Do Social Norms Influence Young People’s Willingness to Take the COVID-19 Vaccine?

References

• Agerström, J., Carlsson, R., Nicklasson, L., & Guntell, L. (2016). Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving: The power of local norms. Journal of Economic Psychology, 52, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. D., Mohllajee, A. P., Shelton, R. C., Othus, M. K. D., Fontenot, H. B., & Hanna, R. (2009). Stage of adoption of the human papillomavirus vaccine among college women. Preventive Medicine, 48(5), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardt, J. M., Brownfield, E. D., & Parker, R. M. (2005). Understanding health literacy. In J. G. Schwartzberg, J. B. VanGeest, & C. C. Wang (Eds.), Understanding health literacy: Implications for medicine and public health (pp. 3–26). AMA Press.
   Google Scholar
• Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., Betsch, T., & Ulshofer, C. (2010). The influence of vaccine-critical websites on perceiving vaccination risks. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309353647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewick, B. M., West, R. M., Gill, J., O’May, F., Mulhern, B., Barkham, M., & Hill, A. J. (2010). Providing web-based feedback and social norms information to reduce student alcohol intake: A multisite investigation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(5), e59. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Individual differences in attitude change. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 575–615). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz, D. C. (2004). Social norms and identity relevance: A motivational approach to normative behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms: A review. Review of Communication Research, 4, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.12840/.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018). Theory and practice of social norms interventions: Eight common pitfalls. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0398-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, V., Danquah, L. O., & Aunger, R. V. (2009). Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: An eleven country review. Health Education Research, 24(4), 655–673. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P. (2011). An application of the integrative model to women’s intention to be vaccinated against HPV: Implications for message design. Health Communication, 26(5), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.554170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: Influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines, 14(1), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2015.964212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fridman, A., Gershon, R., & Gneezy, A. (2021). COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study. PloS one, 16(4), e0250123. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250123.
   Google Scholar
• Goldring, M. R., & Heiphetz, L. (2020). Sensitivity to ingroup and outgroup norms in the association between commonality and morality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 91, 104025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1086/586910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0704_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, H. (2020, December 7). Most (but not all) anti-vaccination attitudes increased alongside the occurrence and persistence of COVID-19: A snapshot of the trends in the U.S. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yzu9r
   Google Scholar
• Lane, S., MacDonald, N. E., Marti, M., & Dumolard, L. (2018). Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: Analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form data-2015–2017. Vaccine, 36(26), 3861–3867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. K., & Su, L. Y.-F. (2020). When a personal HPV story on a blog influences perceived social norms: The roles of personal experience, framing, perceived similarity, and social media metrics. Health Communication, 35(4), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1567440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legros, S., & Cislaghi, B. (2020). Mapping the social-norms literature: An overview of reviews. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619866455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, W., Davies, S., Smith, J., & Terry, D. (2007). Pizza and pop and the student identity: The role of referent group norms in healthy and unhealthy eating. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.1.57-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, N. E., & The SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161–4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollen, S., Rimal, R. N., Ruiter, R. A., & Kok, G. (2013). Healthy and unhealthy social norms and food selection. Findings from a field-experiment. Appetite, 65, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollen, S., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Kok, G. (2010). Current issues and new directions in Psychology and Health: What are the oughts? The adverse effects of using social norms in health communication. Psychology & Health, 25(3), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440903262812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. W., Hong, Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & Liu, Z. (2015). Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2015). Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information. Vaccine, 33(3), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835–42. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okun, M. A., Karoly, P., & Lutz, R. (2002). Clarifying the contribution of subjective norm to predicting leisure-time exercise. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26(4), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.26.4.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive, J. K., Hotez, P. J., Damania, A., & Nolan, M. S. (2018). The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLOS Medicine, 15(6), e1002578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opinions and Lifestyle Survey. (2021, January 15). Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain. Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain/15january2021
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliff, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Krakow, M., & Crossley, K. (2019). Loss/gain framing, dose, and reactance: A message experiment. Risk Analysis, 39(12), 0272–4332. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, A. E., Cialdini, R. B., & Aiken, L. S. (2010). Social norms and health behaviour. In A. Steptoe (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine: Methods and applications (pp. 263–274). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rideout, V., & Fox, S., & Well Being Trust. (2018). Digital health practices, social media use, and mental well-being among teens and young adults in the U.S. Articles, Abstracts, and Reports, 1093. https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/109
   Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Storey, J. D. (2020). Construction of meaning during a pandemic: The forgotten role of social norms. Health Communication, 35(14), 1732–1734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassenberg, K., Matschke, C., & Scholl, A. (2011). The impact of discrepancies from ingroup norms on group members‘ well-being and motivation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(7), 886–897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, G. K., Tatar, O., Dube, E., Amsel, R., Knauper, B., Naz, A., Perez, S., & Rosberger, Z. (2018). The vaccine hesitancy scale: Psychometric properties and validation. Vaccine, 36(5), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S., & Agerström, J. (2021). “If others are honest, I will be too”: Effects of social norms on willingness to fake during employment interviews. Personnel Assessment and Decisions, 7(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2021.01.009.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Van Prooijen, J., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, K. M., Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Greenslade, J. H., & McKimmie, B. M. (2009). Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(Pt 1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X295207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013, February 21). Global vaccine action plan 2011–2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-vaccine-action-plan-2011-2020
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, X., & Borah, P. (2020). Do norms matter? Examining norm-based messages in HPV vaccination promotion. Health Communication, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1770506
   Google Scholar
• Young, H. P. (2015). The evolution of social norms. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 359–387. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322
   Google Scholar