References
- Amsalem, E., & Nir, L. (2021). Does interpersonal discussion increase political knowledge? A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 48(5), 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219866357
- Annie Lab. (2020, July 27). False: Gargling with salt water or drinking Pu’er tea won’t prevent COVID-19 infection. https://medium.com/annie-lab/false-gargling-with-salt-water-or-drinking-puer-tea-won-t-prevent-covid-19-infection-5a33b43a4a51
- BBC. (2020). Covid vaccine: When will Americans be vaccinated? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55149138
- Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., Betsch, T., & Ulshöfer, C. (2010). The influence of vaccine-critical websites on perceiving vaccination risks. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309353647
- Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation key findings. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Brennen-COVID 19 Misinformation FINAL (3).pdf
- Brubaker, T. H. (1990). Families in later life: A burgeoning research area. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 959. https://doi.org/10.2307/353313
- Bylund, C. L., & Duck, S. (2004). The everyday interplay between family relationships and family members’ health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504039837
- Carr, C. T., & Hayes, R. A. (2014). The effect of disclosure of third-party influence on an opinion leader’s credibility and electronic word of mouth in two-step flow. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 14(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2014.909296
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). Common vaccine safety questions and concern. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). Misconceptions about seasonal flu and flu vaccines. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/misconceptions.html
- Chaudhuri, S., Le, T., White, C., Thompson, H., & Demiris, G. (2013). Examining health information-seeking behaviors of older adults. CIN-Computers Informatics Nursing, 31(11), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCN.0000432131.92020.42
- Cheung, E., Ting, V., & Cheng, L., (2020). Coronavirus: Hong Kong public housing estate evacuated after cluster of Covid-19 infections found. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3087526/coronavirus-new-cluster-infection-expands-elderly
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong. (2020, August 27). Most deaths from COVID-19 in Hong Kong are of 60 years old or above CUHK initiated international effort in devising strategies to protect older people with dementia amid COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.med.cuhk.edu.hk/press-releases/cuhk-initiated-international-effort-in-devising-strategies-to-protect-older-people-with-dementia-amid-covid-19-pandemic
- Chow, N. W. S., & Kwan, A. Y. H. (1986). A study of the changing life-style of the elderly in low income families in Hong Kong. Writers’ & Publishers.
- Coleman, J., Katz, E., & Menzel, H. (1957). The diffusion of an innovation among physicians. Sociometry, 20(4), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.2307/2785979
- Dixon, G. N., & Clarke, C. E. (2013). Heightening uncertainty around certain science. Science Communication, 35(3), 358–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012458290
- Duffy, A., Tandoc, E., & Ling, R. (2020). Too good to be true, too good not to share: The social utility of fake news. Information, Communication & Society, 23(13), 1965–1979. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1623904
- Einhorn, B., Shum, T., & Tam, O. (2021). Hong Kong recovery imperiled by elderly saying no to vaccine. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-05/fearful-elderly-refusing-vaccines-threaten-hong-kong-s-recovery
- Eveland Jr, W. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28(5), 571–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028005001
- Frenkel, S., Alba, D., & Zhong, R. (2020, March). Surge of virus misinformation stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/technology/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html
- Gallant, M. P., Spitze, G. D., & Prohaska, T. R. (2007). Help or hindrance? How family and friends influence chronic illness self-management among older adults. Research on Aging, 29(5), 375–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027507303169
- The Guardian. (2020, May). Pensioners 34 times more likely to die of Covid-19 than working age Brits, data shows. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/13/pensioners-34-times-more-likely-to-die-of-covid-19-than-working-age-brits-data-shows
- Hong Kong Transport and Housing Bureau. (2020). Ruxi ji zichan xiane [Income and asset limits]. https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/tc/flat-application/income-and-asset-limits/index.html
- Jansen, B. J., Zhang, M., Sobel, K., & Chowdury, A. (2009, April 4-9). Micro-blogging as online word of mouth branding [Paper presentation]. The 27th international conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems, Boston, MA, United States.
- Kata, A. (2010). A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine, 28(7), 1709–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022
- Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm: An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 3778–3789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
- Katz, E. (1957). The two-step flow of communication: An up-to-date report on an hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 21(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/266687
- Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Free Press.
- Lam, C. L. K., Guo, V. Y., Wong, C. K. H., Yu, E. Y. T., & Fung, C. S. C. (2017). Poverty and health-related quality of life of people living in Hong Kong: Comparison of individuals from low-income families and the general population. Journal of Public Health, 39(2), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw046
- Lee, J. J., Kang, K. A., Wang, M. P., Zhao, S., Wong, J. Y. H., O’Connor, S., Yang, S. C., & Shin, S. H. (2020). Associations between COVID-19 misinformation exposure and belief with COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors: A cross-sectional online study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22205. https://doi.org/10.2196/22205
- Lee, W. K. M., & Kwok, H.-K. (2005). Differences in expectations and patterns of informal support for older persons in Hong Kong: Modification to filial piety. Ageing International, 30(2), 188–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-005-1011-1
- Leonhardt, D. (2021). Bad news bias. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/briefing/boulder-shooting-george-segal-astrazeneca.html
- Leung, A., Ko, P., Chan, K. S., Chi, I., & Chow, N. (2007). Searching health information via the web: Hong Kong Chinese older adults’ experience. Public Health Nursing, 24(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00621.x
- Lin & Chu. (2020). COVID-19: 19 of 20 buildings that receive mandatory COVID-19 testing were public housing. HK01. https://www.hk01.com/article/567157
- Loomba, S., De Figueiredo, A., Piatek, S. J., De Graaf, K., & Larson, H. J. (2021). Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1
- McClaran, N., & Rhodes, N. (2020). Portrayals of vaccination in entertainment television: A content analysis. Health Communication, 36(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1749356
- McGuire, W. (1989). Theoretical foundations of campaigns. In R. Rice & W. Paisley (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (pp. 41–70). Sage.
