Language Barriers to Healthcare for Linguistic Minorities: The Case of Second Language-specific Health Communication Anxiety

References

• American Medical Association. (2004). Access to health-care and preventive services among Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2331–2333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, P. (1984). Training for certainty. Social Science & Medicine, 19, 949–956. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(84)90324-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, M., & Bucci, W. (1981). Studies in linguistic ambiguity and insecurity. Urban Health, 10, 36–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bélanger, M. (2003). Access to health care for the official language minority communities: Legal bases, current initiatives and future prospects. Ottawa, ON: Communications Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Benish, S. G., Quintana, S., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Culturally adapted psychotherapy and the legitimacy of myth: A direct-comparison meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 279–289. doi:10.1037/a0023626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloche, M. G., Balsa, A. I. G., McGuire, T. G., & Seiler, N. (2003). Clinical uncertainty and healthcare disparities. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 29, 203–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth-Butterfield, S., Chory, R., & Beynon, W. (1997). Communication apprehension and health communication and behaviors. Communication Quarterly, 45, 235–250.
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard, L., & Leis, A. (2008). La santé en français. In J. Y. Thériault, A. Gilbert, & L. Cardinal (Eds.), L’espace francophone en milieu minoritaire au Canada (pp. 351–381). Montréal, Québec: Fides.
   Google Scholar
• Bowden, C. L., & Burnstein, A. L. (1979). Psychosocial basis of medical practice (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, S. (2001). Language barriers in access to health care. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). London, England: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, J. (2012). What future for English-language health and services in Quebec? In R. Y. Bourhis (Ed.), Decline and prospects for the English-speaking communities of Quebec (pp. 215–244). Ottawa, ON: Heritage Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Ryder, A. G. (2019). Cultural-clinical psychology. In D. Cohen & S. Kitayama (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (2nd ed., pp. 365–394). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, T., Sleath, B., & Rubin, R. H. (2004). Influence of ethnicity and language concordance on physician-patient agreement about recommended changes in patient health behavior. Patient Education & Counseling, 53, 87–93. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00109-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, R. A., & Rhee, B. (1998). The impact of language as a barrier to effective health care in an underserved urban Hispanic community. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 65, 393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilworth, T. J., Mott, D., & Young, H. (2009). Pharmacists’ communication with Spanish-speaking patients: A review of the literature to establish an agenda for future research. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 5, 108–120. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2008.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doescher, M. P., Saver, B. G., Franks, P., & Fiscella, K. (2000). Racial and ethnic disparities in perceptions of physician style and trust. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 1156–1163. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.10.1156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doucerain, M. M., Vargas, S., & Ryder, A. G. (2017). Mixed-methods research: Integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches to the psychological study of culture. In N. Zane, G. Bernal, & F. T. L. Leong (Eds.), Cultural, racial, and ethnic psychology book series. Evidence-based psychological practice with ethnic minorities: Culturally informed research and clinical strategies (pp. 147–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Drapeau, A., Boyer, R., & Lesage, A. (2009). The influence of social anchorage on the gender difference in the use of mental health services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 36, 372–384. doi:10.1007/s11414-009-9168-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella, K., Franks, P., Doescher, M. P., & Saver, B. G. (2002). Disparities in health care by race, ethnicity, and language among the insured: Findings from a national sample. Medical Care, 40, 52–59. doi:10.1097/00005650-200201000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, G. (2005). The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: A systematic review. Medical Care Research and Review, 62, 255–299. doi:10.1177/1077558705275416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, R. D., & Sharf, B. F. (1981). The five interviewing techniques most frequently overlooked by primary care physicians. Behavioral Medicine, 8, 26–28.
