351
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sexually Explicit Internet Media Consumption and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Male Sexual Minorities: The Moderating Role of Perceived Realism

, &

References

  • Baams, L., Overbeek, G., Dubas, J. S., Doornwaard, S. M., Rommes, E., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2015). Perceived realism moderates the relation between sexualized media consumption and permissive sexual attitudes in Dutch adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(3), 743–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0443-7
  • Bahk, C. M. (2001). Drench effects of media portrayal of fatal virus disease on health locus of control beliefs. Health Communication, 13(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1302_4
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0303_03
  • Berg, R. C. (2009). Barebacking: A review of the literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 754–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9462-6
  • Bowring, A. L., Veronese, V., Doyle, J. S., Stoove, M., & Hellard, M. (2016). HIV and sexual risk among men who have sex with men and women in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS and Behavior, 20(10), 2243–2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1281-x
  • Brady, S. S., Iantaffi, A., Galos, D. L., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2012). Open, closed, or in between: Relationship configuration and condom use among men who use the Internet to seek sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 17(4), 1499–1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0316-9
  • Brennan, J. (2020). Gay porn’s bareback momentum. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(1), 127–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1525947
  • Burki, T. (2016). Sex education in China leaves young vulnerable to infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00494-6
  • Chen, L., Jiang, X., Luo, X., Kraus, S. W., & Bőthe, B. (2021). The role of impaired control in screening problematic pornography use: Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in a large help-seeking male sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000714
  • Daneels, R., Malliet, S., Koeman, J., & Ribbens, W. (2018). The enjoyment of shooting games: Exploring the role of perceived realism. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.053
  • Dong, M. J., Peng, B., Liu, Z. F., Ye, Q. N., Liu, H., Lu, X. L., Zhang, B., & Chen, J. J. (2019). The prevalence of HIV among MSM in China: A large-scale systematic analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1000. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4559-1
  • Downing, M. J., Schrimshaw, E. W., Antebi, N., & Siegel, K. (2014). Sexually explicit media on the Internet: A content analysis of sexual behaviors, risk, and media characteristics in gay male adult videos. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(4), 811–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0121-1
  • Downing, M. J., Schrimshaw, E. W., Scheinmann, R., Antebi-Gruszka, N., & Hirshfield, S. (2017). Sexually explicit media use by sexual identity: A comparative analysis of gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1763–1776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0837-9
  • Eaton, L. A., Cain, D. N., Pope, H., Garcia, J., & Cherry, C. (2012). The relationship between pornography use and sexual behaviours among at-risk HIV-negative men who have sex with men. Sexual Health, 9(2), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh10092
  • Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman–Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3
  • Guizzo, F., & Cadinu, M. (2020). Women, not objects: Testing a sensitizing web campaign against female sexual objectification to temper sexual harassment and hostile sexism. Media Psychology, 24(4), 509–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1756338
  • Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2007). Self-Perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(4), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9212-1
  • Hald, G. M., & Štulhofer, A. (2016). What types of pornography do people use and do they cluster? Assessing types and categories of pornography consumption in a large-scale online sample. Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 849–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1065953
  • He, N. (2021). Research progress in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in China. China CDC Weekly, 3(48), 1022–1030. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.249
  • Hetsroni, A. (2008). Dependency and adolescents’ perceived usefulness of information on sexuality: A cross-cultural comparison of interpersonal sources, professional sources and the mass media. Communication Reports, 21(1), 14–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210802019330
  • Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<13:AID-AB2480140104>3.0.CO;2-J
  • The jamovi project. (2021). jamovi. (Version 2.2) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org
  • Li, W., Chu, J., Zhu, Z., Li, X., Ge, Y., He, Y., Ni, Q., Musa, T., Li, X., & Wei, P. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection among college students in Nanjing, China: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 10(5), e035889. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035889
  • Liu, Y., & Zheng, L. (2021). The influence of sexually explicit material consumption on body image via objectified body consciousness among gay and bisexual men in China. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00661-z
  • Lyu, J., Shen, X., & Hesketh, T. (2020). Sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among undergraduate students in China—implications for sex education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186716
