538
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Pornography Consumption and Condomless Sex among Emerging U.S. Adults: Results from Six Nationally Representative Surveys

References

  • Andrucci, G. L., Archer, R. P., Pancoast, D. L., & Gordon, R. A. (1989). The relationship of MMPI and sensation seeking scales to adolescent drug use. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5302_4
  • Beggan, J. K. (2020). The cum shot (re)interpreted in terms of contamination and control. Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities, 1(2), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.3167/jbsm.2020.010204
  • Bonar, E. E., Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Blow, F. C., Barry, K. L., Booth, B. M., & Walton, M. A. (2014). Prescription drug misuse and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.259
  • Braithwaite, S. R., Givens, A., Brown, J., & Fincham, F. (2015). Is pornography consumption associated with condom use and intoxication during hookups? Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(10), 1155–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1042920
  • Bridges, A. J., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., Sun, C., & Liberman, R. (2010). Aggression and sexual behavior in best-selling pornography videos: A content analysis update. Violence Against Women, 16(10), 1065–1085. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210382866
  • Brown, J. D., L’ Engle, K. L., Pardun, C. J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts Black and White adolescents’ sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018–1027. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1406
  • Burns, J. C., & Arnault, D. (2019). Examining attitudes, norms, and perceived control: Young African American males’ views of social media as a mode for condom use education. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1588840
  • Carroll, J. S., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Olson, C. D., McNamara Barry, C., & Madsen, S. D. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(1), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407306348
  • Chappell, B. (2016). Condom mandate for porn industry falls short in California. National Public Radio. www.npr.org
  • Charania, M. R., Crepaz, N., Guenther-Gray, C., Henny, K., Liau, A., Willis, L. A., & Lyles, C. M. (2011). Efficacy of structural-level condom distribution interventions: A meta-analysis of US and international studies, 1998–2007. AIDS and Behavior, 15(7), 1283–1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9812-y
  • Chirinda, W., & Peltzer, K. (2014). Correlates of inconsistent condom use among youth aged 18–24 years in South Africa. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2013.877912
  • Clarke, R. D., Fernandez, S. B., Morris, S. L., Howard, M., Wagner, E. F., & Wales, E. (2020). Getting their feet in the door: Communication cues to action for HIV testing and condom use behaviors among Hispanic/Latinx college students. Journal of Primary Prevention. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-020-00610-3
  • Crabbe, M., & Flood, M. (2021). School-based education to address pornography’s influence on young people: A proposed practice framework. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 16(1), 1–37. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2020.1856744
  • Daneback, K., Traeen, B., & Mansson, S. A. (2009). Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 746–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9314-4
  • Dariotis, J. K., & Johnson, M. W. (2015). Sexual discounting among high-risk youth ages 18–24: Implications for sexual and substance use risk behaviors. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038399
  • Davis, A. C., Carrotte, E. R., Hellard, M. E., & Lim, M. S. (2018). What behaviors do young heterosexual Australians see in pornography? Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1417350
  • Dawson, K., Nic Gabhainn, S., & MacNeela, P. (2020). Toward a model of porn literacy: Core concepts, rationales, and approaches. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1556238
  • Downing, M. J., Schrimshaw, E. W., Antebi, N., & Siegel, K. (2014). Sexually explicit media on the Internet: A content analysis of sexual behaviors, risk, and media characteristics in gay male adult videos. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(4), 811–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0121-1
  • Eaton, L. A., Cain, D. N., Pope, H., Garcia, J., & Cherry, C. (2012). The relationship between pornography use and sexual behaviours among at-risk HIV-negative men who have sex with men. Sexual Health, 9(2), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH10092
  • Feinstein, B. A., Moran, K. O., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Differences in HIV risk behaviors between self-identified gay and bisexual young men who are HIV-negative. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1148-0
  • Fortenberry, J. D., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Sanders, S. A., Dodge, B., & Reece, M. (2010). Sexual behaviors and condom use at last vaginal intercourse: A national sample of adolescents ages 14 to 17 years. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(S1), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02018.x
  • Gagnon, J. H., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Aldine.
  • Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E., & Fish, J. N. (2010). Free adult Internet web sites. Gender Issues, 27(3), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-010-9095-7
  • Grudzen, C. R., Elliott, M. N., Kerndt, P. R., Schuster, M. A., Brook, R. H., & Gelberg, L. (2009). Condom use and high-risk sexual acts in adult films: A comparison of heterosexual and homosexual films. American Journal of Public Health, 99(S1), S152–S156. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127035
  • Heidinger, B., Gorgens, K., & Morgenstern, J. (2015). The effects of sexual sensation seeking and alcohol use on risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 19(3), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0871-3
  • Hennessy, M., Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2009). Estimating the longitudinal association between adolescent sexual behavior and exposure to sexual media content. Journal of Sex Research, 46(6), 586–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902898736
  • Hensel, D. J., Stupiansky, N. W., Reece, M., & Herbenick, D. (2012). Predictors of emerging adult men’s sexual pleasure during condom-protected vaginal sex. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), 1272–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.084
  • Hertlein, K. M., Emmers-Sommer, T. M., & Kennedy, M. A. (2014). Testing a model predicting risky sexual behavior. Marriage & Family Review, 50(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2013.851638
  • International Planned Parenthood Federation. (2019). Condoms. International Planned Parenthood Federation. www.ippf.org/blogs/condoms-which-these-five-right-you
  • Jeffries, W. L., & Dodge, B. (2007). Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 44(3), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701443973
  • Jensen, M., Chassin, L., & Gonzales, N. A. (2017). Neighborhood moderation of sensation seeking effects on adolescent substance use initiation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(9), 1953–1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0647-y
  • Jensen, R. (2007). Getting off: Pornography and the end of masculinity. South End Press.
  • Koletic, G. (2017). Longitudinal associations between the use of sexually explicit material and adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors: A narrative review of studies. Journal of Adolescence, 57, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.006
  • Koletic, G., Stulhofer, A., Tomic, I., & Cuca, J. (2019). Associations between Croatian adolescents’ use of sexually explicit material and risky sexual behavior: A latent growth curve modeling approach. International Journal of Sexual Health, 31(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2019.1567640
  • Laws, J. L., & Schwartz, P. (1977). Sexual scripts: The social construction of female sexuality. Dryden.
  • Lipton, S. (2012). Pleasure, possibility and the future of queer porn. New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film, 10(11), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1386/ncin.10.2-3.197_1
  • Luder, M. T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Akré, C., Michaud, P. A., & Surís, J. C. (2011). Associations between online pornography and sexual behavior among adolescents: Myth or reality? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0
  • Malamuth, N. M. (1996). Sexually explicit media, gender differences, and evolutionary theory. Journal of Communication, 46(3), 8–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01486.x
  • Malmberg, M., Overbeek, G., Monshouwer, K., Lammers, J., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). Substance use risk profiles and associations with early substance use in adolescence. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33(6), 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-010-9278-4
  • Martyniuk, U., Briken, P., Sehner, S., Richter-Appelt, H., & Dekker, A. (2016). Pornography use and sexual behavior among Polish and German university students. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 42(6), 494–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2015.1072119
  • Mattebo, M., Tyden, T., Haggstrom-Nordin, E., Nilsson, K. W., & Larsson, M. (2016). Pornography consumption among adolescent girls in Sweden. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 21(4), 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2016.1186268
  • Milhausen, R. R., McKay, A., Graham, C. A., Crosby, R. A., Yarber, W. L., & Sanders, S. A. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of condom use in a national sample of Canadian university students. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 22(3), 142–151. h ttps://d oi.o rg/142-151.10.31 38/cjhs.2316
  • Miller, D. J., McBain, K. A., & Raggatt, P. T. (2019). An experimental investigation into pornography’s effect on men’s perceptions of the likelihood of women engaging in porn-like sex. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000202
  • Mimiaga, M. J., Reisner, S. L., Bland, S. E., Driscoll, M. A., Cranston, K., Isenberg, D., VanDerwarker, R., & Mayer, K. H. (2011). Sex parties among urban MSM: An emerging culture and HIV risk environment. AIDS and Behavior, 15(2), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9809-6
  • Moran, R., & Farley, M. (2019). Consent, coercion, and culpability: Is prostitution stigmatized work or an exploitive and violent practice rooted in sex, race, and class inequality? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1371-8
  • Mullinax, M., Sanders, S., Dennis, B., Higgins, J., Fortenberry, J. D., & Reece, M. (2017). How condom discontinuation occurs: Interviews with emerging adult women. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1143440
  • Mustanski, B., Swann, G., Newcomb, M. E., & Prachand, N. (2017). Effects of parental monitoring and knowledge on substance use and HIV risk behaviors among young men who have sex with men: Results from three studies. AIDS and Behavior, 21(7), 2046–2058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1761-2
  • Nasrullah, M., Oraka, E., Chavez, P. R., Johnson, C. H., & DiNenno, E. (2017). Factors associated with condom use among sexually active US adults, national survey of family growth, 2006–2010 and 2011–2013. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(4), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.02.015
  • Packard, T., & Schraibman, M. (1993). Lesbian pornography: Escaping the bonds of sexual stereotypes and strengthening our ties to one another. UCLA Women’s Law Journal, 4(2), 299–328.
  • Perry, S. L. (2018). Pornography use and marital separation: Evidence from two-wave panel data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(6), 1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1080-8
  • Perry, S. L. (2020). Pornography and relationship quality: Establishing the dominant pattern by examining pornography use and 31 measures of relationship quality in 30 national surveys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1199–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01616-7
  • Perry, S. L., & Schleifer, C. (2018). Till porn do us part? A longitudinal examination of pornography use and divorce. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1317709
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit material on the Internet. Communication Research, 33(2), 178–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205285369
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The influence of sexually explicit internet material on sexual risk behavior: A comparison of adolescents and adults. Journal of Health Communication, 16(7), 750–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.551996
  • Prestage, G., Jin, F., Bavinton, B., & Hurley, M. (2014). Sex workers and their clients among Australian gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 18(7), 1293–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0755-6
  • Reece, M., Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Sanders, S. A., Dodge, B., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010). Condom use rates in a national probability sample of males and females ages 14 to 94 in the United States. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(S5), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02017.x
  • Rink, E., & FourStar, K. (2012). Pregnancy prevention among American Indian men ages 18 to 24. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research: The Journal of the National Center, 19(2), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.1901.2012.57
  • Rosser, S., Smolenski, D. J., Erickson, D., Iantaffi, A., Brady, S. S., Grey, J. A., Hald, G. M., Horvath, G. K., Traeen, B., & Wilkerson, J. T. (2013). The effects of gay sexually explicit media on the HIV risk behavior of men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 17(4), 1488–1498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0454-8
  • Rothman, E. F., Daley, N., & Alder, J. (2020). A pornography literacy program for adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 110(2), 154–156. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305468
  • Rothman, E. F., Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., Jansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). “Without porn … I wouldn’t know half the things I know now”: A qualitative study of pornography use. Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 736–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.960908
  • Salmeron-Sanchez, P., Ballester-Arnal, R., Gil-Llario, M. D., & Morell-Mengual, V. (2017). Sexual compulsivity and sexual sensation seeking: A preliminary approach among male sex workers compared to gay men in Spain. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2015.1114547
  • Salmon, C. (2012). The pop culture of sex: An evolutionary window on the worlds of pornography and romance. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027910
  • Sanders, S. A., Reece, M., Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Dodge, B., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010). Condom use during most recent vaginal intercourse event among a probability sample of adults in the United States. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(S5), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02011.x
  • Schrimshaw, E. W., Antebi-Gruszka, N., & Downing, M. J., Jr. (2016). Viewing of internet-based sexually explicit media as a risk factor for condomless anal sex among men who have sex with men in four US cities. PloS One, 11(4), e0154439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154439
  • Scott-Sheldon, L. A., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Warren, M. R., Johnson, B. T., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Efficacy of behavioral interventions to increase condom use and reduce sexually transmitted infections: A meta-analysis, 1991 to 2010. JAIDS, 58(5), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31823554d7
  • Sinkovic, M., Stulhofer, A., & Bozic, J. (2013). Revisiting the association between pornography use and risky sexual behaviors: The role of early exposure to pornography and sexual sensation seeking. Journal of Sex Research, 50(7), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.681403
  • Sun, C., Bridges, A., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., & Liberman, R. (2008). A comparison of male and female directors in popular pornography: What happens when women are at the helm? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(3), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00439.x
  • Teichman, M., Barnea, Z., & Ravav, G. (1989). Personality and substance use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Addiction, 84(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00567.x
  • Teran, L., & Dajches, L. (2020). The pornography “how-to” script: The moderating role of consent attitudes on pornography consumption and sexual refusal assertiveness. Sexuality & Culture, 24(6), 2098–2112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09739-z
  • The General Social Survey. (2020). About the GSS. NORC at the University of Chicago. www.gss.norc.org/About-The-GSS