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi, T., Burstin, H., Cook, E., Puopolo, A., Haas, J., Brennan, T., & Bates, D. (2000). Drug complications in outpatients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 15, 149–154. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.04199.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golin, C. E., DiMatteo, M. R., & Gelberg, L. (1996). The role of patient participation in the doctor visit: Implications for adherence to diabetes care. Diabetes Care, 19, 1153–1164. doi:10.2337/diacare.19.10.1153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S., Kaplan, S. H., & Ware, J. E., Jr. (1985). Expanding patient involvement in care: Effects on patient outcomes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 102, 520–528. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health interventions: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 531–548. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory of effective communication. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 281–322). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Guntzviller, L. M., Jensen, J. D., King, A. J., & Davis, L. A. (2011). The foreign language anxiety in a medical office scale: Developing and validating a measurement tool for Spanish-speaking individuals. Journal of Health Communication, 16, 849–869. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.561917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guntzviller, L. M., Yale, R. N., & Jensen, J. D. (2016). Foreign language communication anxiety outside of a classroom: Scale validation and curvilinear relationship with foreign language use. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 47, 605–625. doi:10.1177/0022022116635743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampers, L. C., Cha, S., Gutglass, D. J., Binns, H. J., & Krug, S. E. (1999). Language barriers and resource utilization in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics, 103, 1253–1256. doi:10.1542/peds.103.6.1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heritage, J., & Maynard, D. (Eds.). (2006). Communication in medical care: Interaction between primary care physicians and patients. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. J. (1991). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, D. J., & Covell, R. M. (1986). Health care usage by Hispanic outpatients as a function of primary language. Western Journal of Medicine, 144, 490–493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, E., Chen, A. H., Karliner, L. S., Agger-Gupta, N., & Mutha, S. (2006). The need for more research on language barriers in health care: A proposed research agenda. Milbank Quarterly, 84, 111–133. doi:10.1111/milq.2006.84.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, E. A. (2008). A better measure of patients’ need for interpreter services. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 1724–1725. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0759-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. L., Roter, D. L., Powe, N. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2004). Patient race/ethnicity and quality of patient-physician communication during medical visits. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 2084–2090. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44, 486–507. doi:10.1177/0049124114543236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lascaratou, C. (2007). The language of pain. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Averill, J. R. (1972). Emotion and cognition: With special reference to anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 242–284). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ley, P. (1988). Communicating with patients: Improving communication, satisfaction and compliance. New York, NY: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Logan, S., Steel, Z., & Hunt, C. (2016). Intercultural willingness to communicate within health services: Investigating anxiety, uncertainty, ethnocentrism and help seeking behaviour. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 54, 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. Modern Language Journal, 91, 564–576. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41, 85–117. doi:10.1111/lang.1991.41.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C. (1992). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 16–25. doi:10.1080/01463379209369817
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., Beatty, M. J., Kearney, P., & Plax, T. G. (1985). The content validity of the PRCA-24 as a measure of communication apprehension across communication contexts. Communication Quarterly, 33, 165–173. doi:10.1080/01463378509369595
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, B., Kulkarni, M., Andkhoie, M., Kendall, J., Gall, S., Chelladurai, S., … Farag, M. (2017). Determinants of self-reported mental health and utilization of mental health services in Canada. International Journal of Mental Health, 46, 299–311. doi:10.1080/00207411.2017.1345045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, S. (2005). Language in the cross-cultural encounter working with and without medical interpreters. In A. Georgiopoulos & J. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Perspectives in cross-cultural psychiatry (pp. 179–195). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, L. M. L., de Haes, J. C. J. M., Hoos, A. M., & Lammes, F. B. (1995). Doctor-patient communication: A review of the literature. Social Science Medicine, 40, 903–918. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)00155-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlenko, A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavo, R. (2007). Health communication: From theory to practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., … Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the world health organization world mental health surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785–795. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalowitz, N., Gatbonton, E., & Trofimovich, P. (2009). Links between ethnolinguistic affiliation, self-rated motivation and second language fluency: Are they mediated by psycholinguistic variables? In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 172–192). Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Segalowitz, N., & Kehayia, E. (2011). Exploring the determinants of Language Barriers in Health Care (LBHC): Toward a research agenda for the language sciences. Canadian Modern Language Review, 67, 480–507. doi:10.3138/cmlr.67.4.480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SelectSurvey [Computer software]. (2014). Retrieved from https://selectsurvey.net/
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, J., Kurtz, S., & Draper, J. (2013). Skills for communicating with patients (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Radcliffe Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, M., Buckman, R., Stewart, M., Maguire, P., Lipkin, M., Novack, D., & Till, J. (1991). Doctor-patient communication: The Toronto consensus statement. British Medical Journal, 303, 1385–1387. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6814.1385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, E. M., Valenzuela-Araujo, D., Zickafoose, J., Kieffer, E., & DeCamp, L. R. (2016). The “battle” of managing language barriers in health care. Clinical Pediatrics, 55, 1318–1327. doi:10.1177/0009922816629760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terui, S. (2017). Conceptualizing the pathways and processes between language barriers and health disparities: Review, synthesis and extension. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 19, 215–224. doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0322-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderpool, R. C., Kornfeld, J., Rutten, L. F., & Squires, L. (2009). Cancer information-seeking experiences: The implications of Hispanic ethnicity and Spanish language. Journal of Cancer Education, 24, 141–147. doi:10.1080/08858190902854772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinick, R. M., & Krauss, N. A. (2000). Racial/ethnic differences in children’s access to care. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1771–1774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., Katz, S. J., & Welch, H. G. (1997). Is language a barrier to the use of preventive services?. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12, 472–477. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00085.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2008. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Retrieved from http://libdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563703_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wirthlin Worldwide. (2001). New survey shows language barriers causing many Spanish-speaking Latinos to skip care. RWJF News Release. Washington, DC: RWJF(Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). Retrieved from http://www.hablamosjuntos.org/pdf_files/wirthlin_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wright, K. B., Frey, L., & Sopory, P. (2007). Willingness to communicate about health as an underlying trait of patient self-advocacy: the development of the willingness to communicate about health (WTCH) measure. Communication Studies, 58, 35–51. doi:10.1080/10510970601168673
   Google Scholar