  • Mercer, J. (2017). Gay pornography: Representations of sexuality and masculinity. I. B. Tauris.
  • Nelson, K. M., Eaton, L. A., & Gamarel, K. E. (2016). Preferences for condomless sex in sexually explicit media among Black/African American men who have sex with men: Implications for HIV prevention. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(4), 977–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0878-0
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit online material and recreational attitudes toward sex. The Journal of Communication, 56(4), 639–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The influence of sexually explicit Internet material on sexual risk behavior: A comparison of adolescents and adults. Journal of Health Communication, 16(7), 750–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.551996
  • Reid, R. C., Li, D. S., Gilliland, R., Stein, J. A., & Fong, T. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the pornography consumption inventory in a sample of hypersexual men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 37(5), 359–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623x.2011.607047
  • Rubin, A. M. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 525–548). Erlbaum.
  • Schrimshaw, E. W., Antebi-Gruszka, N., Downing, M. J., & Prestage, G. (2016). Viewing of Internet-based sexually explicit media as a risk factor for condomless anal sex among men who have sex with men in four U.S. cities. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0154439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154439
  • Shaughnessy, K., Byers, E. S., & Walsh, L. (2010). Online sexual activity experience of heterosexual students: Gender similarities and differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9629-9
  • She, M., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Xu, J., Zhang, Z., Fan, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhang, C. (2013). Associated factors for HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men only and men who have sex with both men and women in cities of China. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 24(4), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462412472820
  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01542219
  • Stein, D., Silvera, R., Hagerty, R., & Marmor, M. (2011). Viewing pornography depicting unprotected anal intercourse: Are there implications for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(2), 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9789-2
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Vangeel, L. (2020). Is pornography consumption a risk factor for condomless sex? Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqaa005
  • Træen, B., Nilsen, T. S., & Stigum, H. (2006). Use of pornography in traditional media and on the Internet in Norway. Journal of Sex Research, 43(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490609552323
  • Træen, B., Noor, S. W., Grey, J., Iantaffi, A., Rosser, B. R. S., & Hald, G. M. (2014). Sexually explicit media and sexual risk behavior in a sample of men who have sex with men in Norway. Sexuality & Culture, 18(4), 1038–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9238-1
  • Ward, L. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research. Developmental Review, 23(3), 347–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0273-2297(03)00013-3
  • Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9592-5
  • Whitfield, T. H. F., Rendina, H. J., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2017). Viewing sexually explicit media and its association with mental health among gay and bisexual men across the U.S. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1045-y
  • Willoughby, B., Leonhardt, N., & Augustus, R. (2020). Untangling the porn web: Creating an organizing framework for pornography research among couples. Journal of Sex Research, 57(6), 709–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1698003
  • Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior assessing the claim for causality. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 343–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2011.11679121
  • Wright, P. J., Sun, C., Steffen, N. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Pornography, alcohol, and male sexual dominance. Communication Monographs, 82(2), 252–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.981558
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). Consumption of pornography, perceived peer norms, and condomless sex. Health Communication, 31(8), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1022936
  • Wright, P. J. (2020). Media and sexuality. In M. B. Oliver; A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 227–242). Routledge.
  • Wright, P. J., Herbenick, D., & Paul, B. (2021). Casual condomless sex, range of pornography exposure, and perceived pornography realism. Communication Research, 009365022110037. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502211003765
  • Wright, P. J. (2021). Pornography consumption and condomless sex among emerging U.S. adults: Results from six nationally representative surveys. Health Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1917745
  • Xu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Rahman, Q. (2017). The relationship between self-reported sexually explicit media consumption and sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in China. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(3), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.01.002
  • Zheng, L., & Zheng, Y. (2014). Online sexual activity in mainland China: Relationship to sexual sensation seeking and sociosexuality. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.062

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.