31. doi:10.1177/0261927X08325744
- McGlynn, III, J., & Richardson, B. K. (2014). Private support, public alienation: Whistle-blowers and the paradox of social support. Western Journal of Communication, 78, 213–237. doi:10.1080/10570314.2013.807436
- McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 191–229). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- McKinley, C. J. (2009). Investigating the influence of threat appraisals and social support on healthy eating behavior and drive for thinness. Health Communication, 24, 735–745. doi:10.1080/10410230903264303
- Nan, X., Verrill, L., & Kim, J. (2017). Mapping sources of food safety information for U.S. consumers: Findings from a national survey. Health Communication, 32, 356–365.
- Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., & Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, regional and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults 1980 – 2013: A systemic analysis. The Lancet, 384, 766–781. doi:10.1016/SO140-6736(14)60460-8
- Niederdeppe, J., Heley, K., & Barry, C. L. (2015). Inoculation and narrative strategies in competitive framing of three health policy issues. Journal of Communication, 65, 838–862.
- Niederdeppe, J., Roh, S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2015). Acknowledging individual responsibility while emphasizing social determinants in narratives to promote obesity-reducing public policy. A randomized experiment. PLOS One. doi:10.1271/journal.pone.0117565
- Niederdeppe, J., Shapiro, M. A., Kim, H. K., Bartolo, D., & Porticella, N. (2014). Narrative persuasion, causality, complex integration, and support for public policy. Health Communication, 29, 431–444.
- Niederdeppe, J., Shapiro, M. A., & Porticella, N. (2011). Attributions of responsibility for obesity: Narrative communication reduces reactive counterarguing among liberals. Human Communication Research, 37, 295–323. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01409.x
- O’Keefe, D. J. (2003). Message properties, mediating states, and manipulation checks: Claims, evidence, and data analysis in experimental persuasive message effects research. Communication Theory, 13, 251–274. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00292.x
- O’Keefe, D. J. (2015). Message generalizations that support evidence-based persuasive message design: Specifying the evidentiary requirements. Health Communication, 30, 106–113.
- Oliver, J. E., & Lee, T. (2005). Public opinion and the politics of obesity in America. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 30, 923–954. doi:10.1215/03616878-30-5-923
- Perdue, B. C., & Summers, J. O. (1986). Checking the success of manipulations in marketing experiments. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 317–326.
- Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36, 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
- Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research, 9, 788–805.
- Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14, 1802–1815.
- Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity, 17, 941–964. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636
- Puhl, R. M., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2005). Impact of perceived consensus on stereotypes about obese people: A new approach for reducing bias. Health Psychology, 24, 517–525.
- Richards, A. S., & Banas, J. A. (2015). Inoculating against reactance to persuasive health messages. Health Communication, 30, 451–460. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.867005
- Roth, E. G., Girling, L. M., Chard, S., Wallace, B. H., & Ecker, J. K. (2017). Diabetes and the motivated patient: Understanding perlocutionary effect in health communication. Health Communication, 32, 502–508.
- Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 297–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
- San Jose Mercury News & Kaiser Family Foundation. (2004). Survey on childhood obesity: Summary document and chartpack. Retrieved August 10, 2013, from http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/7043.cfm
- Shen, F., Lee, S. Y., Shipes, L., & Hu, F. (2012). Effects of media framing of obesity among adolescents. Communication Research Reports, 29, 26–33. doi:10.1080/08824096.2011.639910
- Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2007). The influence of behavioral inhibition/approach systems and message framing on the processing of persuasive health messages. Communication Research, 34, 433–467.
- Shue, C. K., Whitt, J. K., Daniel, L., & Shue, C. B. (2016). Promoting conversations between physicians and families about childhood obesity: Evaluation of physician communication training within a clinical practice. Health Communication, 31, 408–416.
- Slusher, M. P., & Anderson, C. A. (1996). Using causal persuasive arguments to change beliefs and teach new information: The mediating role of explanation availability and evaluation bias in the acceptance of knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 110–122.
- Smith, R. (2007). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma condition. Communication Theory, 17, 462–485. doi:10.1177/0018726709353954
- Smith, S. W., Hitt, R., Russell, J., Nazione, S., Silk, K., Atkin, C. K., & Keating, D. (2017). Risk belief and attitude formation from translated scientific messages about PFOA, an environmental risk associated with breast cancer. Health Communication, 32, 279–287. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1138350
- So, J., Prestin, A., Lee, L., Wang, Y., Yen, J., & Chou, W. S. (2016). What do people like to “share” about obesity? A content analysis of frequent retweets about obesity on Twitter. Health Communication, 31, 193–206. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.940675
- Stephens, K. K., Barrett, A. K., & Mahometa, M. J. (2013). Organizational communication in emergencies: Using multiple channels and sources to combat noise and capture attention. Human Communication Research, 39, 230-251. doi: 10.1111/hcre.2013.39.issue-20
- Story, M., Kaphingst, K. M., Robinson-O’Brien, R., & Glanz, K. (2008). Creating healthy food and eating environments: Policy and environmental approaches. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 253–272. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926
- Swinburn, B. A., Sacks, G., Hall, K. D., McPherson, K., Finegood, D. T., Moodie, M. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2011). The global obesity pandemic: Shaped by global drivers and local environments. The Lancet, 378, 804–814. doi:10.1016/SO140-6736(11)60813-1
- Vorpahl, M. M., & Yang, J. Z. (2017). Who is to blame? Framing HPV to influence vaccination intentions among college students. Health Communication, 1–8. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1289436
- Wake, Y., & Reeves, S. (2012). Factors that influence obesity in children at primary schools in England and France. Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 50, 2–9.
- Weiner, B. (1993). On sin versus sickness: A theory of perceived responsibility and social motivation. American Psychologist, 48, 957–965.
- Weiner, B. (2006). Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions: An attributional approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- World Health Organization (2014). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
- World Health Organization. (2017). 10 facts on the state of global health. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/global_burden/en/
- Wright, S. M., & Aronne, L. J. (2012). Causes of obesity. Abdominal Radiology, 37, 730-732. doi: 10.1007/s00261-012-9862-x
- Yang, J. Z., & Pittman, M. M. (2017). The silver lining of shame: Framing HPV to influence vaccination intentions. Health Communication, 32, 987–994.
- Yoo, J. H. (2013). No clear winner: Effects of The Biggest Loser on the stigmatization of obese persons. Health Communication, 28, 294–303.
- Yoo, J. H., & Kim, J. (2012). Obesity in the new media: A content analysis of obesity videos on YouTube. Health Communication, 27, 86–97.
- Young, R., Hinnant, A., & Leshner, G. (2016). Individual and social determinants of obesity in strategic health messages: Interaction with political ideology. Health Communication, 31, 903–910. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1018699
- Zhou, S., & Niederdeppe, J. (2017). The promises and pitfalls of personalization in narratives to promote social change. Communication Monographs, 84, 319-342. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2016.1246348