  • Thomas, T. L., Yarandi, H. N., Dalmida, S. G., Frados, A., & Klienert, K. (2015). Cross-cultural differences and sexual risk behavior of emerging adults. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614524791
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & McKinley, C. J. (2015). US adults’ pornography viewing and support for abortion: A three-wave panel study. Health Communication, 30(6), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.875867
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Roskos, J. E. (2019). Pornography and impersonal sex. Human Communication Research, 45(1), 78–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy014
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Vangeel, L. (2020). Is pornography consumption a risk factor for condomless sex? Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqaa005
  • United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2016). UNAIDS calls for 20 billion condoms by 2020. United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. www.unaids.org/en/resources
  • Vannier, S. A., Currie, A. B., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2014). Schoolgirls and soccer Moms: A content analysis of free “Teen” and “MILF” online pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.829795
  • Voisin, D. R., Tan, K., & DiClemente, R. J. (2013). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between sexual sensation seeking and STI-related risk factors among African American females. AIDS Education and Prevention, 25(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2013.25.2.124
  • Whitfield, T. H., Rendina, H. J., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). Sexually explicit media and condomless anal sex among gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 22(2), 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1952-x
  • Widman, L., Noar, S. M., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Francis, D. B. (2014). Adolescent sexual health communication and condom use: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 33(10), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000112
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Condoms. www.who.int/hiv/amds/condoms/en/
  • Wright, P. J. (2009). Father-child sexual communication in the United States: A review and synthesis. Journal of Family Communication, 9(4), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430903221880
  • Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 343–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2011.11679121
  • Wright, P. J. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of US adults’ pornography exposure: Sexual socialization, selective exposure, and the moderating role of unhappiness. Journal of Media Psychology, 24(2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000063
  • Wright, P. J. (2013). A three-wave longitudinal analysis of preexisting beliefs, exposure to pornography, and attitude change. Communication Reports, 26(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2013.773053
  • Wright, P. J. (2014). Pornography and the sexual socialization of children: Current knowledge and a theoretical future. Journal of Children and Media, 8(3), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2014.923606
  • Wright, P. J. (2015). Americans’ attitudes toward premarital sex and pornography consumption: A national panel analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0353-8
  • Wright, P. J. (2020). Media and sexuality. In M. B. Oliver, A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 227–242). Routledge.
  • Wright, P. J. (2021). Pornographic socialization as selective-exposure: Let it go, let it go II. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(2), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922
  • Wright, P. J., & Bae, S. (2013). Pornography consumption and attitudes toward homosexuality: A national longitudinal study. Human Communication Research, 39(4), 492–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12009
  • Wright, P. J., & Stulhofer, A. (2019). Adolescent pornography use and the dynamics of perceived pornography realism: Does seeing more make it more realistic? Computers in Human Behavior, 95, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.024
  • Wright, P. J., Sun, C., Steffen, N. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Pornography, alcohol, and male sexual dominance. Communication Monographs, 82(2), 252–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.981558
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). Consumption of pornography, perceived peer norms, and condomless sex. Health Communication, 31(8), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1022936
  • Wright, P. J., & Vangeel, L. (2019). Pornography, permissiveness, and sex differences: An evaluation of social learning and evolutionary explanations. Personality and Individual Differences, 143(1), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.019
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2016). A national study of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB), and non-LGB youth sexual behavior online and in-person. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(6), 1357–1372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0491-7
  • Zhou, Y., & Paul, B. (2016). Lotus blossom or dragon lady: A content analysis of “Asian women” online pornography. Sexuality & Culture, 20(4), 1083–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9375-9
  • Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Cambridge University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.