852
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Red-Hot Reactance: Color Cues Moderate the Freedom Threatening Characteristics of Health PSAs

, &

References

  • Absi, E. G., Addy, M., & Adams, D. (1995). Dentine hypersensitivity: Uptake of toothpastes onto dentine and effects of brushing, washing and dietary acid–SEM in vitro study. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 22, 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1995.tb01561.x
  • Bagchi, R., & Cheema, A. (2012). The effect of red background color on willingness-to-pay: The moderating role of selling mechanism. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 947–960. doi:10.1086/666466
  • Berdon, J. K., Hornbrook, R. H., & Hayduk, S. E. (1974). An evaluation of six manual toothbrushes by comparing their effectiveness in plaque removal. Journal of Periodontology, 45, 496–499. doi:10.1902/jop.1974.45.7.496
  • Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Bruno, N., Martani, M., Corsini, C., & Oleari, C. (2013). The effect of the color red on consuming food does not depend on achromatic (Michelson) contrast and extends to rubbing cream on the skin. Appetite, 71, 307–313. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.012
  • Byrne, S., & Hart, P. S. (2009). The boomerang effect a synthesis of findings and a preliminary theoretical framework. Annals of the International Communication Association, 33, 3–37. doi:10.1080/23808985.2009.11679083
  • Chein, Y. (2011). Message framing and color combination in the perception of medical information. Psychological Reports, 108, 667–672. doi:10.2466/13.24.PR0.108.2.667-672
  • Chien, Y. H. (2013). Persuasiveness of online flu-vaccination promotional banners. Psychological Reports, 112, 365–374. doi:10.2466/01.13.PR0.112.2.365-374
  • Cho, H., & Salmon, C. T. (2006). Unintended effects of health communication campaigns. Journal of Communication, 57, 293–317. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00344.x
  • Dillard, J. P., & Shen, J. (2005). On the nature of reaction and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144–168. doi:10.1080/03637750500111815
  • Earp, B. D., Dill, B., Harris, J. L., Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013). No sign of quitting: Incidental exposure to “no smoking” signs ironically boosts cigarette‐approach tendencies in smokers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 2158–2162. doi:10.1111/jasp.12202
  • Elliot, A. J. (2019). A historically based review of empirical work on color and psychological functioning: Content, methods, and recommendations for future research. Review of General Psychology, 23, 177–200. doi:10.1037/gpr0000170
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Color-in-context theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 61–125. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00002-0
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Color psychology: Effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 95–120. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035
  • Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: Red enhances men’s attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1150–1164. doi:10.37/0022-3514.95.5.1150
  • Elliot, A. J., Payen, V., Brisswalter, J., Cury, F., & Thayer, J. F. (2011). A subtle threat cue, heart rate variability, and cognitive performance. Psychophysiology, 48, 1340–1345. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01216.x
  • Erceg‐Hurn, D. M., & Steed, L. G. (2011). Does exposure to cigarette health warnings elicit psychological reactance in smokers? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 219–237. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00710.x
  • Eysenck, H. J. (1941). A critical and experimental study of colour preferences. The American Journal of Psychology, 54, 385–394. doi:10.2307/1417683
  • Feltman, R., & Elliot, A. J. (2011). The influence of red on perceptions of relative dominance and threat in a competitive context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 308–314. doi:10.1123/jsep.33.2.308
  • Fetterman, A. K., Robinson, M. D., Elliot, R. D., & Gordon, A. J. (2011). Anger and seeing red: Perceptual sources of evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 311–316. doi:10.1177/1948550610390051
  • Genschow, O., Reutner, L., & Wänke, M. (2012). The color red reduces snack food and soft drink intake. Appetite, 58, 699–702. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.023
  • Gerend, M. A., & Sias, T. (2009). Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 999–1002. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.002
  • Goldhaber, G. M., & deTurck, M. A. (1989, October). A developmental analysis of warning signs: The case of familiarity and gender. In Proceedings of the human factors society annual meeting (Vol. 33, No. 15, pp. 1019–1023). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. doi:10.1177/154193128903301525
  • Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., Lourel, M., & Pascual, A. (2012). When drivers see red: Car color frustrators and drivers’ aggressiveness. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 166–169. doi:10.1002/ab.21416
  • Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2012). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39, 701–723. doi:10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hornik, R., Jacobsohn, L., Orwin, R., Piesse, A., & Kalton, G. (2008). Effects of the national youth anti-drug media campaign on youths. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 2229–2236. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849
  • Hovland, C. E., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Huang, L., & Lu, J. (2015). Eat with your eyes: Package color influences the expectation of food taste and healthiness moderated by external eating. Marketing Management, 25, 71–87.
  • Huang, L., & Lu, J. (2016). The impact of package color and the nutrition content labels on the perception of food healthiness and purchase intention. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 22, 191–218. doi:10.1080/10454446.2014.1000434
  • Kareklas, I., Muehling, D. D., & King, S. (2019). The effect of color and self-view priming in persuasive communications. Journal of Business Research, 98, 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.022
  • Kim, S., Levine, T. R., & Allen, M. (2017). The intertwined model of reactance for resistance and persuasive boomerang. Communication Research, 44, 931–951. doi:10.1177/0093650214548575
  • Kozup, J. C., Creyer, E. H., & Burton, S. (2003). Making healthful food choices: The influence of health claims and nutrition information on consumers’ evaluations of packaged food products and restaurant menu items. Journal of Marketing, 67, 19–34. doi:10.1509/jmkg.67.2.19.18608