- Mo, P. K. H., & Lau, J. T. F. (2014). Influenza vaccination uptake and associated factors among elderly population in Hong Kong: The application of the Health Belief Model. Health Education Research, 30(5), 706–718. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyv038
- Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Haglin, K. (2018). Countering misinformation about flu vaccine is harder than it seems. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/countering-misinformation-about-flu-vaccine-is-harder-than-it-seems-106479
- Nagata, J. M., Hernández-Ramos, I., Kurup, A. S., Albrecht, D., Vivas-Torrealba, C., & Franco-Paredes, C. (2013). Social determinants of health and seasonal influenza vaccination in adults ≥65 years: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative data. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 388. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-388
- Nan, X., & Madden, K. (2012). HPV vaccine information in the blogosphere: How positive and negative blogs influence vaccine-related risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Health Communication, 27(8), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.661348
- Nan, X., Wang, Y., & Thier, K. (2020, August 4). Health Misinformation. In T. L. Thompson & N. Grant Harrington (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of health communication (3rd ed., pp. 318–332). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6mrgv
- Ng, S. L., Zhang, Y., Ng, K. H., Wong, H., & Lee, J. W. Y. (2018). Living environment and quality of life in Hong Kong. Asian Geographer, 35(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2017.1406863
- Nisbet, M. C., & Kotcher, J. E. (2009). A two-step flow of influence?: Opinion-leader campaigns on climate change. Science Communication, 30(3), 328–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008328797
- Norris, P., & Curtice, J. (2008). Getting the message out: A two-step model of the role of the internet in campaign communication flows during the 2005 British general election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 4(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680801975359
- Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service. (2020). Global Covid-19 case fatality rates. https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates/
- Pang, N., & Ng, J. (2017). Misinformation in a riot: A two-step flow view. Online Information Review, 41(4), 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-09-2015-0297
- Robinson, J. P. (1976). Interpersonal influence in election campaigns: Two step-flow hypotheses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(3), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.1086/268307
- Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science and Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
- Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 354–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200405
- Ryan, A. K., & Willits, F. K. (2007). Family ties, physical health, and psychological well-being. Journal of Aging and Health, 19(6), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264307308340
- Schaeffer, K. (2020). Nearly three-in-ten Americans believe Covid-19 was made in a lab. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/08/nearly-three-in-ten-americans-believe-covid-19-was-made-in-a-lab/
- Tak, S. H., & Hong, S. H. (2005). Use of the Internet for health information by older adults with arthritis. Orthopaedic Nursing, 24(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200503000-00010
- Tan, A. S. L., Lee, C., & Chae, J. (2015). Exposure to health (mis)information: Lagged effects on young adults’ health behaviors and potential pathways. Journal of Communication, 65(4), 674–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12163
- Taylor, J. O., Hartzler, A. L., Osterhage, K. P., Demiris, G., & Turner, A. M. (2018). Monitoring for change: The role of family and friends in helping older adults manage personal health information. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 25(8), 989–999. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy037
- Thomas, K., LaFraniere, S., Weiland, N., Goodnough, A., & Haberman, M. (2020). F.D.A. clears Pfizer vaccine, and millions of doses will be shipped right away. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/health/pfizer-vaccine-authorized.html
- Ting, V. (2020). Covid-19 further entrenched income, health, racial and educational inequalities across Hong Kong, experts say. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3115488/how-covid-19-further-entrenched-income-health
- Turner, A. M., Osterhage, K. P., Taylor, J. O., Hartzler, A. L., & Demiris, G. (2018). A closer look at health information seeking by older adults and involved family and friends: Design considerations for health information technologies. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2018, 1036–1045. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371280/
- Tyson, A., Johnson, C., & Funk, C. (2020, September 17). U.S. public now divided over whether to get COVID-19 vaccine. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/09/17/u-s-public-now-divided-over-whether-to-get-covid-19-vaccine/
- Wang, M. P., Viswanath, K., Lam, T. H., Wang, X., & Chan, S. S. (2013). Social determinants of health information seeking among Chinese adults in Hong Kong. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e73049. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073049
- Wang, Z., Fang, Y., Ip, M., Lau, M., & Lau, J. T. F. (2021). Facilitators and barriers to completing recommended doses of pneumococcal vaccination among community-living individuals aged ≥65 years in Hong Kong–a population-based study. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 17(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1776545
- Weimann, G., & Brosius, H. B. (1994). Is there a two-step flow of agenda-setting? International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 6(4), 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/6.4.323
- Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
- World Health Organization. (2020a). Weekly epidemiological update-15 December 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update—15-december-2020
- World Health Organization. (2020b). The impact of COVID-19 on older persons. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463
- World Health Organization. (2020c, November). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters
- Wu, A. (2019, April 15). Don’t allow the anti-vaccine movement to spread through Hong Kong. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3005890/we-need-stop-spread-anti-vaccine-movement-and-all-shameless
- Yeung, M. W. L., & Yau, A. H. Y. (2020). ‘This year’s vaccine is only 10% effective’: A study of public discourse on vaccine effectiveness in Hong Kong. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 14(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2020.1809316
- Yu, D. S. F., Low, L. P. L., Lee, I. F. K., Lee, D. T. F., & Ng, W. M. (2014). Predicting influenza vaccination intent among at-risk Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. Nursing Research, 63(4), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000028