670
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

An Examination of Surprise and Emotions in the Processing of Anecdotal Evidence

ORCID Icon &

References

  • Allen, M., & Preiss, R. W. (1997). Comparing the persuasiveness of narrative and statistical evidence using meta‐analysis. Communication Research Reports, 14, 125–131. doi:10.1080/08824099709388654
  • Baesler, J. E., & Burgoon, J. K. (1994). The temporal effects of story and statistical evidence on belief change. Communication Research, 21, 582–602. doi:10.1177/009365094021005002
  • Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., Betsch, T., & Ulshöfer, C. (2010). The influence of vaccine-critical websites on perceiving vaccination risks. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 446–455. doi:10.1177/1359105309353647
  • Biocca, F., David, P., & West, M. (1994). Continuous response measurement (CRM): A computerized tool for research on the cognitive processing of communication messages. In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological response to media (pp. 15–64). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Block, L. G., & Keller, P. A. (1997). Effects of self-efficacy and vividness on the persuasiveness of health communications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6, 31–54. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp0601_02
  • Bradley, M. M. (2009). Natural selective attention: Orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology, 46, 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x
  • Brashers, D. E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. Journal of Communication, 51, 477–497. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x
  • Brashers, D. E. (2007). A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Hsieh, E. (2002). Information seeking and avoiding in health contexts. Human Communication Research, 28, 258–271. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00807.x
  • Brownson, R. C., Fielding, J. E., & Maylahn, C. M. (2009). Evidence-based public health: A fundamental concept for public health practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 30, 175–201. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100134
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
  • Carcioppolo, N., Yang, F., & Yang, Q. (2016). Reducing, maintaining, or escalating uncertainty? The development and validation of four uncertainty preference scales related to cancer information seeking and avoidance. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 979–988. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1184357
  • Dillard, J. P., & Peck, E. (2001). Persuasion and the structure of affect. Human Communication Research, 27, 38–68. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00775.x
  • Dixon, G. N., McKeever, B. W., Holton, A. E., Clarke, C., & Eosco, G. (2015). The power of a picture: Overcoming scientific misinformation by communicating weight-of-evidence information with visual exemplars. Journal of Communication, 65, 639–659. doi:10.1111/jcom.12159
  • Duncan, O. D. (1975). Introduction to structural equation models. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Eastin, M. S. (2001). Credibility assessments of online health information: The effects of source expertise and knowledge of content. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00126.x
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Simons, R. C. (1985). Is the startle reaction an emotion? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1416–1426. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1416
  • Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988a). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271–302. doi:10.1007/BF00993115
  • Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988b). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 301–331. doi:10.1080/02699938808412702
  • Enkin, M. W., & Jadad, A. R. (1998). Using anecdotal information in evidence-based health care: Heresy or necessity? Annals of Oncology, 9, 963–966. doi:10.1023/a:1008495101125
  • Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–724. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709
  • Feeley, T. H., Marshall, H. M., & Reinhart, A. M. (2006). Reactions to narrative and statistical written messages promoting organ donation. Communication Reports, 19, 89–100. doi:10.1080/08934210600918758
  • Feeley, T. H., O’Mally, A. K., & Covert, J. M. (2016). A content analysis of organ donation stories printed in U.S. newspapers: Application of newsworthiness. Health Communication, 31, 495–503. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.973549
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evantson, IL: Row, Peterson & Company.
  • Fetzer, J. H. (2004). Information: Does it have to be true? Minds and Machines, 14, 223–229. doi:10.1023/B:MIND.0000021682.61365.56
  • Fischer, G. W., Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Nair, I., & Lave, L. B. (1991). What risks are people concerned about. Risk Analysis, 11, 303–314. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00606.x
  • Foster, M. I., & Keane, M. T. (2015). Why some surprises are more surprising than others: Surprise as a metacognitive sense of explanatory difficulty. Cognitive Psychology, 81, 74–116. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.08.004
  • Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & Ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
  • Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the concept of credibility. The Journalism Quarterly, 63, 451–462. doi:10.1177/107769908606300301
  • Gustafsod, P. E. (1998). Gender differences in risk perception: Theoretical and methodological perspectives. Risk Analysis, 18, 805–811. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01123.x
  • Harless, D. W., & Camerer, C. F. (1994). The predictive utility of generalized expected utility theories. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 62, 1251–1289. doi:10.2307/2951749
  • Hoeken, H. (2001). Anecdotal, statistical, and causal evidence: Their perceived and actual persuasiveness. Argumentation, 15, 425–437. doi:10.1023/A:1012075630523
  • Hoeken, H., & Hustinx, L. (2007). The influence of additional information on the persuasiveness of flawed arguments by analogy. In F. H. van Eemeren, J. A. Blair, C. A. Willard, & B. Garssen (Eds.), Proceedings of the sixth conference of the International Society of Argumentation (pp. 625–630). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Sic Sat. Retrieved from. https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066%2F44826
  • Hoeken, H., & Hustinx, L. (2009). When is statistical evidence superior to anecdotal evidence in supporting probability claims? The role of argument type. Human Communication Research, 35, 491–510. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01360.x
  • Hogarth, R. M. (1975). Cognitive processes and the assessment of subjective probability distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 271–289. doi:10.1080/01621459.1975.10479858
  • Hohenemser, C., Kates, R. W., & Slovic, P. (1983). The nature of technological hazard. Science, 220, 378–384. doi:10.1126/science.6836279
  • Holyoak, K. J., & Thagard, P. (1996). Mental leaps: Analogy in creative thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20–31. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.1.20
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (1998). Cruising is believing?: Comparing internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 325–340. doi:10.1177/107769909807500208
  • Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Conditionals: A theory of meaning, pragmatics, and inference. Psychological Review, 109, 646–678. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.109.4.646
  • Juthe, A. (2005). Argument by analogy. Argumentation, 19, 1–27. doi:10.1007/s10503-005-2314-9
  • Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm—An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30, 3778–3789. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
  • Keelan, J., Pavri-Garcia, V., Tomlinson, G., & Wilson, K. (2007). YouTube as a source of information on immunization: A content analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2482–2484. doi:10.1001/jama.298.21.2482
  • Kreuter, M. W., Green, M. C., Cappella, J. N., Slater, M. D., Wise, M. E., Storey, D., … Woolley, S. (2007). Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 221–235. doi:10.1080/08836610701357922
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1992). A motivational analysis of emotion: Reflex-cortex connections. Psychological Science, 3, 44–49. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00255.x
  • Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095–1110. doi:10.1037/a0021846
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Leiserowitz, A. (2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values. Climatic Change, 77, 45–72. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9059-9
  • Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 473–493. doi:10.1080/026999300402763
  • Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267–286. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
  • Maguire, R., Maguire, P., & Keane, M. T. (2011). Making sense of surprise: An investigation of the factors influencing surprise judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 176–186. doi:10.1037/a0021609
  • Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Gomberg-Kaufman, S., & Blainey, K. (1991). A broader conception of mood experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 100–111. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.100
  • Meisel, Z. F., & Karlawish, J. (2011). Narrative vs evidence-based medicine—And, not or. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 2022–2023. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1648
  • Meleo-Erwin, Z., Basch, C., MacLean, S. A., Scheibner, C., & Cadorett, V. (2017). “To each his own”: Discussions of vaccine decision-making in top parenting blogs. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13, 1895–1901. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1321182
  • Meyer, W.-U., Niepel, M., Rudolph, U., & Schützwohl, A. (1991). An experimental analysis of surprise. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 295–311. doi:10.1080/02699939108411042
  • Meyer, W.-U., Reisenzein, R., & Schützwohl, A. (1997). Toward a process analysis of emotions: The case of surprise. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 251–274. doi:10.1023/A:1024422330338
  • Moore, A., & Stilgoe, J. (2009). Experts and anecdotes: The role of “anecdotal evidence” in public scientific controversies. Science, Technology & Human Values, 34, 654–677. doi:10.1177/0162243908329382
  • Nabi, R. L. (2015). Emotional flow in persuasive health messages. Health Communication, 30, 114–124. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.974129
  • Nunn, R. (2011). Mere anecdote: Evidence and stories in medicine. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17, 920–926. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01727.x
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1990). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peters, E. M., Burraston, B., & Mertz, C. K. (2004). An emotion-based model of risk perception and stigma susceptibility: Cognitive appraisals of emotion, affective reactivity, worldviews, and risk perceptions in the generation of technological stigma. Risk Analysis, 24, 1349–1367. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00531.x
  • Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In R. E. Petty & J. T. Cacioppo (Eds.), Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change (pp. 1–24). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., Priester, J. R., & Feinstein, A. H. (2001). Individual versus group interest violation: Surprise as a determinant of argument scrutiny and persuasion. Social Cognition, 19, 418–442. doi:10.1521/soco.19.4.418.20758
  • Ratzan, S. C. (2002). The plural of anecdote is not evidence. Journal of Health Communication, 7, 169–170. doi:10.1080/10810730290088058
  • Rieke, R. D., Sillars, M. O., & Peterson, T. R. (2013). Argumentation and critical decision making. New York, NY: Pearson.
  • Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A. A., & Jose, P. E. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 241–278. doi:10.1080/026999396380240
  • Rottenstreich, Y., & Hsee, C. K. (2001). Money, kisses, and electric shocks: On the affective psychology of risk. Psychological Science, 12, 185–190. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00334
  • Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M., Gray, J. A., Haynes, R. B., & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71
  • Schellens, P. J., & De Jong, M. (2004). Argumentation schemes in persuasive brochures. Argumentation, 18, 295–323. doi:10.1023/B:ARGU.0000046707.68172.35
  • Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotions (Vol. 2293, pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Sjoberg, L. (2000). Factors in risk perception. Risk Analysis, 20, 1–12. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00001
  • Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996). Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical evidence or anecdotes. Communication Research, 23, 210–235. doi:10.1177/009365096023002003
  • Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280–285. doi:10.1126/science.3563507
  • Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177, 1333–1352. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006
  • Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 322–325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
  • Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2012). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32, 957–972. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
  • Stephenson, M. T., Holbert, R. L., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2006). On the use of structural equation modeling in health communication research. Health Communication, 20, 159–167. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc2002_7
  • Tangherlini, T. R., Roychowdhury, V., Glenn, B., Crespi, C. M., Bandari, R., Wadia, A., … Bastani, R. (2016). “Mommy blogs” and the vaccination exemption narrative: Results from a machine-learning approach for story aggregation on parenting social media sites. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 2(2), e166. doi:10.2196/publichealth.6586
  • Teigen, K. H., & Keren, G. (2002). When are successes more surprising than failures? Cognition and Emotion, 16, 245–268. doi:10.1080/02699930143000275
  • Teigen, K. H., & Keren, G. (2003). Surprises: Low probabilities or high contrasts? Cognition, 87, 55–71. doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00201-9
  • Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548
  • Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61, 113–134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
  • Zillmann, D. (1971). Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 419–434. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90075-8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.