How Does Social Media Exposure and Engagement Influence College Students’ Use of ENDS Products? A Cross-lagged Longitudinal Study

References

• Ali, F. R. M., Marynak, K. L., Kim, Y., Binns, S., Emery, S. L., Gomez, Y., & King, B. A. (2020). E-cigarette advertising expenditures in the United States, 2014–2018. Tobacco Control. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://www.slocoe.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/E-Cigarette-Advertising-Expenditures-in-the-United-States-2014-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Allem, J. P., Dharmapuri, L., Unger, J. B., & Cruz, T. B. (2018). Characterizing JUUL-related posts on Twitter. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Electronic nicotine delivery systems. Pediatrics, 136(5), 1018–1026. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskerville, N. B., Azagba, S., Norman, C., McKeown, K., & Brown, K. S. (2015). Effect of a digital social media campaign on young adult smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biener, L., & Albers, A. B. (2004). Young adults: Vulnerable new targets of tobacco marketing. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 326–330. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.2.326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradac, J. J. (2001). Theory comparison: Uncertainty reduction, problematic integration, uncertainty management, and other curious constructs. Journal of Communication, 51(3), 456–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02891.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, E. I., Stevens, E. M., Wagener, T. L., Leavens, E. L., Morgan, T. L., Cotton, W. D., & Hébert, E. T. (2019). A content analysis of JUUL discussions on social media: Using Reddit to understand patterns and perceptions of JUUL use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 358–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chen-Sankey, J. C., Unger, J. B., Bansal-Travers, M., Niederdeppe, J., Bernat, E., & Choi, K. (2019). E-cigarette marketing exposure and subsequent experimentation among youth and young adults. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20191119. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa066082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, E. M., Jones, C. A., Williams, J. R., Kurti, A. N., Norotsky, M. C., Danforth, C. M., & Dodds, P. S. (2016). Vaporous marketing: Uncovering pervasive electronic cigarette advertisements on Twitter. PLoS One, 11(7), e0157304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clendennen, S. L., Loukas, A., Vandewater, E. A., Perry, C. L., & Wilkinson, A. V. (2020). Exposure and engagement with tobacco-related social media and associations with subsequent tobacco use among young adults: A longitudinal analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 213, 108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, T. B., McConnell, R., Low, B. W., Unger, J. B., Pentz, M. A., Urman, R., Berhane, K., Chou, C. P., Liu, F., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2019). Tobacco marketing and subsequent use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and hookah in adolescents. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 21(7), 926–932. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2019). Prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults in the United States, 2014-2018. JAMA, 322(18), 1824–1827. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.15331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depue, J. B., Southwell, B. G., Betzner, A. E., & Walsh, B. M. (2015). Encoded exposure to tobacco use in social media predicts subsequent smoking behavior. American Journal of Health Promotion, 29(4), 259–261. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130214-ARB-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Y., Liu, B., Xu, G., Rong, S., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Snetselaar, L. G., Wallace, R. B., & Bao, W. (2020). Association of electronic cigarette regulations with electronic cigarette use among adults in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 3(1), e1920255–e1920255. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015, Janurary 9). Demographics of key social networking platforms. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/01/09/demographics-of-key-social-networking-platforms-2/
   Google Scholar
• FDA (Food and Drug Adminstration). (2018, September 11). Statement from FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on new steps to address epidemic of youth e-cigarette use. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620185.htm
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Grana, R. A., & Ling, P. M. (2014). ‘Smoking revolution’: A content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites. American Journal of Public Health, 46(4), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010
   Google Scholar
• Hébert, E. T., Case, K. R., Kelder, S. H., Delk, J., Perry, C. L., & Harrell, M. B. (2017). Exposure and engagement with tobacco-and e-cigarette–related social media. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., Kornfield, R., Szczypka, G., & Emery, S. L. (2014). A cross-sectional examination of marketing of electronic cigarettes on Twitter. Tobacco Control, 23(S3), iii26–iii30. http://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilakkuvan, V. (2018). Exploring the influence of pro-and anti-tobacco content in social media on young adults’ tobacco use behaviors (Publication No. 10784717) [Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University]. ProQuest Dissertations and These Global.