  • Kuniecki, M., Pilarczyk, J., & Wichary, S. (2015). The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 212. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212
  • Lindsey, L. L. M. (2005). Anticipated guilt as behavioral motivation: An examination of appeals to help unknown others through bone marrow donation. Human Communication Research, 31, 453–481. doi:10.1093/hcr/31.4.453
  • Magee, R. G. (2012). Impression formation online. Journal of Media Psychology, 24, 124–133. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000070
  • Mays, D., Villanti, A., Niaura, R. S., Lindblom, E. N., & Strasser, A. A. (2019). The effects of varying electronic cigarette warning label design features on attention, recall, and product perceptions among young adults. Health Communication, 34, 317–324. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1372050
  • Mehta, R., Demmers, J., van Dolen, W. M., & Weinberg, C. B. (2017). When red means go: Non-normative effects of red under sensation seeking. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27, 91–97. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2016.04.004
  • Mehta, R., & Zhu, R. J. (2009). Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Science, 323, 1226–1229. doi:10.1037/e621092012-121
  • Moller, A. C., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Basic hue-meaning associations. Emotion, 9, 898–902. doi:10.1037/a0017811
  • Montazeri, S., Gonzalez, R., Yoon, C., & Papalambros, P. Y. (2012). Color, cognition, and recycling: How the design of everyday objects prompt behavior change. In DS 70: Proceedings of DESIGN 2012, the 12th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia (pp. 1363–1368).
  • Pechmann, C., & Slater, M. D. (2005). Social marketing messages that may motivate irresponsible consumption behavior. In S. Ratneshwar & D. G. Mick (Eds.), Inside consumption: Consumer motives, goals, and desires (pp. 185–207). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Perkins, H. W., Haines, M. P., & Rice, R. (2005). Misperceiving the college drinking norm and related problems: A nationwide study of exposure to prevention information, perceived norms and student alcohol misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 470–478. doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.470
  • Piotrowski, C., & Armstrong, T. (2012). Color Red: Implications for applied psychology and marketing research. Psychology and Education, 49, 55–57.
  • Quick, B. L., Kam, J. A., Morgan, S. E., Montero Liberona, C. A., & Smith, R. A. (2014). Prospect theory, discrete emotions, and freedom threats: An extension of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Communication, 65, 40–61. doi:10.1111/jcom.12134
  • Quick, B. L., Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2013). Reactance theory and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of persuasion (2nd ed., pp. 167–183). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 39, 47–73. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x
  • Ratcliff, C. L. (2019). Characterizing reactance in communication research: A review of conceptual and operational approaches. Communication Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0093650219872126.
  • Richards, A., & Fink, E. L. (2017). Attributional chromatics: How does color of written communication affect interpersonal perceptions? International Journal of Communication, 11, 1683–1704.
  • Richards, A. S., & Larsen, M. (2017). Anger expression moderates the effects of psychological reactance to sexual health messages. Health Communication, 32, 1491–1500. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1230811
  • Robertson, N. A. E., & Wade, A. B. (1972). Effect of filament diameter and density in toothbrushes. Journal of Periodontal Research, 7, 346–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1972.tb01725.x
  • Schuldt, J. P. (2013). Does green mean healthy? Nutrition label color affects perceptions of healthfulness. Health Communication, 28, 814–821. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.725270
  • Temple, J. L., Johnson, K. M., Archer, K., LaCarte, A., Yi, C., & Epstein, L. H. (2011). Influence of simplified nutrition labeling and taxation on laboratory energy intake in adults. Appetite, 57, 184–192. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.018
  • Ten Velden, F. S., Baas, M., Shalvi, S., Preenen, P. T., & De Dreu, C. K. (2012). In competitive interaction displays of red increase actors’ competitive approach and perceivers’ withdrawal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1205–1208. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.004
  • Vasiljevic, M., Pechey, R., & Marteau, T. M. (2015). Making food labels social: The impact of colour of nutritional labels and injunctive norms on perceptions and choice of snack foods. Appetite, 91, 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.034
  • Versteeg, P. A., Rosema, N. A. M., Timmerman, M. F., Van der Velden, U., & Van der Weijden, G. A. (2008). Evaluation of two soft manual toothbrushes with different filament designs in relation to gingival abrasion and plaque removing efficacy. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 6, 166–173. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00298.x
  • Voronets, J., Jaeggi, T., Buergin, W., & Lussi, A. (2008). Controlled toothbrush abrasion of softened human enamel. Caries Research, 42, 286–290. doi:10.1159/000148160
  • Voss, R. P., Jr, Corser, R., McCormick, M., & Jasper, J. D. (2018). Influencing health decision-making: A study of colour and message framing. Psychology & Health, 33, 941–954. doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1453509
  • Wagner, H. S., Howland, M., & Mann, T. (2015). Effects of subtle and explicit health messages on food choice. Health Psychology, 34, 79–82. doi:10.1037/hea0000045
  • Wiedemann, D., Burt, D. M., Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2015). Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger. Biology Letters, 11, 20150166. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0166
  • Wolburg, J. M. (2006). College students’ responses to antismoking messages: Denial, defiance, and other boomerang effects. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 40, 294–323. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00059.x
  • Young, S. G., Elliot, A. J., Feltman, R., & Ambady, N. (2013). Red enhances the processing of facial expressions of anger. Emotion, 13, 380. doi:10.1037/a0032471
  • Zimmer, S., Öztürk, M., Barthel, C. R., Bizhang, M., & Jordan, R. A. (2011). Cleaning efficacy and soft tissue trauma after use of manual toothbrushes with different bristle stiffness. Journal of Periodontology, 82, 267–271. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100328

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.