Grandparents’ Affectionate Communication toward Grandchildren and Grandchildren’s Mental Health Difficulties: The Moderating Role of Future Time Perspective

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2018). What is depression? Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. (2016, October 2). Anxiety and depression. Retrieved from http://www.bu.edu/today/2016/college-students-anxiety-and-depression/
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312, 1913–1915. doi:10.1126/science.1127488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.3.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen, L. L., & Lang, F. R. (1996). Future time perspective scale ( Unpublished manuscript). Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Civitci, A. (2015). Perceived stress and life satisfaction in college students: Belonging and extracurricular participation as moderators. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 271–281. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.077
   Google Scholar
• Colaner, C. W., Soliz, J., & Nelson, L. R. (2014). Communicatively managing religious identity difference in parent-child relationships: The role of accommodative and nonaccommodative communication. Journal of Family Communication, 14, 310–327. doi:10.1080/15267431.2014.945700
   Google Scholar
• Fingerman, K. L., Miller, L., & Charles, S. (2008). Saving the best for last: How adults treat social partners of different ages. Psychology and Aging, 23, 399–409. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerman, K. L., & Pitzer, L. M. (2007). Socialization in old age. In P. D. Hastings & J. E. Grusec (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 232–255). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. L., & Nussbaum, J. F. (2015). Maximizing wellness in successful aging and cancer coping: The importance of family communication from a socioemotional selectivity theoretical perspective. Journal of Family Communication, 15, 3–19. doi:10.1080/15267431.2014.946512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, K. (2006). Communicating affection: Interpersonal behavior and social context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, K. (2014a). Humans are people, too: Nurturing an appreciation for nature in communication research. Review of Communication Research, 2, 1–29. doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, K. (2014b). Relational and health correlates of affection deprivation. Western Journal of Communication, 78, 383–403. doi:10.1080/1057.0314.2014.927071
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, K., Hess, J. A., Miczo, L. A., Halone, K. K., Mikkelson, A. C., & Tusing, K. J. (2005). Human affection exchange: VIII. Further evidence of the benefits of expressed affection. Communication Quarterly, 53, 285–303. doi:10.1080/01463370500101071
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, K., & Hesse, C. (2017). Affection deprivation is conceptually and empirically distinct from loneliness. Western Journal of Communication, 81, 446–465. doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1263757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, K., & Morman, M. T. (1998). The measurement of affectionate communication. Communication Quarterly, 46, 144–162. doi:10.1080/01463379809370092
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, K., & Morman, M. T. (2000). Affection received from fathers as a predictor of men’s affection with their own sons: Tests of the modeling and compensation hypotheses. Communication Monographs, 67, 347–361. doi:10.1080/03637750009376516
   Google Scholar
• Folkman, S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and coping. In M. D. Gellman & J. R. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1913–1915). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, C. (2015). The role of shared family identity and future time perspective in shaping the outcomes of grandparents’ positive and negative social behaviors. Journal of Family Communication, 15, 20–40. doi:10.1080/15267431.2014.980822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruhauf, C. A. (2016). Grandparent-grandchild relations. In S. K. Whitbourne (Ed.), The encyclopedia of adulthood and aging (Vol. 1, pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118521373
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hayslip, B., & Kaminski, P. L. (2005). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: A review of the literature and suggestions for practice. The Gerontologist, 45, 262–269. doi:10.1093/geront/45.2.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, C., & Floyd, K. (2008). Affectionate experience mediates the effects of alexithymia on mental health and interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 793–810. doi:10.1177/0265407508096696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan, S. M., & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2010). Investing in affection: An investigation of affection exchange theory and relational qualities. Communication Quarterly, 58, 394–413. doi:10.1080/014333.73.2010.524876
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, J. A., & Hecht, M. L. (2009). Investigating the role of identity gaps among communicative and relational outcomes within the grandparent-grandchild relationship: The young adult grandchildren’s perspective. Western Journal of Communication, 73, 456–480. doi:10.1080/10570310903279067
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 451–455. doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang, F. R., & Carstensen, L. L. (2002). Time counts: Future time perspective, goals, and social relationships. Psychology and Aging, 17, 125–139. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2013a). Affectionate communication and relational characteristics in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Communication Reports, 26, 47–60. doi:10.1080/08934215.2013.798670