   Google Scholar
• Jackler, R. K., Li, V. Y., Cardiff, R. A., & Ramamurthi, D. (2019). Promotion of tobacco products on Facebook: Policy versus practice. Tobacco Control, 28(1), 67–73. http://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., & Thelen, N. (2001). Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on selective exposure to information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 557–571. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.80.4.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasza, K. A., Hyland, A. J., Brown, A., Siahpush, M., Yong, H. H., McNeill, A. D., Li, L., & Cummings, K. M. (2011). The effectiveness of tobacco marketing regulations on reducing smokers’ exposure to advertising and promotion: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(2), 321–340. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. (2020, June 5). Measuring model fit. http://www.davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm
   Google Scholar
• Kim, A. E., Hopper, T., Simpson, S., Nonnemaker, J., Lieberman, A. J., Hansen, H., Guillory, J., & Porter, L. (2015). Using Twitter data to gain insights into e-cigarette marketing and locations of use: An infoveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(11), e251. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., Gibson, L. A., Williams, S., Kim, Y., Binns, S., Emery, S. L., & Hornik, R. C. (2020). Valence of media coverage about electronic cigarettes and other tobacco products from 2014-2017: Evidence from automated content analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22 (10), 1891–1900. Advance online pulication. http://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klayman, J., & Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypotheses testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2014). Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kreitzberg, D. S., Pasch, K. E., Marti, C. N., Loukas, A., & Perry, C. L. (2019). Bidirectional associations between young adults’ reported exposure to e‐cigarette marketing and e‐cigarette use. Addiction, 114(10), 1834–1841. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laestadius, L. I., Penndorf, K. E., Seidl, M., & Cho, Y. I. (2019). Assessing the appeal of Instagram electronic cigarette refill liquid promotions and warnings among young adults: Mixed methods focus group study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e15441. https://doi.org/10.2196/15441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laestadius, L. I., Wahl, M. M., Pokhrel, P., & Cho, Y. I. (2019). From apple to werewolf: A content analysis of marketing for e-liquids on Instagram. Addictive Behaviors, 91, 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. W., Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R., Vallone, D., Arya, M., Osgood, N., Li, X., Minsky, S., & Viswanath, K. (2020). The potential of smartphone apps in informing protobacco and antitobacco messaging efforts among underserved communities: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e17451. https://doi.org/10.2196/17451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. H. (2014). The performance of MLR, USLMV, and WLSMV estimation in structural regression models with ordinal variables (Publication No. 3620406) [Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Lochbuehler, K., Yang, Q., Gibson, L. A., & Hornik, R. C. (2020). Breadth of media scanning leads to vaping among youth and young adults: Evidence of direct and indirect pathways from a national longitudinal survey. Journal of Health Communication, 25(2), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1709925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, C., Zheng, X., Zeng, D. D., & Leischow, S. (2014). Portrayal of electronic cigarettes on YouTube. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1028. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino, S. C., Setodji, C. M., Dunbar, M. S., Gong, M., & Shadel, W. G. (2018). Effects of antismoking media on college students’ smoking-related beliefs and intentions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCausland, K., Maycock, B., Leaver, T., & Jancey, J. (2019). The messages presented in electronic cigarette–related social media promotions and discussion: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(2), e11953. https://doi.org/10.2196/11953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metev, D. (2020, July 4). How much time do people spend on social media. Review 42. https://review42.com/how-much-time-do-people-spend-on-social-media/#:~:text=People%20aged%2016%20to%2024,hours%20and%201%20minute%20daily.&text=55%2D64%2Dyear%2Dolds,minutes%20of%20social%20media%20time
   Google Scholar
• NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). (2018) . Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A., Stevens, R. S., Barg, F. K., Weiner, J. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701454189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek, H.-J., Kim, S., Hove, T., & Huh, J. Y. (2014). Reduced harm or another gateway to smoking? Source, message, and information characteristics of e-cigarette videos on YouTube. Journal of Health Communication, 19(5), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.821560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019, April 10). Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2019, June 12). Social media fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/
   Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, P., Fagan, P., Herzog, T. A., Laestadius, L., Buente, W., Kawamoto, C. T., Lee, H. R., & Unger, J. B. (2018). Social media e-cigarette exposure and e-cigarette expectancies and use among young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 78, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Hoffman, B. L., Soneji, S., Sargent, J. D., Hoffman, R. M., & Fine, M. J. (2018). Initiation of traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among tobacco-naïve US young adults. The American Journal of Medicine, 131(4), 443–e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo, D. E., Thrul, J., Chavez, K., Delucchi, K. L., & Prochaska, J. J. (2015). Feasibility and quit rates of the tobacco status project: A Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(12), e291. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawdey, M. D., Hancock, L., Messner, M., & Prom-Wormley, E. C. (2017). Assessing the association between e-cigarette use and exposure to social media in college students: A cross-sectional study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(14), 1910–1917. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1319390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soneji, S., Pierce, J. P., Choi, K., Portnoy, D. B., Margolis, K. A., Stanton, C. A., Moore, R. J., Bansal-Travers, M., Carusi, C., Hyland, A., & Sargent, J. (2017). Engagement with online tobacco marketing and associations with tobacco product use among US youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soneji, S., Yang, J., Knutzen, K. E., Moran, M. B., Tan, A. S., Sargent, J., & Choi, K. (2018). Online tobacco marketing and subsequent tobacco use. Pediatrics, 141(2), e20172927. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, M. T., Hoyle, R. H., Palmgreen, P., & Slater, M. D. (2003). Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72(3), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C. W., & Kim, S. S. (2015). The effect of electronic cigarette advertising on intended use among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 46, 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truth Initiative. (2018, July 19). E-cigarettes: Facts, stats and regulations. https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/emerging-tobacco-products/e-cigarettes-facts-stats-and-regulations
   Google Scholar
• Truth Initiative. (2019, November). Action needed: E-cigarettes. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/media/files/2019/11/Truth-Initiative-ECigarette-Fact-Sheet-Nov-11.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Unger, J. B., Urman, R., Cruz, T. B., Majmundar, A., Barrington-Trimis, J., Pentz, M. A., & McConnell, R. (2018). Talking about tobacco on Twitter is associated with tobacco product use. Preventive Medicine, 114, 54–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health & Human Services. (2016). E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: A report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health website . Retrieved September 12, 2020, from http://ecigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Fact_Sheet_508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Liu, J., Lochbuehler, K., & Hornik, R. (2019). Does seeking e-cigarette information lead to vaping? Evidence from a national longitudinal survey of youth and young adults. Health Communication, 34(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Sangalang, A., Rooney, M., Maloney, E., Emery, S., & Cappella, J. N. (2018). How is marijuana vaping portrayed on YouTube? Content, features, popularity and retransmission of vaping marijuana YouTube videos. Journal of Health Communication, 23(4), 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1448488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller, M. (2019). Evolving “The Real Cost” campaign to address the rising epidemic of youth e-cigarette use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2), S76–S78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., Fu, S., & Chen, X. (2020). Promoting users’ intention to share online health articles on social media: The role of confirmation bias. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 102354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Selective exposure to communication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar