References
- Adebimpe, W. O., Adeyemi, D. H., Faremi, A., Ojo, J. O., & Efuntoye, A. E. (2015). The relevance of the social networking media in Ebola virus disease prevention and control in southwestern Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 22(1), article 7. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6165
- Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
- Andy, A., Chu, B., Fathy, R., Bennett, B., Stokes, D., & Guntuku, S. C. (2021). Understanding social support expressed in a COVID-19 online forum. Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (pp. 19–27). Stroudsburg, PA. Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Baumgartner, J. M. (2019). Pushshift Reddit API documentation. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://github.com/pushshift/api
- Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
- Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993–1022. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume3/blei03a/blei03a.pdf
- Bodner, M. (2020). Belarusian leader bucks coronavirus ‘psychosis,’ plays hockey. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/belarusian-leader-bucks-coronavirus-psychosis-plays-hockey-n1172041
- Britt, B. C. (2020). stepseg: Stepwise segmented regression analysis. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://github.com/bcbritt/stepseg
- Britt, B. C. (2021). brittnu: Britt’s nu reliability coefficient for Dirichlet-distributed data. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://github.com/bcbritt/brittnu
- Britt, B. C., Britt, R. K., Hayes, J. L., Panek, E. T., Maddox, J., & Musaev, A. (2021). Oral healthcare implications of dedicated online communities: A computational content analysis of the r/Dentistry subreddit. Health Communication, 36(5), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1731937
- Britt, B. C., & Britt, R. K. (2021). From waifus to whales: The evolution of discourse in a mobile game-based competitive community of practice. Mobile Media & Communication, 9(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157920934509
- Britt, B. C. (2015). Stepwise segmented regression analysis: An iterative statistical algorithm to detect and quantify evolutionary and revolutionary transformations in longitudinal data. In S. A. Matei, M. G. Russell, & E. Bertino (Eds.), Transparency in social media: Tools, methods, and algorithms for mediating online interactions (pp. 125–144). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18552-1
- Bruderer, E., & Singh, J. V. (1996). Organizational evolution, learning, and selection: A genetic-algorithm-based model. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1322–1349. https://doi.org/10.5465/257001
- Cai, Q., Huang, D., Ou, P., Yu, H., Zhu, Z., Xia, Z., Su, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., He, Q., Liu, L., Fu, Y., & Chen, J. (2020). COVID-19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/02/19/2020.02.17.20024018.full.pdf
- Campbell, D. (1965). Variation, selection and retention in sociocultural evolution. In H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, & R. W. Mack (Eds.), Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory (pp. 19–49). Schenkman.
- Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. H. R. 748, 116th Cong. (2020). https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf
- Deveaud, R., SanJuan, É., & Bellot, P. (2014). Accurate and effective latent concept modeling for ad hoc information retrieval. Document numérique, 17(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.3166/dn.17.1.61-84
- Dimmick, J., Kline, S. L., & Stafford, L. (2000). The gratification niches of personal e-mail and the telephone. Communication Research, 27(2), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027002005
- Dutta-Bergman, M. J. (2005). Developing a profile of consumer intention to seek out additional information beyond a doctor: The role of communicative and motivation variables. Health Communication, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1701_1
- EducationWeek. (2020). Map: Coronavirus and school closures in 2019-2020. Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://www.edweek.org/leadership/map-coronavirus-and-school-closures-in-2019-2020/2020/03
- Fearnow, B. (2021). ‘Take your China flu and shove it’: Man filmed hurling insults outside ramen restaurant. Retrieved July 30, 2021, from https://www.newsweek.com/take-your-china-flu-shove-it-man-filmed-hurling-insults-outside-ramen-restaurant-1611107
- Grün, B., & Hornik, K. (2011). topicmodels: An R package for fitting topic models. Journal of Statistical Software, 40(13), 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v040.i13
- Hemenway, D. (2013). Three common beliefs that are impediments to injury prevention. Injury Prevention, 19(4), 290–293. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040507
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Gao, H., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Ilyushina, M. (2020). The Kremlin sends mixed messages on coronavirus as Russian cases spiral. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/26/europe/coronavirus-russia-kremlin-intl/index.html
- Johns Hopkins University. (2021). COVID-19 dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
- Lawson-Borders, G. (2005). Media organizations and convergence. Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Lee, S. T., Dutta, M. J., Lin, J., Luk, P., & Kaur-Gill, S. (2018). Trust ecologies and channel complementarity for information seeking in cancer prevention. Journal of Health Communication, 23(3), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1433253
- Leonhardt, D. (2020). A complete list of Trump’s attempts to play down coronavirus. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/opinion/trump-coronavirus.html
- Lutz, E. (2020). Coronavirus: Trump’s mixed messages ‘undermines public trust,’ experts say. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/01/trump-science-coronavirus-public-trust
- Ma, J. (2020). Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17. Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back
- Maier, D., Waldherr, A., Miltner, P., Wiedemann, G., Niekler, A., Keinert, A., Pfetsch, B., Heyer, G., Reber, U., Häussler, T., Schmid-Petri, H., & Adam, S. (2018). Applying LDA topic modeling in communication research: Toward a valid and reliable methodology. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(2–3), 93–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1430754
- Maier, M. J. (2020). DirichletReg: Dirichlet regression in R. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DirichletReg/index.html
- Matei, S. A., & Britt, B. C. (2017). Structural differentiation in social media: Adhocracy, entropy and the “1% effect”. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64425-7
- Mettler, K. (2020). ‘STOP BUYING MASKS’: Health officials beg Americans to stop panic-shopping. Retrieved March 11, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/02/n95-face-mask-coronavirus/
- Montgomery, D., & Fernandez, M. (2020). 44 Texas students have coronavirus after spring break trip. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/us/coronavirus-texas-austin-spring-break-cabo.html
- Naseem, S. S., Kumar, D., Parsa, M. S., & Golab, L. (2020). Text mining of COVID-19 discussions on Reddit. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (pp. 687–691). Los Alamitos, CA. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI-IAT50758.2020
- Page, J. (2020). China’s progress against coronavirus used draconian tactics not deployed in the west. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-west-is-misinterpreting-wuhans-coronavirus-progressand-drawing-the-wrong-lessons-11585074966
- Porteous, I., Newman, D., Ihler, A., Asuncion, A., Smyth, P., & Welling, M. (2008). Fast collapsed Gibbs sampling for latent Dirichlet allocation. Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 569–577). New York, NY. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1401890.1401960
- Ramos, J. (2003,February 27-March 1). Using tf-idf to determine word relevance in document queries [Paper presented]. First Instructional Conference on Machine Learning, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
- Reddit. (2020a). COVID-19. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/COVID19/
- Reddit. (2020b). COVID-19 discussion. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/China_Flu/
- Reddit. (2020c). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/Coronavirus/
- Reuters. (2020). Wuhan lockdown ‘unprecedented,’ shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-who-idUSKBN1ZM1G9
- Santanachote, P. (2020). These common household products can destroy the novel coronavirus. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.consumerreports.org/cleaning/common-household-products-that-can-destroy-novel-coronavirus/
- Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Wang, T., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). Conspiracy in the time of Corona: Automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(2), 279–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5
- Stellino, M. (2020). Fact check: Coronavirus not man-made or engineered but its origin remains unclear. Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/03/21/fact-check-did-coronavirus-originate-chinese-laboratory/2881150001/
- Stokes, D. C., Andy, A., Guntuku, S. C., Ungar, L. H., & Merchant, R. M. (2020). Public priorities and concerns regarding COVID-19 in an online discussion forum: Longitudinal topic modeling. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(7), 2244–2247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05889-w
- Tan, S. S. L., & Goonawardene, N. (2017). Internet health information seeking and the patient-physician relationship: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(1), e9. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5729
- Trump, D. J. (2020). Proclamation on declaring a national emergency concerning the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-declaring-national-emergency-concerning-novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak/
- United Nations. (2020). Coronavirus: ‘An emergency in China, but not yet a global health emergency’. Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1055891
- Wan, W., & Achenbach, J. (2020). Coronavirus is mysteriously sparing kids and killing the elderly. Understanding why may help defeat the virus. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/coronavirus-is-mysteriously-sparing-kids-killing-elderly-understanding-why-may-help-defeat-virus/
- Wege, H., Siddell, S., & ter Meulen, V. (1982). The biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. In M. Cooper, W. Henle, P. H. Hofschneider, H. Koprowski, F. Melchers, R. Rott, H. G. Schweiger, P. K. Vogt, & R. Zinkernagel (Eds.), Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (Vol. 99) (pp. 165–200). Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68528-6_5
- Willis, E., & Royne, M. B. (2017). Online health communities and chronic disease self-management. Health Communication, 32(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1138278
- Wolfe, J., Haghighi, A. D., & Klein, D. (2008). Fully distributed EM for very large datasets. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 1184–1191). New York, NY. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390305
- World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021, from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020
- Worldometer. (2020). Coronavirus update (live). Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
- Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(13), 1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
- Zhang, J. S., Keegan, B. C., Lv, Q., & Tan, C. (2021). Understanding the diverging user trajectories in highly-related online communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. arXiv. Retrieved July 30, 2021, from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04816v2.pdf