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2013b). College students’ mental health and their received affection from their grandparents. Communication Research Reports, 30, 157–168. doi:10.1080/08824096.2012.763028
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2013c). Further validity tests of the Grandchildren’s Received Affection Scale. Communication Research Reports, 30, 201–210. doi:10.1080/08824096.2013.806253
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2013d). The Grandchildren Received Affection Scale: Examining affectual solidarity factors. Southern Communication Journal, 78, 70–90. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2012.729124
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2014a). Grandparents’ expressed affection for their grandchildren: Examining the grandparents’ own psychological health. Communication Research Reports, 31, 329–338. doi:10.1080/08824096.2014.963218
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H. (2014b). Trust as a mediator between affection and relational maintenance in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Southern Communication Journal, 79, 180–200. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2014.814555
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H., & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2011). Grandparents’ expressions of affection for their grandchildren: Examining grandchildren’s relational attitudes and behaviors. Southern Communication Journal, 76, 424. doi:10.1080/1041794x.2010.508554
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, D. H., Floyd, K., & Soliz, J. (2017). Affectionate communication is associated with emotional and relational resources in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 15, 85–103. doi:10.1080/15350770.2017.1294007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2014). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. (2012, October 30). Moderated mediation. Retrieved from http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/11/5926.html?1519166069
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2017, April 10). Chapter 5, Example 5.13. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/usersguide/chap5/ex5.13.html
   Google Scholar
• Palomares, N. A., Giles, H., Soliz, J., & Gallois, C. (2016). Intergroup accommodation, social categories, and identities. In H. Giles (Ed.), Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts (pp. 123–151). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pauley, P. M., & Hesse, C. (2009). The effects of social support, depression, and stress on drinking behaviors in a college student sample. Communication Studies, 60, 493–508. doi:10.1080/1051097090360335
   Google Scholar
• Peer, J. W., Hillman, S. B., & Van Hoet, E. (2015). The effects of stress on the lives of emerging adult college students: An exploratory analysis. Adultspan Journal, 14, 90–99. doi:10.1002/adsp.12007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplau, L., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel, D. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20–40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, E. B., Giles, H., Bartolucci, G., & Henwood, K. (1986). Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly. Language and Communication, 6, 1–24. doi:10.1016/0271-5309(86)90002-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrodt, P., Ledbetter, A. M., & Ohrt, J. K. (2007). Parental confirmation and affection as mediators of family communication patterns and children’s mental well-being. Journal of Family Communication, 7, 23–46. doi:10.1080/15267430709336667
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, M., & Ruiz, S. (2006). Breaking the chain: How grandparents moderate the transmission of maternal depression to their children. Family Relations, 55, 601–612. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00429.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliz, J. (2007). Communicative predictors of a shared family identity: Comparison of grandchildren’s perceptions of family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparents. Journal of Family Communication, 7, 177–194. doi:10.1080/15267430701221636
   Google Scholar
• Soliz, J., & Harwood, J. (2006). Shared family identity, age salience, and intergroup contact: Investigation of the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Communication Monographs, 73, 87–107. doi:10.1080/03637750500534388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelle, C., Fruhauf, C. A., Orel, N., & Landry-Meyer, L. (2010). Grandparenting in the 21st century: Issues of diversity in grandparent-grandchild relationships. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 682–701. doi:10.1080/01634372.2010.516804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhlenberg, P., & Hammill, B. G. (1998). Frequency of grandparent contact with grandchild sets: Six factors that make a difference. The Gerontologist, 38, 276–285. doi:10.1093/geront/38.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, R. L., Wingate, L. R., Obasi, E. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). An empirical investigation of acculturative stress and ethnic identity as moderators for depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 75–82. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.1.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warttig, S. L., Forshaw, M. J., South, J., & White, A. K. (2013). New, normative, English-sample data for the Short Form Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 1617–1628. doi:10.1177/1359105313508346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D. B., & Strongman, K. T. (2006). Loneliness in the workplace: Construct definition and scale development. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35, 59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadzki, M. J., Graham, J. E., & Gerin, W. (2013). Rumination and anxiety mediate the effect of loneliness on depressed mood and sleep quality in college students. Health Psychology, 32, 212–222. doi:10.1037/a0029007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar