References
- Aspen, V., Darcy, A., & Lock, J. (2013). A review of attention biases in women with eating disorders. Cognition & Emotion, 27(5), 820–838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.749777
- Bachner-Melman, R., Zontag-Oren, E., Zohar, A. H., & Sher, H. (2018). Lives on the line: The online lives of girls and women with and without a lifetime eating disorder diagnosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02128
- Basterfield, A., Dimitropoulos, G., Bills, D., Cullen, O., & Freeman, V. E. (2018). “I would love to have online support but I don’t trust it”: Positive and negative views of technology from the perspective of those with eating disorders in Canada. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(4), 604–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12557
- Bert, F., Gualano, M. R., Camussi, E., & Siliquini, R. (2016). Risks and threats of social media websites: Twitter and the proana movement. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 19(4), 233–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0553
- Beumont, P. J. V. (2002). Clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In C. G. Fairburn & K. D. Brownell (Eds.), Eating disorders and obesity (pp. 162–170). Guilford.
- Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Campaioli, G., Sale, E., Simonelli, A., & Pomini, V. (2017). The dual value of the web: Risks and benefits of the use of the internet in disorders with a self-destructive component in adolescents and young adults. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9443-9
- Čevelíček, M., Šmahelová, M., & Šmahel, D. (2018). Professionals’ reflections about the impact of digital technologies on eating disorders. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2018.1446833
- Chancellor, S., Kalantidis, Y., Pater, J., De Choudhury, M., & Shamma, D. (2017). Multimodal classification of moderated online pro-eating disorder content. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 3213–3226). ACM. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025985
- Chancellor, S., Pater, J. A., Clear, T., Gilbert, E., & De Choudhury, M. (2016). #thyghgapp: Instagram content moderation and lexical variation in pro-eating disorder communities. Proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing (pp. 1201–1213). ACM. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819963
- DeJong, H., Broadbent, H., & Schmidt, U. (2012). A systematic review of dropout from treatment in outpatients with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(5), 635–647. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20956
- DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1998). Toward a comprehensive, transtheoretical model of change: Stages of change and addictive behaviors. In Treating addictive behaviors (2nd ed., pp. 3–24). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1934-2_1
- Dolan, R., Conduit, J., Fahy, J., & Goodman, S. (2016). Social media engagement behaviour: A uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(3–4), 261–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095222
- Ebeling, H., Tapanainen, P., Joutsenoja, A., Koskinen, M., Morin-Papunen, L., Jarvi, L., Hassinen, R., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Rissanen, A., & Wahlbeck, K. (2003). A practice guideline for treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Annals of Medicine, 35(7), 488–501. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890310000727
- Farstad, S. M., McGeown, L. M., & von Ranson, K. M. (2016). Eating disorders and personality, 2004–2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 91–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.005
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
- Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. (2011). Social psychological theories of disordered eating in college women: Review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1224–1237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.011
- Ghaznavi, J., & Taylor, L. D. (2015). Bones, body parts, and sex appeal: An analysis of #thinspiration images on popular social media. Body Image, 14, 54–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.006
- Ging, D., & Garvey, S. (2017). “Written in these scars are the stories I can’t explain”: A content analysis of pro-ana and thinspiration image sharing on Instagram. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1181–1200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816687288
- Grucza, R. A., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.08.002
- Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Sage Publications.
- Harshbarger, J. L., Ahlers-Schmidt, C. R., Mayans, L., Mayans, D., & Hawkins, J. H. (2009). Pro-anorexia websites: What a clinician should know. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(4), 367–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20608
- Hasler, G., Delsignore, A., Milos, G., Buddeberg, C., & Schnyder, U. (2004). Application of Prochaska’s transtheoretical model of change to patients with eating disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00562-2
- Hesse-Biber, S., Leavy, P., Quinn, C. E., & Zoino, J. (2006). The mass marketing of disordered eating and eating disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2006.03.007
- Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2017). “Strong beats skinny every time”: Disordered eating and compulsive exercise in women who post fitspiration on Instagram. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22559
- Hwang, K. O., Ottenbacher, A. J., Green, A. P., Cannon-Diehl, M. R., Richardson, O., Bernstam, E. V., & Thomas, E. J. (2010). Social support in an Internet weight loss community. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.10.003
- Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/268109
- Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). On the use of the mass media as “escape”: Clarification of a concept. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 377–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/267111
- Kazdin, A. E., Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Wilfley, D. E. (2017). Addressing critical gaps in the treatment of eating disorders. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(3), 170–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22670
- Keel, P. K., & Forney, K. J. (2013). Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(5), 433–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22094
- Kendal, S., Kirk, S., Elvey, R., Catchpole, R., & Pryjmachuk, S. (2017). How a moderated online discussion forum facilitates support for young people with eating disorders. Health Expectations, 20(1), 98–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12439
- Kiefner-Burmeister, A., & Musher-Eizenman, D. (2018). The benefits and trajectory of digital editing-based media literacy among girls. Mass Communication and Society, 21(5), 631–656. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1465097
- Lilenfeld, L. R. R., Wonderlich, S., Riso, L. P., Crosby, R., & Mitchell, J. (2006). Eating disorders and personality: A methodological and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(3), 299–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.10.003
- Maine, M., McGilley, B. H., & Bunnell, D. W. (2010). Treatment of eating disorders: Bridging the research-practice gap. Elsevier.
- McCormack, A. (2010). Individuals with eating disorders and the use of online support groups as a form of social support. Computers, Informatics, Nursing : CIN, 28(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181c04b06
- McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2016). The role of media literacy in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: A systematic review. Body Image, 19, 9–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.002
- Mitchison, D., Hay, P., Slewa-Younan, S., & Mond, J. (2014). The changing demographic profile of eating disorder behaviors in the community. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-943
- Munsch, S., Wyssen, A., Vanhulst, P., Lalanne, D., Steinemann, S. T., & Tuch, A. (2019). Binge-eating disorder treatment goes online – feasibility, usability, and treatment outcome of an Internet-based treatment for binge-eating disorder: Study protocol for a three-arm randomized controlled trial including an immediate treatment, a waitlist, and a placebo control group. Trials, 20(1), 128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3192-z
- Nagl, M., Jacobi, C., Paul, M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2016). Prevalence, incidence, and natural course of anorexia and bulimia nervosa among adolescents and young adults. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8), 903–918. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0808-z
- Omar, B., & Dequan, W. (2020). Watch, share or create: The influence of personality traits and user motivation on TikTok mobile video usage. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 14(4), 121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i04.12429
- Pater, J., Farrington, B., Brown, A., Reining, L., Toscos, T., & Mynatt, E. (2019). Exploring indicators of digital self-harm with eating disorder patients: A case study. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (vol. 3, pp. 1–26). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3359186
- Peebles, R., Wilson, J. L., Litt, I. F., Hardy, K. K., Lock, J. D., Mann, J. R., & Borzekowski, D. L. G. (2012). Disordered eating in a digital age: Eating behaviors, health, and quality of life in users of websites with pro-eating disorder content. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(5), e148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2023
- Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11), 363–377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
- Pinkasavage, E., Arigo, D., & Schumacher, L. M. (2015). Social comparison, negative body image, and disordered eating behavior: The moderating role of coping style. Eating Behaviors, 16, 72–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.014
- Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2001). Stages of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 443–448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.443
- Rodgers, R. F. (2016). The relationship between body image concerns, eating disorders and internet use, part II: An integrated theoretical model. Adolescent Research Review, 1(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-015-0017-5
- Rodgers, R. F., Lowy, A. S., Halperin, D. M., & Franko, D. L. (2016). A meta-analysis examining the influence of pro-eating disorder websites on body image and eating pathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 24(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2390
- Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 706–713. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000013
- Rodgers, R. F., & Melioli, T. (2016). The relationship between body image concerns, eating disorders and internet use, part I: A review of empirical support. Adolescent Research Review, 1(2), 95–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-015-0016-6
- Rohde, P., Stice, E., & Marti, C. N. (2015). Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: Implications for prevention efforts. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270
- Roncero, M., Belloch, A., Perpina, C., & Treasure, J. (2013). Ego-syntonicity and ego-dystonicity of eating-related intrusive thoughts in patients with eating disorders. Psychiatry Research, 208(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.006
- Rubin, A. M. (2009). Uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 165–184). Routledge.
- Saffran, K., Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Kass, A. E., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., & Trockel, M. (2016). Facebook usage among those who have received treatment for an eating disorder in a group setting. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(8), 764–777. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22567
- Santarossa, S., & Woodruff, S. J. (2017). #SocialMedia: Exploring the relationship of social networking sites on body image, self-esteem, and eating disorders. Social Media+ Society, 3(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117704407
- Schmidt, R., Lüthold, P., Kittel, R., Tetzlaff, A., & Hilbert, A. (2016). Visual attentional bias for food in adolescents with binge-eating disorder.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 80, 22–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.016
- Shin, D.-H. (2010). Understanding e-book users: Uses and gratification expectancy model. New Media & Society, 13(2), 260–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810372163
- Shingleton, R. M., Richards, L. K., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2013). Using technology within the treatment of eating disorders: A clinical practice review. Psychotherapy, 50(4), 576–582. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031815
- Šmahel, D., Macháčková, H., Šmahelová, M., Čevelíček, M., Almenara, C. A., & Holubčíková, J. (2018). Digital technology, eating behaviors, and eating disorders. Springer International Publishing.
- Šmahelová, M., Čevelíček, M., Nehybková, E., Šmahel, D., & Čermák, I. (2019). Is it important to talk about technologies with eating disorder clients? The health-care professional perspective. Health Communication, 34(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384354
- Smith, N., Wickes, R., & Underwood, M. (2015). Managing a marginalised identity in pro-anorexia and fat acceptance cybercommunities. Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 950–967. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783313486220
- Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004). Determining uses and gratifications for the Internet. Decision Sciences, 35(2), 259–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x
- Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827
- Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2018). Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.05.003
- Teufel, M., Hofer, E., Junne, F., Sauer, H., Zipfel, S., & Giel, K. E. (2013). A comparative analysis of anorexia nervosa groups on Facebook. Eating and Weight Disorders?: EWD, 18(4), 413–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-013-0050-y
- Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 181–183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00144
- Traviss-Turner, G. D., West, R. M., & Hill, A. J. (2017). Guided self-help for eating disorders: A systematic review and metaregression. European Eating Disorders Review?: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 25(3), 148–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2507
- Tubaro, P., & Mounier, L. (2014). Sociability and support in online eating disorder communities: Evidence from personal networks. Network Science, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/nws.2014.6
- van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K., Obremski-Brandon, K., & Coovert, M. (2002). The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(5), 1007–1020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3
- Waller, G. (2012). The myths of motivation: Time for a fresh look at some received wisdom in the eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20900
- Wang, T., Brede, M., Ianni, A., & Mentzakis, E. (2018). Social interactions in online eating disorder communities: A network perspective. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0200800. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200800
- Wilson, J. L., Peebles, R., Hardy, K. K., & Litt, I. F. (2006). Surfing for thinness: A pilot study of pro-eating disorder web site usage in adolescents with eating disorders. Pediatrics, 118(6), e1635–e1643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1133
- Yilmaz, Z., Hardaway, J. A., & Bulik, C. M. (2015). Genetics and epigenetics of eating disorders. Advances in Genomics and Genetics, 5, 131–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/AGG.S55776